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Türk Turizm Sektöründe Çalışma Saatlerinin Analizi Ve Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 23 - 47, 01.12.2015

Öz

Turizm sektöründe çalışanların ve işverenlerin karşılaştıkları en büyük sorunlardan birisi çalışma saatlerinin düzensiz ve uzun olmasıdır. Bu durum, turizm sektöründeki diğer olumsuz koşullarla beraber çalışanların ve işletmelerin verimliliğini düşürmekte, aynı zamanda çalışanların sağlığı ve sosyal yaşamları üzerinde olumsuz yansımalara neden olmaktadır. Konunun önemine karşın, bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların sayısı ise son derece azdır. Bu çalışmada Türk turizm sektörünün temel bileşenleri olan konaklama işletmeleri, yiyecek-içecek işletmeleri ve tur operatörleri ile seyahat acentelerinde çalışan işgörenlerin haftalık çalışma saatleri çalışanların demografik ve mesleki özelliklerine, işletmelerin faaliyet alanlarına, büyüklüklerine ve bulundukları coğrafi bölgelere göre detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve kıyaslanmıştır. Çalışmada Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun (TUİK) 2013 yılına ait Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi (HİA) kullanılmıştır. Verilere göre turizm sektöründe ücretli çalışan 6291 kişiye ait bilgiler çapraz tablolar oluşturulmak suretiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, incelenen grupların hepsinde çalışma saatlerinin yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir Ancak, orta büyüklükteki ve büyük işletmelerde çalışma saatlerinin diğer gruplara oranla daha kabul edilebilir sınırlarda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bölgeler itibarı ile ise en fazla çalışma saatleri Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri’nde görülmektedir. Göze çarpan diğer bulgular arasında, sektörde küçük işletmelerin ağırlıkta olması, çalışanların ücretlerinin düşüklüğü, yüksek oranda kayıt dışılık ve oldukça düşük kıdem sorunu yer almaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Aksu, A. A. ve Köksal, C. D. (2005). Perceptions and Attitudes of Tourism Students in Turkey, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(5), 436-447.
  • Artazcoz, L., Cortès, I., Escribà-Agüir, V., Bartoll, X., Basart, H., & Borrell, C. (2013). Long working hours and health status among employees in Europe: between-country differences. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment& Health, 39(4), 369-378.
  • Aydogdu, S., & Asikgil, B. (2011). An empirical study of the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention. International Review of Management and Marketing, 1(3), 43-53.
  • Balay, R. (1999). İşgörenlerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Etkenleri ve Sonuçları, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 237- 246.
  • Barron, P. (2008). Education and Talent Management: Implications for the HospitalityIndustry, Hospitality Management,20 (7), 730-742. International Journal of Contemporary
  • Blomme, R. J., Van Rheede, A., ve Tromp, D. M. (2009). The hospitality industry: an attractive employer? An exploration of students’ and industry workers’ perceptions of hospitality as a career field. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 21(2), 6-17.
  • Blomme, R. J., Van Rheede, A., ve Tromp, D. M. (2010). Work-Family Conflict as a Cause for Turnover Intentions in the Hospitality Industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), pp.269-285.
  • Boyne, S. (2012). Leadership and motivation in hospitality, Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University, School of Tourism.
  • Chalkiti, K. and Sigala, M. (2010). Staff Turnover in the Greek Tourism Industry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (22), 3, pp.335-359.
  • Cheong, W.M.,(2009). Employment Characteristics and Trends of Tourism- related Industries. http://www.amcm.gov.mo/publication/quarterly/ Oct2009/Employment_en.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Çalışma Sürelerinin Düzenlenmesi, http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/ShowProperty/WLP%20Repositor y/itkb/dosyalar/ipm/ipm04 adresinden elde edildi.
  • Davidson M., Guilding C. ve Timo, N, (2006), “Employment, Flexibility and Labour Market Practices of Domestic and MNC Chain Luxury Hotels in Australia: Where Has Accountability Gone?” Hospitality Management, 25, 193–210.
  • Deery, M. (2008). Talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,20(7), pp.792-806.
  • Dembe, A. E., Erickson, J. B., Delbos, R. G., & Banks, S. M. (2005). The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States. Occupational and environmental medicine, 62(9), 588-597.
  • Erdut, T. (1992), İş Süresinin Yeniden Düzenlenmesi,” Çimento İşveren Dergisi. C. 6, Sayı: 5, Eylül 1992, s. 13–24.
  • European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2012). Employment and Industrial Relations in the Hotels and default/files/ef_files/docs/eiro/tn1109011s/tn1109011s.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/
  • Farrell, K. (2001). Human resource issues as barriers to staff retention and development in the tourism industry. Irish Journal of Management, 22, 121-142.
  • Fiksenbaum, L., Wang, J., Koyuncu, M., ve Burke, R.J. (2010). Work hours, work intensity, satisfactions and psychological well-being among hotel managers in China. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 17 (1), 79-93.
  • Gaertner, S. (2000). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover models. Human resource management review, 9(4), 479-493.
  • Hampton, M. P., & Christensen, J. (2007). Competing industries in islands a new tourism approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 998-1020.
  • Hinkin, T. R. ve Tracey, J. B. (2000). The Cost of Turnover-Putting a Price on the Learning Curve, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41 (3), 14-21.
  • Hjalager, A. M. and Andersen S. (2001). Tourism employment: contingent work or professional career?, Employee Relations, 23 (2), pp.15-129.
  • Hoel H. ve Einarsen S. (2003) Violence at work in hotels, catering and tourism. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/tourism/wp2 11.pdf adresinden elde edildi. Labour Office.
  • Houtman, I., Andries, F., Van den Berg, R., Dhondt, S., (2002). Sectoral profiles mannheim.de/edz/pdf/ef/02/ef0275en.pdf adresinden elde edildi. working conditions. http://www.uni
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  • http://www.wttc.org//media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/c ountries%202015/turkey2015.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:06.06.2015)
  • International Labour Organization (2005). Hours of work: from fixed to flexible?International Labour Conference Report III (Part1b). http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ relm/ilc/ilc93/pdf/rep-iii- 1b.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • International Labour Organization (2010). Developments And Challenges in the http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/docu ments/ meetingdocument/wcms_166938.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • International Labour Organization (2012). Employment in the tourism sector. http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/content/conn/ILOSTATContentServer/path/ Contribution%20Folders/statistics/web_pages/static_pages/statistical_ briefs/Tourism_factsheet.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • International Labor Organization, Employment in the tourism sector (hotels &restaurants as a proxy) http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/content/conn/ ILOSTATContentServer/path/Contribution%20Folders/statistics/web_ pages/static_pages/statistical_briefs/Tourism_factsheet.pdf adresinden elde edildi. (Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2013).
  • Isusi-Ikei, I. (2003), “Working Conditions in the Horeca sector: Spanish report”, /employment/documents/HotelSpain.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Jessica Hwang, L. J., & Lockwood, A. (2006). Understanding the challenges of implementing best practices in hospitality and tourism SMEs. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 13(3), 337-354.
  • Johns, N. ve McKechnie, M. (1995). Career Demands and Learning Perceptions ofHotel and Catering Graduates - Ten Years on, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7 (5), 9-12.
  • Jung Choi, H., and Tae Kim, Y. (2012). Work-family conflict, work-family facilitation, and job outcomes in the Korean hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(7), pp.1011-1028.
  • Karatepe, O. M. and Uludağ, O. (2007). Conflict, Exhaustion, and Motivation: A Study of Frontline Employees in Northern Cyprus Hotels, International Journal of Hospitality Management, (26), pp.645-665.
  • Karatepe, O. M., and Karadas, G. (2014). The effect of psychological capital on conflicts in the work–family interface, turnover and absence intentions, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 43, pp.132-143.
  • Kılıç, C. (2003) Çalışma Sürelerinin Kısaltılması Konusundaki Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Almanya-Hollanda Ülke Örnekleri, Kamu-İş, İş ve İktisat Dergisi, C:2, S:7, 2-13.
  • Koç, H., Arslantürk, Y., & Arslan, S. (2008). Yüksek öğretimde öğrenci tatmin düzeyleriyle başarı ortalamaları arasındaki ilişki: hazırlık sınıfı öğrencileri üzerinde bir uygulama. Journal of Commerce, 1, 57-69..
  • Kodz, J, Meager N, Anxo D, Gineste S, Trinczek R, Pamer S. (2003). Working long hours:a review of the evidence. Volume 1 — Main report. Employment relations research series 16. London:The Insitute for Employment Studies.
  • Kusluvan S. ve Kusluvan Z. (2000). Perceptions and Attitudes of Undergraduate TourismStudents Towards Working in the Tourism Industry in Turkey, Tourism Management,(21), 251-269.
  • Kuşluvan, Z., & Kuşluvan, S. (2005). Otel işletmelerinde iş ve işletme ile ilgili faktörlerin işgören tatmini üzerindeki görece etkisi: Nevşehir örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(2), 183-203
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Evaluation and Analysis of Working Hours in Turkish Tourism Industry

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 23 - 47, 01.12.2015

Öz

One of the main problems that employees and employers in the tourism industry face is long and irregular working hours. This, together with the other negative conditions in the sector, leads to a decrease in employee and organizational productivity, and negative reflections on the health and social lives of the employees as well. In spite of its importance, there is limited research regarding the subject. In the present study, working hours in hotels, restaurants, tour operators and travel agents are investigated and compared according to demographics, job types, registration status, income level and business size and regions. Data regarding 6291 employees working in the tourism industry obtained from Household Labor Survey 2013 by TUİK (Turkstat) is used and analyzed by cross tabulating in this study. Results show that low wages are prevalent in the sector which is dominated by small sized businesses and working hours are extremely high in each of the groups included in the study. However, working hours in medium sized and big businesses are within relatively acceptable limits. The highest working hours are appeared to be in Eastern and South-Eastern Region. High rates of unregistered personnel and low seniority is notable findings of the study

Kaynakça

  • Aksu, A. A. ve Köksal, C. D. (2005). Perceptions and Attitudes of Tourism Students in Turkey, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(5), 436-447.
  • Artazcoz, L., Cortès, I., Escribà-Agüir, V., Bartoll, X., Basart, H., & Borrell, C. (2013). Long working hours and health status among employees in Europe: between-country differences. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment& Health, 39(4), 369-378.
  • Aydogdu, S., & Asikgil, B. (2011). An empirical study of the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention. International Review of Management and Marketing, 1(3), 43-53.
  • Balay, R. (1999). İşgörenlerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Etkenleri ve Sonuçları, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 237- 246.
  • Barron, P. (2008). Education and Talent Management: Implications for the HospitalityIndustry, Hospitality Management,20 (7), 730-742. International Journal of Contemporary
  • Blomme, R. J., Van Rheede, A., ve Tromp, D. M. (2009). The hospitality industry: an attractive employer? An exploration of students’ and industry workers’ perceptions of hospitality as a career field. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 21(2), 6-17.
  • Blomme, R. J., Van Rheede, A., ve Tromp, D. M. (2010). Work-Family Conflict as a Cause for Turnover Intentions in the Hospitality Industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), pp.269-285.
  • Boyne, S. (2012). Leadership and motivation in hospitality, Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University, School of Tourism.
  • Chalkiti, K. and Sigala, M. (2010). Staff Turnover in the Greek Tourism Industry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (22), 3, pp.335-359.
  • Cheong, W.M.,(2009). Employment Characteristics and Trends of Tourism- related Industries. http://www.amcm.gov.mo/publication/quarterly/ Oct2009/Employment_en.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Çalışma Sürelerinin Düzenlenmesi, http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/ShowProperty/WLP%20Repositor y/itkb/dosyalar/ipm/ipm04 adresinden elde edildi.
  • Davidson M., Guilding C. ve Timo, N, (2006), “Employment, Flexibility and Labour Market Practices of Domestic and MNC Chain Luxury Hotels in Australia: Where Has Accountability Gone?” Hospitality Management, 25, 193–210.
  • Deery, M. (2008). Talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,20(7), pp.792-806.
  • Dembe, A. E., Erickson, J. B., Delbos, R. G., & Banks, S. M. (2005). The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States. Occupational and environmental medicine, 62(9), 588-597.
  • Erdut, T. (1992), İş Süresinin Yeniden Düzenlenmesi,” Çimento İşveren Dergisi. C. 6, Sayı: 5, Eylül 1992, s. 13–24.
  • European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2012). Employment and Industrial Relations in the Hotels and default/files/ef_files/docs/eiro/tn1109011s/tn1109011s.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/
  • Farrell, K. (2001). Human resource issues as barriers to staff retention and development in the tourism industry. Irish Journal of Management, 22, 121-142.
  • Fiksenbaum, L., Wang, J., Koyuncu, M., ve Burke, R.J. (2010). Work hours, work intensity, satisfactions and psychological well-being among hotel managers in China. Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 17 (1), 79-93.
  • Gaertner, S. (2000). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover models. Human resource management review, 9(4), 479-493.
  • Hampton, M. P., & Christensen, J. (2007). Competing industries in islands a new tourism approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 998-1020.
  • Hinkin, T. R. ve Tracey, J. B. (2000). The Cost of Turnover-Putting a Price on the Learning Curve, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41 (3), 14-21.
  • Hjalager, A. M. and Andersen S. (2001). Tourism employment: contingent work or professional career?, Employee Relations, 23 (2), pp.15-129.
  • Hoel H. ve Einarsen S. (2003) Violence at work in hotels, catering and tourism. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/tourism/wp2 11.pdf adresinden elde edildi. Labour Office.
  • Houtman, I., Andries, F., Van den Berg, R., Dhondt, S., (2002). Sectoral profiles mannheim.de/edz/pdf/ef/02/ef0275en.pdf adresinden elde edildi. working conditions. http://www.uni
  • http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.4857.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 06.06.2015)
  • http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/work-life-balance/ , Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2013).
  • http://www.tuik.gov.tr/HbGetir.do?id=16015&tb_id=6, Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2013)
  • http://www.wttc.org//media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/c ountries%202015/turkey2015.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:06.06.2015)
  • International Labour Organization (2005). Hours of work: from fixed to flexible?International Labour Conference Report III (Part1b). http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ relm/ilc/ilc93/pdf/rep-iii- 1b.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • International Labour Organization (2010). Developments And Challenges in the http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@relconf/docu ments/ meetingdocument/wcms_166938.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • International Labour Organization (2012). Employment in the tourism sector. http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/content/conn/ILOSTATContentServer/path/ Contribution%20Folders/statistics/web_pages/static_pages/statistical_ briefs/Tourism_factsheet.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • International Labor Organization, Employment in the tourism sector (hotels &restaurants as a proxy) http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/content/conn/ ILOSTATContentServer/path/Contribution%20Folders/statistics/web_ pages/static_pages/statistical_briefs/Tourism_factsheet.pdf adresinden elde edildi. (Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2013).
  • Isusi-Ikei, I. (2003), “Working Conditions in the Horeca sector: Spanish report”, /employment/documents/HotelSpain.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Jessica Hwang, L. J., & Lockwood, A. (2006). Understanding the challenges of implementing best practices in hospitality and tourism SMEs. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 13(3), 337-354.
  • Johns, N. ve McKechnie, M. (1995). Career Demands and Learning Perceptions ofHotel and Catering Graduates - Ten Years on, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7 (5), 9-12.
  • Jung Choi, H., and Tae Kim, Y. (2012). Work-family conflict, work-family facilitation, and job outcomes in the Korean hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(7), pp.1011-1028.
  • Karatepe, O. M. and Uludağ, O. (2007). Conflict, Exhaustion, and Motivation: A Study of Frontline Employees in Northern Cyprus Hotels, International Journal of Hospitality Management, (26), pp.645-665.
  • Karatepe, O. M., and Karadas, G. (2014). The effect of psychological capital on conflicts in the work–family interface, turnover and absence intentions, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 43, pp.132-143.
  • Kılıç, C. (2003) Çalışma Sürelerinin Kısaltılması Konusundaki Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Almanya-Hollanda Ülke Örnekleri, Kamu-İş, İş ve İktisat Dergisi, C:2, S:7, 2-13.
  • Koç, H., Arslantürk, Y., & Arslan, S. (2008). Yüksek öğretimde öğrenci tatmin düzeyleriyle başarı ortalamaları arasındaki ilişki: hazırlık sınıfı öğrencileri üzerinde bir uygulama. Journal of Commerce, 1, 57-69..
  • Kodz, J, Meager N, Anxo D, Gineste S, Trinczek R, Pamer S. (2003). Working long hours:a review of the evidence. Volume 1 — Main report. Employment relations research series 16. London:The Insitute for Employment Studies.
  • Kusluvan S. ve Kusluvan Z. (2000). Perceptions and Attitudes of Undergraduate TourismStudents Towards Working in the Tourism Industry in Turkey, Tourism Management,(21), 251-269.
  • Kuşluvan, Z., & Kuşluvan, S. (2005). Otel işletmelerinde iş ve işletme ile ilgili faktörlerin işgören tatmini üzerindeki görece etkisi: Nevşehir örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(2), 183-203
  • Lee, CK., and Kang, S. (1998), ‘Measuring Earnings Inequality and Median Earnings in the Tourism Industry, Tourism Management, 19(4), 341- 348.
  • Lee, S., McCann, D., Messenger, C. (2007). Working time around the world. İsviçre: Routhlidge.
  • Lisa Fiksenbaum, Wang Jeng, Mustafa Koyuncu, Ronald J. Burke, (2010),"Work hours, work intensity, satisfactions and psychological well-being among hotel managers in China", Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 17, 79–93
  • Magnini, V. P., Lee, G., and Kim, B. (2011). The cascading affective consequences of exercise among hotel workers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(5), pp.624-643.
  • Martin, A., Mactaggart, D., and Bowden, J. (2006), ‘The Barriers to the Recruitment and Retention of Supervisors Managers in the Scottish Tourism Industry’ International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol 18, No 5, pp 380-397.
  • Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-Anaylsis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
  • Milman, A. (2003), ‘Hourly Employee Retention in Small and Medium Attractions: the central Florida Example’, Hospitality Management, Vol 22, pp.17-35.
  • Mohsin, A., Lengler, J., & Kumar, B. (2013). Exploring the antecedents of intentions to leave the job: The case of luxury hotel staff. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 48-58.
  • Murray-Gibbons, R. ve Gibbons, C. (2007),"Occupational stress in the chef profession", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19, 32–42.
  • O’Leary, S., and Deegan, J, (2005), ‘Career Progression of Irish Tourism and Hospitality Management Graduates’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol 17, No 5, pp.421-432.
  • OECD, (2014).Work-Life Balance. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/ topics/work-life-balance/ adresinden elde edildi.
  • Ören, K. ve Yüksel, H. (2012). Geçmişten Günümüze Çalışma Hayatı, Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 1(1).
  • Pelit, E. ve Türkmen, F. (2008), Otel İşletmeleri İşgörenlerinin Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri: Yerli ve Yabancı Zincir Otel İşletmeleri İşgörenleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 10(1), 117–139
  • Poulston, J. (2008). Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(4), 412-427.
  • Richardson, S. (2009). Undergraduates’ perceptions of tourism and hospitality as a career choice. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 382-388.
  • Schmidt, H.W., (2003). Rising employment in hotels and restaurants. http://www.ontit.it/opencms/export/sites/default/ont/it/documenti/arch ivio/files/ONT_2003-03-07_00922.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Silva, Paula. (2006), “Effects of Disposition on Hospitality Employee Job Satisfaction Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18, 317-328. International Journal of
  • Spurgeon, A., Harrington, J. M., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position.Occupational and environmental medicine, 54(6), 367-375.
  • Şahin, H. (2012).The Level of Burnout of Kitchen Personnel in Accommodation Facilities.International Journal of Business and Social Science 3(7),116-120.
  • Tella, A., Ayeni, C. O., & Popoola, S. O. (2007). Work motivation, job satisfaction, and organisational commitment of library personnel in academic and research libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice,9(2), 13.
  • Toker, B. (2011). Demografik değişkenlerin iş tatminine etkileri: İzmir'deki beş ve dört yıldızlı otellere yönelik bir uygulama. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 8(1), 92-107.
  • TUİK. (2013). Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Veri Seti 2013.
  • Turner, R., Sears, Z.(2013). Travel & Tourism as a Driver of Employment Growth. World Economic Forum, The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TTCR /2013/TTCR_Chapter1.5_2013.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Walmsley, A. (2004). Assessing staff turnover: a view from the English Riviera. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(4), pp.275-287.
  • World Travel and Tourism Council (2014). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact. %20impact%20research/regional%20reports/world2014.pdf adresinden elde edildi. economic
  • WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council (2015), Economict Impact -2015 Turkey, %20impact%20research/country%20reports/turkey2014.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
  • Yenipınar, U. (2005). Otel İşletmelerinde Ücretlendirme: İzmir İli 4-5 Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Analiz, D.E.Ü.Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 148-176.
  • Yıldırım, K. (2011). Uluslararası Düzenlemelerde Fazla Çalışma Ve Ülke Uygulamaları. TUHİS İş Hukuku ve İktisat Dergisi, 23 (4), 34-103.
  • Yıldız, Z. (2011). Turizm Sektörünün Gelişimi Ve İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 3 (5), 54-71.
  • Zopiatis, A., Constanti, P., & Theocharous, A. L. (2014). Job involvement, commitment, satisfaction and turnover: evidence from hotel employees in Cyprus. Tourism Management, 41, 129-140.
  • Zopiatis, A., Kyprianou, G., & Pavlou, I. (2011). Occupational challenges facing chefs: The case of Cyprus. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(2), 104-120.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA68YK64NM
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İsmet Kaya Bu kişi benim

Dilek Atçı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, İ., & Atçı, D. (2015). Türk Turizm Sektöründe Çalışma Saatlerinin Analizi Ve Değerlendirilmesi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 23-47.