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BARIŞ SÜRECİNDE BOZGUNCULAR SORUNU: ABU SAYYAF ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 74 - 93, 28.12.2017

Öz

İç çatışmaların yaşandığı ülkelerde barış süreçlerinin
kilit aktörlerinden biri olan bozguncular, kırılgan barış sürecini çeşitli
yöntemler ile tehdit ederler. Barış sürecine ikna olmayan, bu sürecin amaçları
ile çeliştiğini ya da çıkarlarına zarar verdiğini düşünen bu aktörler barış
araştırmaları literatüründe çeşitli boyutları ile ele alınmaktadır. Bu makale,
Stedman’ın bozguncular modelinden yola çıkarak, 1976’dan beri Filipinler
hükümeti ile Moro temsilcileri arasında sürdürülen barış sürecinde bozguncu bir
aktör olarak tanımlanan Abu Sayyaf örgütünü analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Makale öncelikli olarak Stedman tarafından önerilen teorik modele odaklanmakta
ve ağırlıklı olarak tümcü, doyumsuz ve sınırlı olarak adlandırılan bozguncu
tipleri ile önerilen çözüm stratejilerini takdim etmektedir. İzleyen bölüm Moro
sorununun kökenleri ile Filipinler barış sürecine ilişkin tarihsel bir analiz
sunmakta ve Abu Sayyaf örgütünün kuruluş ve gelişimini incelemektedir. Son
olarak, Abu Sayyaf örgütünü tümcü bozguncu olarak tanımlayan makale, örgütü
Stedman’ın modeli ışığında analiz etmekte ve bozguncu modelinin güçlü ve zayıf
yönleri tartışmaktadır. Bozguncu modelinde öngörüldüğü üzere, barış
koruyuculuğu rolünü üstlenen Filipinler hükümeti ve Moro Cephesinin temsilcileri
bu süreçte, bozguncuyla baş etmek için zor kullanma yöntemlerine
başvurmaktadır. Bu çerçevede makale,  Filipinler’de 2009’dan itibaren
ateşkesi korumayı başaran barış koruyucularının güç kullanma ve kalkan tren
stratejileri ile başarılı bir politika uyguladıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abinales, P. N. ve Donna J. A. (2005). State and society in the Philippines, Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield Publishers.
  • Abuza, Z. (2005). Balik-Terrorism: The return of the Abu Sayyaf, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub625.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2016).
  • Abu Sayyaf Group. http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/152, Erişim Tarihi 11.09. 2016.
  • Aggestam, K. (2006). “Internal and external dynamics of spoiling: A Negotiation approach”, E. Newman, O. Richmond (Eds.) Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing spoilers during conflict resolution, New York: United Nations University Press.
  • Agrasada, D. (2003, 08 December). Peace derivatives and probabilities in Muslim Mindanao, Erişim Tarihi 02.09.2016, http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1498.html.
  • Atkinson, G. (2012). “Abu Sayyaf: The father of the swordsman: A review of the rise of Islamic insurgency in the Southern Philippines”, American Security Project: Perspective.
  • Banlaoi, R. C. (2006). “The Abu Sayyaf Group: From mere banditry to genuine terrorism”, Southeast Asian Affairs, 247-262.
  • Bangloi, R. C. (2010). The sources of teh Abu Sayyaf’s resilience in the southern Philippines, CTS Sentinel, 3 (5), 17-19.
  • Bomb caused Philippine ferry fire. (2004, 11 November). BBC News, Erişim Tarihi 11.10.2016, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3732356.stm.
  • Chalk, P. (1997). “The Davao consensus: A Panacea for the Muslim insurgency in Mindanao?”, Terrorism and violence, 9 (2), 79-98.
  • DeRouen, K. ve Jr. U. H. (2007). Civil wars of the world: Major conflicts since World War II, California: ABC Clio.
  • Ebbighausen R. ve Duerr R. (2017, 27 Şubat). Ebu Sayyaf örgütü ve IŞİD'le bağlantısı, Erişim Tarihi 9.9.2017, http://www.dw.com/tr/ebu-sayyaf-%C3%B6rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC-ve-i%C5%9Fidle-ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1s%C4%B1/a-37731460.
  • East, B. T. (2013). Truncated of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the crucial year, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Erasga, D. S. (2008). “Ancestral domain claim: The case of the indigenous people in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)”, Asia- Pacific Social Science Review, 8 (1), 33-44.
  • Fellman, Z. (2011). Abu Sayyaf Group, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington.
  • Frake, C. O. (1998). “Violence and identity among Philippine Muslims”, American Anthropologist, New Series, 100 (1), 41-54.
  • Global terrorism database. Erişim Tarihi 9.10.2017. https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx? page=2&casualties_type=b&casualties_max=&start_yearonly=1991&end_yearonly=1998&dtp2=all&country=160&perpetrator=276&expanded=no&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc#results-table.
  • Greenhill, K. M. ve Mayor, S. (2006). “The Perils of profiling: Civil war spoilers and the collapse of intrastate peace accords”, International Security, 31 (3), 7-40.
  • Herbolzheimer, K. (2015). The Peace process in Mindanao, the Philippines: Evolution and lessons learned, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
  • Hernandez, A. (2014). National building and identity conflicts: Facilitating the mediation process in Southern Philippines, Leipzig: Springer.
  • Islamic Conference Wants to Help Hostage Talks”. (1.06.2000). Philstar, Erişim Tarihi 21.10.2016, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/88304/islamic-conference-wants-help-hostage-talks.
  • Kydd, A. ve Walter, B. F. (2002) Sabotaging the peace: The politics of extremist violence, International Organization, 56 (2), 263-296.
  • Maitem, J. (2016, 3 May). “MILF helps in hunt for Abu Sayyaf, calls ridsdel beheading Anti-Islam”, Inquirer, Erişim Tarihi 21.10.2016, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/139216/milf-helps-in-hunt-for-abu-sayyaf-calls-ridsdel-beheading-anti-islam.
  • McKenna, T. M. (1998). Muslim rulers and rebels: Everyday politics and armed separatism in the Southern Philippines, Berkley: University of California Press.
  • Mendez, C. (2016, 8 November). “Sayyaf kills german woman, seizes partner”, Philstar, Erişim Tarihi 11.11.2016, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/11/08/1641651/sayyaf-kills-german-woman-seizes-partner.
  • Newman, E. ve Richmond, O. (2006). “Peacebuilding and spoilers”, Conflict, Security and Development, 6 (1), 101-110.
  • Newman, E. ve Richmond, O. (2006). Challenges to peacebuilding: Managing spoilers during conflict resolution, New York: United Nations University Press.
  • Niksch, L. (2007). Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine- U.S. anti- terrorism cooperation, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service.
  • Ranada, P. (2016, 26 September). “Duterte: No amnesty for Abu Sayyaf”, Rappler, Erişim Tarihi 21.10.2016, http://www.rappler.com/nation/147403-philippines-duterte-no-amnesty-abu-sayyaf.
  • Ressa, M. A. (2013,19 August). “Al-Qaeda's black flag seized in ASG camp”, Rappler, Erişim Tarihi 11.9.2016, http://www.rappler.com/nation/13051-al-qaeda.
  • Santos, S. (2004). Dynamics and directions of the peace negotiations between the Philippines government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
  • Stedman, S. J. (1997). “Spoiler problems in peace process”, International Security, 22 (2), 5-53.
  • Stedman, S. J. (2003) “Peace process and challenges of violence”, J. Darby, R. Mac Ginty (eds.) Contemporary peacemaking, conflict, violence and peace processes, New York Palgrave.
  • Timberman, D. G. (1991). “The Philippines in 1990: On shaky ground”, Asian Survey, 31 (2), A Survey of Asia in 1990: Part II, 153-163.
  • Turner, M. (2003). “The Management of violence in a conflict organization: The case of the Abu Sayyaf”, Public Organization Review: A Global Journal, 3, 387- 401.
  • Who are the Abu Sayyaf? (2006, 24 June). CNN Philippines, http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/04/08/Abu-Sayyaf-terrorist-organization.html.
  • Youngblood, R. L. (1982). “The Philippines in 1981: From “new society” to “new republic””, Asian Survey, 22 (2), A Survey of Asia in 1980: Part II, 226-235.
  • Zahar, M. J. (2003). “Reframing the spoiler debate in peace process”, Eds. J. Darby, R. Mac Ginty, Contemporary peacemaking, conflict, violence and peace processes, New York: Palgrave.
  • Zahar, M. J. (2006). “Understanding the violence of ınsiders: loyalty, custodians of peace and the sustainability of conflict settlement”, E. Newman, O. Richmond (Eds.), Challenges to peacebuilding: managing spoilers during conflict resolution, Tokyo: UNU Press.
  • 3 people in Valentine's Day bombing case get life. (2008, 10 July). GMA News Online, Erişim Tarihi 3.9.2017, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/106066/3-people-in-valentine-s-day-bombing-case-get-life/story/.
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 74 - 93, 28.12.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abinales, P. N. ve Donna J. A. (2005). State and society in the Philippines, Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield Publishers.
  • Abuza, Z. (2005). Balik-Terrorism: The return of the Abu Sayyaf, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub625.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2016).
  • Abu Sayyaf Group. http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/152, Erişim Tarihi 11.09. 2016.
  • Aggestam, K. (2006). “Internal and external dynamics of spoiling: A Negotiation approach”, E. Newman, O. Richmond (Eds.) Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing spoilers during conflict resolution, New York: United Nations University Press.
  • Agrasada, D. (2003, 08 December). Peace derivatives and probabilities in Muslim Mindanao, Erişim Tarihi 02.09.2016, http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1498.html.
  • Atkinson, G. (2012). “Abu Sayyaf: The father of the swordsman: A review of the rise of Islamic insurgency in the Southern Philippines”, American Security Project: Perspective.
  • Banlaoi, R. C. (2006). “The Abu Sayyaf Group: From mere banditry to genuine terrorism”, Southeast Asian Affairs, 247-262.
  • Bangloi, R. C. (2010). The sources of teh Abu Sayyaf’s resilience in the southern Philippines, CTS Sentinel, 3 (5), 17-19.
  • Bomb caused Philippine ferry fire. (2004, 11 November). BBC News, Erişim Tarihi 11.10.2016, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3732356.stm.
  • Chalk, P. (1997). “The Davao consensus: A Panacea for the Muslim insurgency in Mindanao?”, Terrorism and violence, 9 (2), 79-98.
  • DeRouen, K. ve Jr. U. H. (2007). Civil wars of the world: Major conflicts since World War II, California: ABC Clio.
  • Ebbighausen R. ve Duerr R. (2017, 27 Şubat). Ebu Sayyaf örgütü ve IŞİD'le bağlantısı, Erişim Tarihi 9.9.2017, http://www.dw.com/tr/ebu-sayyaf-%C3%B6rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC-ve-i%C5%9Fidle-ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1s%C4%B1/a-37731460.
  • East, B. T. (2013). Truncated of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the crucial year, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Erasga, D. S. (2008). “Ancestral domain claim: The case of the indigenous people in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)”, Asia- Pacific Social Science Review, 8 (1), 33-44.
  • Fellman, Z. (2011). Abu Sayyaf Group, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington.
  • Frake, C. O. (1998). “Violence and identity among Philippine Muslims”, American Anthropologist, New Series, 100 (1), 41-54.
  • Global terrorism database. Erişim Tarihi 9.10.2017. https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx? page=2&casualties_type=b&casualties_max=&start_yearonly=1991&end_yearonly=1998&dtp2=all&country=160&perpetrator=276&expanded=no&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc#results-table.
  • Greenhill, K. M. ve Mayor, S. (2006). “The Perils of profiling: Civil war spoilers and the collapse of intrastate peace accords”, International Security, 31 (3), 7-40.
  • Herbolzheimer, K. (2015). The Peace process in Mindanao, the Philippines: Evolution and lessons learned, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
  • Hernandez, A. (2014). National building and identity conflicts: Facilitating the mediation process in Southern Philippines, Leipzig: Springer.
  • Islamic Conference Wants to Help Hostage Talks”. (1.06.2000). Philstar, Erişim Tarihi 21.10.2016, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/88304/islamic-conference-wants-help-hostage-talks.
  • Kydd, A. ve Walter, B. F. (2002) Sabotaging the peace: The politics of extremist violence, International Organization, 56 (2), 263-296.
  • Maitem, J. (2016, 3 May). “MILF helps in hunt for Abu Sayyaf, calls ridsdel beheading Anti-Islam”, Inquirer, Erişim Tarihi 21.10.2016, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/139216/milf-helps-in-hunt-for-abu-sayyaf-calls-ridsdel-beheading-anti-islam.
  • McKenna, T. M. (1998). Muslim rulers and rebels: Everyday politics and armed separatism in the Southern Philippines, Berkley: University of California Press.
  • Mendez, C. (2016, 8 November). “Sayyaf kills german woman, seizes partner”, Philstar, Erişim Tarihi 11.11.2016, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/11/08/1641651/sayyaf-kills-german-woman-seizes-partner.
  • Newman, E. ve Richmond, O. (2006). “Peacebuilding and spoilers”, Conflict, Security and Development, 6 (1), 101-110.
  • Newman, E. ve Richmond, O. (2006). Challenges to peacebuilding: Managing spoilers during conflict resolution, New York: United Nations University Press.
  • Niksch, L. (2007). Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine- U.S. anti- terrorism cooperation, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service.
  • Ranada, P. (2016, 26 September). “Duterte: No amnesty for Abu Sayyaf”, Rappler, Erişim Tarihi 21.10.2016, http://www.rappler.com/nation/147403-philippines-duterte-no-amnesty-abu-sayyaf.
  • Ressa, M. A. (2013,19 August). “Al-Qaeda's black flag seized in ASG camp”, Rappler, Erişim Tarihi 11.9.2016, http://www.rappler.com/nation/13051-al-qaeda.
  • Santos, S. (2004). Dynamics and directions of the peace negotiations between the Philippines government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
  • Stedman, S. J. (1997). “Spoiler problems in peace process”, International Security, 22 (2), 5-53.
  • Stedman, S. J. (2003) “Peace process and challenges of violence”, J. Darby, R. Mac Ginty (eds.) Contemporary peacemaking, conflict, violence and peace processes, New York Palgrave.
  • Timberman, D. G. (1991). “The Philippines in 1990: On shaky ground”, Asian Survey, 31 (2), A Survey of Asia in 1990: Part II, 153-163.
  • Turner, M. (2003). “The Management of violence in a conflict organization: The case of the Abu Sayyaf”, Public Organization Review: A Global Journal, 3, 387- 401.
  • Who are the Abu Sayyaf? (2006, 24 June). CNN Philippines, http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/04/08/Abu-Sayyaf-terrorist-organization.html.
  • Youngblood, R. L. (1982). “The Philippines in 1981: From “new society” to “new republic””, Asian Survey, 22 (2), A Survey of Asia in 1980: Part II, 226-235.
  • Zahar, M. J. (2003). “Reframing the spoiler debate in peace process”, Eds. J. Darby, R. Mac Ginty, Contemporary peacemaking, conflict, violence and peace processes, New York: Palgrave.
  • Zahar, M. J. (2006). “Understanding the violence of ınsiders: loyalty, custodians of peace and the sustainability of conflict settlement”, E. Newman, O. Richmond (Eds.), Challenges to peacebuilding: managing spoilers during conflict resolution, Tokyo: UNU Press.
  • 3 people in Valentine's Day bombing case get life. (2008, 10 July). GMA News Online, Erişim Tarihi 3.9.2017, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/106066/3-people-in-valentine-s-day-bombing-case-get-life/story/.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm olgu sunumları
Yazarlar

GÖRKEM Tanrıverdi

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Kasım 2017
Kabul Tarihi 22 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tanrıverdi, G. (2017). BARIŞ SÜRECİNDE BOZGUNCULAR SORUNU: ABU SAYYAF ÖRNEĞİ. Kapadokya Akademik Bakış, 1(2), 74-93.