Microbiological Examination of Washbasin, Faucet Heads and Toilet Door Handles of the Students’ Toilets at a State University
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 19 - 27, 28.06.2024
Yasemin Keleş Dinç
,
Sedat Per
Öz
This study, it was aimed to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the sinks, faucets, and door handles of the toilets actively used by boys and girls in nine faculties located on Yozgat Bozok University Erdoğan Akdağ campus. 54 swab samples were taken from the sinks, faucets, and door handles of toilets, which have the largest share of the main sources of bacteria transmission, between April and June 2019. Each swab sample brought to the laboratory via a cold chain was inoculated separately on 5% sheep blood agar, EMB agar and Mac Conkey agar. In 34 (62.96%) of the swab samples taken, a total of 49 pathogenic bacteria were detected, growing singly or in multiples. Of the 49 bacteria detected, 15 were (30.6%) Escherichia coli, 12 were (24.5%) Staphylococcus aureus, nine were (18.3%) Klebsiella spp., six were (12.3%) Pseudomonas spp., five were (10.2%) Proteus spp. and two were (4.1%) Enterococcus spp.
Etik Beyan
There are no ethical issues after the publication of this manuscript.
Destekleyen Kurum
the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Yozgat Bozok University
Proje Numarası
6601-FBE/19-270
Teşekkür
This study was produced from the master's thesis prepared by the first author under the supervision of the second author, supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Yozgat Bozok University (Project Number: 6601-FBE/19-270). Also, we would like to thank for his opinions, suggestions, and help during the laboratory studies, Prof. Dr. Dilek PANDIR (Yozgat Bozok University), Prof. Dr. Neziha YILMAZ (Ufuk University), and Dr. We would like to thank Müge ARSLAN (Yozgat City Hospital).
Kaynakça
- [1]. Sarı, MH. Okul, Öğretmen ve Öğrenci. In: Uzunöz A (ed) Eğitim Bilimine Giriş, Pegem Akademi, Ankara, 2016, pp 341-380.
- [2]. Temel, F, Akın, L, Vaizoğlu, SA, Kara, Ö, Kara, A, Halas, AM, Gurunaidu, SS, Oğur, R, Tekbaş, ÖF, Güler, Ç. 2006. Altındağ İlçesindeki Bir İlköğretim Okulunda Suyun ve Tuvalet, Musluk ve Kapı Kollarının Sürüntü Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi; 48: 70-74.
- [3]. Thanou, N, Nikolopoulou, E, Cigarettes, DE. 2018. Hygiene Microbiology (Υγιεινη Μικροβιολογια). Diofantos Computer Technology and Publications Institute, 2018, pp 267.
- [4]. Jumaa, PA. 2005. Hand hygiene: simple and complex. International Journal of Infectious Diseases; 9(1): 3-14.
- [5]. Öztürk O, Öztürk C, Delialioğlu N, Emekdaş G 2010. Çoklu antibiyotik dirençli gram negatif bakterilerde kolistin duyarlılığının belirlenmesi, Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 3(3): 15-20.
- [6]. Bektaşlı, F. 2018. Fen ve Biyoloji Öğretmen Adaylarının Arkebakteri, Bakteri ve Protista Âlemleri Hakkındaki Bilgi Düzeyleri ve Kavram Yanılgıları, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, pp 151.
- [7]. Flores, GE, Bates, ST, Knights, D, Lauber, CL, Stombaugh, J, Knight R, Fierer N. 2011. Microbial Biogeography of Public Restroom Surfaces. PLoS ONE 6(11): e28132. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028132
- [8]. Amala, SE., Ade, AJ. 2015. Bacteria Associatedwith Toilets and Offices Lock Handles. International Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 3(1): 12-15.
- [9]. Mohammed, ANAY, 2015. Assessment of Gram-Positive Bacteria on Door Handles of Service Offices at some Universities in Khartoum State, Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies, MSc, pp 37.
- [10]. Salah, HAA. 2015. Assessment of Gram-Negative Bacterial Contamination on Door Handles of Service Offices in Sudanese Universities, Khartoum State, Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies, MSc, pp 35.
- [11]. Shawly, S. 2017. Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Door Handles of Washrooms of a Hospital in Dhaka, BRAC University, Bangladesh, BSc, pp 81.
- [12]. Alkhamis AM, Noweir, M. 2018. Role of common environmental surfaces in the school in transmission enteric bacterial pathogens. Archives of General Internal Medicine, 2(3), 36-41.
- [13]. Arhin, RE, Hackman, HK, Whyte, BK, Sa-eed, A. 2020. Microbialdiversity and antibiotic resistance of bacteria on washroomfomites in a public university. European Journal of Health Sciences. 5(1):1-11.
- [14]. Tijani, NA, Awojobi, OK. 2021. Characterization of Bacteria from Toilet Door Handles in some SelectedBuildings at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. Premier Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 7(3): 29-38.
- [15]. Nay, MA. 2015. Assessment of Gram-Positive Bacteria on Door Handles of Service Offices at some Universities in Khartoum State. Sudan University, PhD, pp 37.
- [16]. Alonge, OO, Auwal BM, Aboh MI 2019. Bacterial Contamination of Toilet Door Handles On Baze University Campus Abuja Nigeria. African Journal Clinical Experimental Microbiology; 20 (1): 35-41.
- [17]. Yılmaz, A, Uslu, H, Ayyıldız, A. 2014. Erzurum Merkezindeki Bazı Okullardaki Lavabo-Tuvalet Muslukları ve Sularının Mikrobiyolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi; 71(2): 75-80.
- [18]. Flores, GE, Bates, ST, Knights, D, Lauber, CL, Stombaugh, J, Knight, R, Fierer, N. 2001. Microbial Biogeography of Public Restroom Surfaces. PLoS ONE; 6(11): e28132.
- [19]. Scott, E, Bloomfield, S, Barlow, C. 1982. An investigation of microbial contamination in the home. Journal of Hygiene Cambridge; 89(2), 279-293.
- [20]. McGinnis, S, Marini, D, Amatya, P, Murphy, HM. 2019. Bacterial Contamination on Latrine Surfaces in Community and Household Latrines in Kathmandu, Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health; 16: 257.
- [21]. Matini, E, Shayeghi, F, Vaghar, ME, Nematian, J, Hosseini, SS, Mojri, N, Taherabadi, NT, Hakimi, R, Ahmadi, N, Badkoubeh, N, Esmaeili, H, Akhlaghi, M, Vaseghnia, H. 2020. A survey of public restrooms microbial contamination in Tehran city, capital of Iran, during 2019. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care; 9(6): 3131–3135.
- [22]. Hoang, VT, Sow, D, Belhouchat, K, Dao, TL, Ly, TDA, Fenollar, F, Yezli, S, Alotaibi, B, Raoult, D, Parola, P, Santi, VP, Gautret, P. 2020. Environmental investigation of respiratory pathogens during the Hajj 2016 and 2018. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease; 33: e101500.
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 19 - 27, 28.06.2024
Yasemin Keleş Dinç
,
Sedat Per
Proje Numarası
6601-FBE/19-270
Kaynakça
- [1]. Sarı, MH. Okul, Öğretmen ve Öğrenci. In: Uzunöz A (ed) Eğitim Bilimine Giriş, Pegem Akademi, Ankara, 2016, pp 341-380.
- [2]. Temel, F, Akın, L, Vaizoğlu, SA, Kara, Ö, Kara, A, Halas, AM, Gurunaidu, SS, Oğur, R, Tekbaş, ÖF, Güler, Ç. 2006. Altındağ İlçesindeki Bir İlköğretim Okulunda Suyun ve Tuvalet, Musluk ve Kapı Kollarının Sürüntü Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Gülhane Tıp Dergisi; 48: 70-74.
- [3]. Thanou, N, Nikolopoulou, E, Cigarettes, DE. 2018. Hygiene Microbiology (Υγιεινη Μικροβιολογια). Diofantos Computer Technology and Publications Institute, 2018, pp 267.
- [4]. Jumaa, PA. 2005. Hand hygiene: simple and complex. International Journal of Infectious Diseases; 9(1): 3-14.
- [5]. Öztürk O, Öztürk C, Delialioğlu N, Emekdaş G 2010. Çoklu antibiyotik dirençli gram negatif bakterilerde kolistin duyarlılığının belirlenmesi, Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 3(3): 15-20.
- [6]. Bektaşlı, F. 2018. Fen ve Biyoloji Öğretmen Adaylarının Arkebakteri, Bakteri ve Protista Âlemleri Hakkındaki Bilgi Düzeyleri ve Kavram Yanılgıları, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, pp 151.
- [7]. Flores, GE, Bates, ST, Knights, D, Lauber, CL, Stombaugh, J, Knight R, Fierer N. 2011. Microbial Biogeography of Public Restroom Surfaces. PLoS ONE 6(11): e28132. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028132
- [8]. Amala, SE., Ade, AJ. 2015. Bacteria Associatedwith Toilets and Offices Lock Handles. International Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 3(1): 12-15.
- [9]. Mohammed, ANAY, 2015. Assessment of Gram-Positive Bacteria on Door Handles of Service Offices at some Universities in Khartoum State, Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies, MSc, pp 37.
- [10]. Salah, HAA. 2015. Assessment of Gram-Negative Bacterial Contamination on Door Handles of Service Offices in Sudanese Universities, Khartoum State, Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies, MSc, pp 35.
- [11]. Shawly, S. 2017. Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Door Handles of Washrooms of a Hospital in Dhaka, BRAC University, Bangladesh, BSc, pp 81.
- [12]. Alkhamis AM, Noweir, M. 2018. Role of common environmental surfaces in the school in transmission enteric bacterial pathogens. Archives of General Internal Medicine, 2(3), 36-41.
- [13]. Arhin, RE, Hackman, HK, Whyte, BK, Sa-eed, A. 2020. Microbialdiversity and antibiotic resistance of bacteria on washroomfomites in a public university. European Journal of Health Sciences. 5(1):1-11.
- [14]. Tijani, NA, Awojobi, OK. 2021. Characterization of Bacteria from Toilet Door Handles in some SelectedBuildings at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. Premier Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 7(3): 29-38.
- [15]. Nay, MA. 2015. Assessment of Gram-Positive Bacteria on Door Handles of Service Offices at some Universities in Khartoum State. Sudan University, PhD, pp 37.
- [16]. Alonge, OO, Auwal BM, Aboh MI 2019. Bacterial Contamination of Toilet Door Handles On Baze University Campus Abuja Nigeria. African Journal Clinical Experimental Microbiology; 20 (1): 35-41.
- [17]. Yılmaz, A, Uslu, H, Ayyıldız, A. 2014. Erzurum Merkezindeki Bazı Okullardaki Lavabo-Tuvalet Muslukları ve Sularının Mikrobiyolojik Yönden İncelenmesi. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi; 71(2): 75-80.
- [18]. Flores, GE, Bates, ST, Knights, D, Lauber, CL, Stombaugh, J, Knight, R, Fierer, N. 2001. Microbial Biogeography of Public Restroom Surfaces. PLoS ONE; 6(11): e28132.
- [19]. Scott, E, Bloomfield, S, Barlow, C. 1982. An investigation of microbial contamination in the home. Journal of Hygiene Cambridge; 89(2), 279-293.
- [20]. McGinnis, S, Marini, D, Amatya, P, Murphy, HM. 2019. Bacterial Contamination on Latrine Surfaces in Community and Household Latrines in Kathmandu, Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health; 16: 257.
- [21]. Matini, E, Shayeghi, F, Vaghar, ME, Nematian, J, Hosseini, SS, Mojri, N, Taherabadi, NT, Hakimi, R, Ahmadi, N, Badkoubeh, N, Esmaeili, H, Akhlaghi, M, Vaseghnia, H. 2020. A survey of public restrooms microbial contamination in Tehran city, capital of Iran, during 2019. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care; 9(6): 3131–3135.
- [22]. Hoang, VT, Sow, D, Belhouchat, K, Dao, TL, Ly, TDA, Fenollar, F, Yezli, S, Alotaibi, B, Raoult, D, Parola, P, Santi, VP, Gautret, P. 2020. Environmental investigation of respiratory pathogens during the Hajj 2016 and 2018. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease; 33: e101500.