IoT-Based Smart Energy Management and Load Shifting for Residential Consumption Optimization

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 166 - 183, 26.09.2025

Mehmet Taştan

https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1660181

Öz

The increasing energy demand and rising electricity costs have intensified the need for efficient energy management in residential buildings. Load imbalances in power grids and cost surges during peak demand periods are pushing consumers toward more strategic and conscious consumption models. This study focuses on optimizing household electricity consumption through load shifting strategies. To achieve this, a low-cost, Internet of Things (IoT)-based Smart Energy Management System (SEMS) was developed and implemented in a real household. Its performance was then compared with a commercial reference device, revealing an impressive accuracy rate of 99.98%. Electricity consumption data recorded over a one-year period using SEMS was analyzed to assess voltage fluctuations, frequency variations, and energy usage patterns. Daily, weekly, and seasonal consumption trends were identified. Moreover, classifying shiftable and non-shiftable loads enabled a comprehensive evaluation of the load-shifting potential. Scenario-based analyses demonstrated that shifting 25%, 50%, and 75% of shiftable loads to lower-cost tariff periods could result in 9.8%, 17.6%, and 26.1% cost savings, respectively. These findings indicate that SEMS enhances energy efficiency and reduces electricity costs. With its user-friendly interface and low installation cost, SEMS is well-suited for widespread adoption and presents an effective solution for time-based load shifting. Additionally, by encouraging users to adopt more efficient consumption habits, SEMS is expected to contribute to sustainable energy management.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Energy saving , energy management , power quality , load shifting , internet of things

Kaynakça

• [1]. Elektrik - T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı n.d. https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-elektrik (accessed July 14, 2024).
• [2]. Cao X, Dai X, Liu J. Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade. Energy Build 2016;128:198–213. (https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2016.06.089)
• [3]. Shirvanian N, Shams M, Rahmani AM. Internet of Things data management: A systematic literature review, vision, and future trends. International Journal of Communication Systems 2022;35:e5267. (https://doi.org/10.1002/DAC.5267)
• [4]. Saini J, Dutta M, Marques G. Review of LoRaWAN Enabled Air Quality Assessment Systems for Smart Building Applications. 2023 International Conference on Advances in Computation, Communication and Information Technology, ICAICCIT 2023 2023:1094–8. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICCIT60255.2023.10465958)
• [5]. Zhou I, Makhdoom I, Shariati N, Raza MA, Keshavarz R, Lipman J, et al. Internet of Things 2.0: Concepts, Applications, and Future Directions. IEEE Access 2021;9:70961–1012. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3078549)
• [6]. Ramasamy LK, Khan F, Shah M, Prasad BVVS, Iwendi C, Biamba C. Secure Smart Wearable Computing through Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems for Health Monitoring. Sensors 2022, Vol 22, Page 1076 2022;22:1076. (https://doi.org/10.3390/S22031076)
• [7]. Ridhawi I Al, Aloqaily M, Abbas A, Karray F. An Intelligent Blockchain-Assisted Cooperative Framework for Industry 4.0 Service Management. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 2022;19:3858–71. (https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2022.3217395)
• [8]. Marques G, Pitarma R. An Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks Hybrid Architecture for Precision Agriculture Monitoring. Environmental Science and Engineering 2021:1863–7. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_293)
• [9]. Mazhar T, Irfan HM, Haq I, Ullah I, Ashraf M, Shloul T Al, et al. Analysis of Challenges and Solutions of IoT in Smart Grids Using AI and Machine Learning Techniques: A Review. Electronics 2023, Vol 12, Page 242 2023;12:242. (https://doi.org/10.3390/ELECTRONICS12010242)
• [10]. Franco P, Martinez JM, Kim YC, Ahmed MA. A framework for iot based appliance recognition in smart homes. IEEE Access 2021;9:133940–60. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116148)
• [11]. Munoz O, Ruelas A, Rosales P, Acuña A, Suastegui A, Lara F. Design and Development of an IoT Smart Meter with Load Control for Home Energy Management Systems. Sensors 2022, Vol 22, Page 7536 2022;22:7536. (https://doi.org/10.3390/S22197536)
• [12]. Avancini DB, Rodrigues JJPC, Rabêlo RAL, Das AK, Kozlov S, Solic P. A new IoT-based smart energy meter for smart grids. Int J Energy Res 2021;45:189–202. (https://doi.org/10.1002/ER.5177)
• [13]. De Paola A, Ortolani M, Lo Re G, Anastasi G, Das SK. Intelligent management systems for energy efficiency in buildings: A survey. ACM Comput Surv 2014;47. (https://doi.org/10.1145/2611779)
• [14]. Condon F, Martínez JM, Eltamaly AM, Kim YC, Ahmed MA. Design and Implementation of a Cloud-IoT-Based Home Energy Management System. Sensors 2023, Vol 23, Page 176 2022;23:176. (https://doi.org/10.3390/S23010176)
• [15]. Al-Ali AR, Zualkernan IA, Rashid M, Gupta R, Alikarar M. A smart home energy management system using IoT and big data analytics approach. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 2017;63:426–34. (https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2017.015014)
• [16]. Andruszkiewicz J, Lorenc J, Borowiak W, Michalski A. Time of use tariff design for domestic customers integrating the management goals of efficient energy purchase and delivery. International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM 2015;2015-August. (https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2015.7216682)
• [17]. Sánchez-Sutil F, Cano-Ortega A, Hernández JC. Design and Implementation of a Smart Energy Meter Using a LoRa Network in Real Time. Electronics 2021, Vol 10, Page 3152 2021;10:3152. (https://doi.org/10.3390/ELECTRONICS10243152)
• [18]. Rock LY, Tajudeen FP, Chung YW. Usage and impact of the internet-of-things-based smart home technology: a quality-of-life perspective. Univers Access Inf Soc 2024;23:345–64. (https://doi.org/10.1007/S10209-022-00937-0)
• [19]. Taştan M. A low-cost air quality monitoring system based on Internet of Things for smart homes. J Ambient Intell Smart Environ 2022;14:351–74. (https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-210458)
• [20]. Mustofa AA, Dagnew YA, Gantela P, Idrisi MJ. SECHA: A Smart Energy-Efficient and Cost-Effective Home Automation System for Developing Countries. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2023;2023:1. (https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8571506)
• [21]. Taiwo O, Ezugwu AE, Oyelade ON, Almutairi MS. Enhanced Intelligent Smart Home Control and Security System Based on Deep Learning Model. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 2022;2022:9307961. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9307961)
• [22]. Putrada AG, Abdurohman M, Perdana D, Nuha HH. Machine Learning Methods in Smart Lighting Toward Achieving User Comfort: A Survey. IEEE Access 2022;10:45137–78. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3169765)
• [23]. Zenginis I, Vardakas J, Koltsaklis NE, Verikoukis C. Smart Home’s Energy Management Through a Clustering-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach. IEEE Internet Things J 2022;9:16363–71. (https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3152586)
• [24]. Han B, Zahraoui Y, Mubin M, Mekhilef S, Seyedmahmoudian M, Stojcevski A. Home Energy Management Systems: A Review of the Concept, Architecture, and Scheduling Strategies. IEEE Access 2023;11:19999–20025. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3248502)
• [25]. Khan ZA, Zafar A, Javaid S, Aslam S, Rahim MH, Javaid N. Hybrid meta-heuristic optimization based home energy management system in smart grid. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 2019;10:4837–53. (https://doi.org/10.1007/S12652-018-01169-Y)
• [26]. Khalid R, Javaid N, Rahim MH, Aslam S, Sher A. Fuzzy energy management controller and scheduler for smart homes. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 2019;21:103–18. (https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SUSCOM.2018.11.010)
• [27]. Shareef H, Ahmed MS, Mohamed A, Al Hassan E. Review on Home Energy Management System Considering Demand Responses, Smart Technologies, and Intelligent Controllers. IEEE Access 2018;6:24498–509. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2831917)
• [28]. Sasso M, Lanzini A, Ceglia F, Picallo-Perez A, Esposito P, Alsokhiry F, et al. A Novel Time-of-Use Pricing Based Energy Management System for Smart Home Appliances: Cost-Effective Method. Sustainability 2022, Vol 14, Page 14556 2022;14:14556. (https://doi.org/10.3390/SU142114556)
• [29]. Taştan M. Internet of Things based Smart Energy Management for Smart Home. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS) 2019;13:2781–98. (https://doi.org/10.3837/TIIS.2019.06.001)
• [30]. Khalid A, Javaid N, Guizani M, Alhussein M, Aurangzeb K, Ilahi M. Towards Dynamic Coordination among Home Appliances Using Multi-Objective Energy Optimization for Demand Side Management in Smart Buildings. IEEE Access 2018;6:19509–29. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2791546)
• [31]. Varela-Aldás J, Silva S, Palacios-Navarro G. IoT-Based Alternating Current Electrical Parameters Monitoring System. Energies 2022, Vol 15, Page 6637 2022;15:6637. (https://doi.org/10.3390/EN15186637)
• [32]. Sushma N, Suresh HN, Mohana Lakshmi J, Srinivasu PN, Bhoi AK, Barsocchi P. A Unified Metering System Deployed for Water and Energy Monitoring in Smart City. IEEE Access 2023;11:80429–47. (https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3299825)
• [33]. Hasan IJ, Waheib BM, Salih NAJ, Abdulkhaleq NI. A global system for mobile communications-based electrical power consumption for a non-contact smart billing system. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 2021;11:4659–66. (https://doi.org/10.11591/IJECE.V11I6.PP4659-4666)
• [34]. Himer S El, Ouaissa M, Ouaissa M, Krichen M, Alswailim M, Almutiq M. Energy Consumption Monitoring System Based on IoT for Residential Rooftops. Computation 2023, Vol 11, Page 78 2023;11:78. (https://doi.org/10.3390/COMPUTATION11040078)
• [35]. Wu YJ, Brito R, Choi WH, Lam CS, Wong MC, Sin SW, et al. IoT Cloud-Edge Reconfigurable Mixed-Signal Smart Meter Platform for Arc Fault Detection. IEEE Internet Things J 2023;10:1682–95. (https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3210220)
• [36]. Omran MA, Hamza BJ, Saad WK. The design and fulfillment of a Smart Home (SH) material powered by the IoT using the Blynk app. Mater Today Proc 2022;60:1199–212. (https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.08.038)
• [37]. Gupta V, Khera S, Turk N. MQTT protocol employing IOT based home safety system with ABE encryption. Multimed Tools Appl 2021;80:2931–49. (https://doi.org/10.1007/S11042-020-09750-4)
• [38]. Sakthimohan M, Deny J, Elizabeth Rani G, Mahendran J, Jasim Ahmed JA, AzeemAhamed M. WITHDRAWN: IOT based shrewd agronomy method. Mater Today Proc 2020. (https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2020.11.096)
• [39]. Khan HA, Abdulla R, Selvaperumal SK, Bathich A. IoT based on secure personal healthcare using RFID technology and steganography. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 2021;11:3300–9. (https://doi.org/10.11591/IJECE.V11I4.PP3300-3309)
• [40]. Karthick T, Charles Raja S, Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar J, Chandrasekaran K. Design of IoT based smart compact energy meter for monitoring and controlling the usage of energy and power quality issues with demand side management for a commercial building. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 2021;26:100454. (https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEGAN.2021.100454)
• [41]. Bill Calculation and Tariff Comparison Tool - Gediz Electric n.d. https://www.gedizperakende.com.tr/en/invoice-calculator-and-tariff-comparison-tool (accessed March 5, 2025).