Density-based Food Analysis Using a Smartphone

Öz

Density is a crucial factor of interest in the food industry because it can reveal valuable information about the content and quality of food products. Traditionally, this physical property is quantified using a hydrometer or a pyncometer. However, the accuracy of analog instruments is limited by human error and more modern digital adaptations of such methods come with high monetary costs. Here, we present a low-cost, portable, and user-friendly platform for density-based analysis of liquid food samples of very small volumes (<10 µL) via magnetic levitation. The platform is fully compatible with an Android smartphone which collects magnified images and conducts automated density-based metric determination using a custom-designed Android application. Validity of the device was shown by measuring the density of oils (indicating fat content) and ethanol solutions (indicating alcohol content). This technique offers an accurate and low-cost alternative to current density measurement techniques for analysis of food quality for broad use in-home or in the food industry

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Magnetic levitation; magnetophoresis,food analysis,maglev,smartphone

Kaynakça

1. 1. Executive Policy Council. WFP Food Safety and Quality Management System. Eleventh Meeting of the Executive Policy Council, 2010.
2. 2. Pomeranz, Y, Meloan, CE. Food Analysis Theory And Practice; Springer Press: United States, 1994.
3. 3. Mirica, KA, Phillips, ST, Mace, CR, Whitesides, GM. 2010. Magnetic levitation in the analysis of foods and water. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 58(11): 6565–6569.
4. 4. Anil-Inevi, M, Yaman, S, Yildiz, AA, Mese, G, Yalcin-Ozuysal, O, Tekin, HC, Ozcivici, E. 2018. Biofabrication of in situ Self Assembled 3D Cell Cultures in a Weightlessness Environment Generated using Magnetic Levitation. Scientific Reports; 8: 7239.
5. 5. Turker, E, Arslan-Yildiz, A. 2018. Recent Advances in Magnetic Levitation: A Biological Approach from Diagnostics to Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering; 4(3): 787–799.
6. 6. Lockett, MR, Mirica, KA, Mace, CR, Blackledge, RD, and Whitesides, GM. 2013. Analyzing forensic evidence based on density with magnetic levitation. Journal of Forensic Science; 58(1): 40–45.
7. 7. Atkinson, MBJ, Bwambok, DK, Chen, J, Chopade, PD, Thuo, MM, Mace, CR, Mirica, KA, Kumar, AA, Myerson, AS. 2013. Using magnetic levitation to separate mixtures of crystal polymorphs. Angewandte Chemie International Edition; 52(39): 10208–10211.
8. 8. Tasoglu, S, Yu, CH, Gungordu, HI, Guven, S, Vural, T, Demirci, U. 2014. Guided and magnetic self-assembly of tunable magnetoceptive gels. Nature communications; 5: 4702.

9. 9. Tasoglu, S, Yu, CH, Liaudanskaya, V, Guven, S, Migliaresi, C, Demirci, U. 2015. Magnetic levitational assembly for living material fabrication. Advanced healthcare materials; 4 (10): 1469-1476.
10. 10. Winkleman, A, Perez-Castillejos, R, Gudiksen, KL, Phillips, ST, Prentiss, M, Whitesides, GM. 2007. Density-based diamagnetic separation: devices for detecting binding events and for collecting unlabeled diamagnetic particles in paramagnetic solutions. Analytical Chemistry; 79(17): 6542–6550.
11. 11. Shapiro, ND, Soh, S, Mirica, KA, Whitesides, GM. 2012. Magnetic levitation as a platform for competitive protein-ligand binding assays. Analytical Chemistry; 84(14): 6166–6172.
12. 12. Subramaniam, AB, Gonidec, M, Shapiro, ND, Kresse, KM, Whitesides, GM. 2015. Metal-Amplified Density Assays, (MADAs), including a Density-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DeLISA). Lab on a Chip; 15(4): 1009–1022.
13. 13. Iberian Coppers S.A., Using an Alcoholmeter & Method, https://www.copper-alembic.com/en/page/using-an-alcoholmeter-method, 2016 (accessed 4.12.2018).
14. 14. Knowlton, S, Sencan, I, Aytar, Y, Khoory, J, Heeney, MM, Ghiran, IC, Tasoglu, S. 2015. Sickle cell detection using a smartphone. Scientific Reports; 5: 15022.
15. 15. Knowlton, S, Joshi, A, Syrrist, P, Coskun, AF, Tasoglu, S. 2017. 3D-printed smartphone-based point of care tool for fluorescence- and magnetophoresis-based cytometry. Lab on a Chip; 17(16): 2839-2851.
16. 16. Knowlton, S, Yu, CH, Jain, N, Ghiran, IC, Tasoglu, S. 2015. Smart-Phone Based Magnetic Levitation for Measuring Densities. PLoS One; 10(8): e0134400.
17. 17. Amin, R, Knowlton, S, Dupont, J, Bergholz, JS, Joshi, A, Hart, A, Yenilmez, B, Yu, CH, Wentworth, A, Zhao, JJ, Tasoglu, S. 2017. 3D-printed smartphone-based device for label-free cell separation. Journal of 3D printing in Medicine; 1 (3): 155-164.
18. 18. Yenilmez, B, Knowlton, S, Tasoglu, S. 2016. Self‐contained handheld magnetic platform for point of care cytometry in biological samples. Advanced Materials Technologies; 1 (9): 1600144.
19. 19. Yenilmez, B, Knowlton, S, Yu, CH, Heeney, MM, Tasoglu, S. 2016. Label‐free sickle cell disease diagnosis using a low‐cost, handheld platform. Advanced Materials Technologies; 1 (5): 1600100.
20. 20. Tasoglu, S, Khoory, JA, Tekin, HC, Thomas, C, Karnoub, AE, Ghiran, IC, Demirci U. 2015. Levitational image cytometry with temporal resolution. Advanced Materials; 27 (26): 3901-3908.