A Comprehensive Examination of Social Exclusion

Öz

As a social species, people are born into groups and maintain to live as members of groups. Therefore, inclusion in groups is a basic need in all human cultures (Baumeister and Leary, 1995). On the other hand, rejection by others is a common experience in social life. Social exclusion, eliciting the sense of being ignored, feeling invisible and rejected, leads to a series of behavioral, emotional, cognitive and physiological effects on humans. In this article, it is aimed to present a comprehensive examination of the social exclusion phenomenon based on research from social psychology. Firstly, in addition to the earliest studies in the field, contemporary literature has been taken into consideration and the phenomenon of exclusion has been conceptually and historically discussed. Then, the common methods which were used to give participants an experience of exclusion in the laboratory conditions are mentioned. Finally, the effects of social exclusion on individuals and theoretical approaches that try to explain social exclusion were discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rejection,Social Exclusion,Need to Belong,Interpersonal Relations

Sosyal Dışlanma Olgusu Üzerine Genel Bir İnceleme

Öz

Sosyal bir tür olan insan, gruplar içerisine doğmakta ve belli grupların üyesi olarak yaşamını sürdürmektedir. Bu nedenle sosyal ilişkilere kabul edilmek ve gruplarda yer almak, tüm kültürlerde gözlemlenen temel bir motivasyon ve ihtiyaçtır (Baumeister ve Leary, 1995). Öte yandan, diğerleri tarafından kabul görmemek ve ait olma ihtiyacının karşılanmaması sosyal yaşamda sıklıkla karşımıza çıkan bir durumdur. Görmezden gelinme, yok sayılma, reddedilme kavramlarını içinde barındıran “sosyal dışlanma” bireylerin üzerinde bir dizi davranışsal, duygusal, bilişsel ve fizyolojik etkiye yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, dışlanma olgusunu sosyal psikolojik açıdan ele alan araştırmalardan yola çıkılarak konuya dair kapsamlı bir inceleme sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Alandaki öncü çalışmalara ek olarak güncel literatür de göz önünde bulundurulmuş ve öncelikle dışlanma olgusu kavramsal ve tarihsel olarak ele alınmış, ardından deneysel çalışmalarda katılımcılara dışlanma deneyimi yaşatmak için kullanılan belli başlı yöntemlerden bahsedilmiş ve sosyal dışlanmanın bireyler üzerinde yarattığı etkiler ele alınmıştır. Son olarak dışlanma olgusunu açıklamaya çalışan teorik yaklaşımlardan söz edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal dışlanma,reddedilme,ait olma ihtiyacı,kişiler arası ilişkiler

Kaynakça

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