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A Comprehensive Examination of Social Exclusion

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 293 - 315, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.585260

Öz

As a social species, people are born into groups and
maintain to live as members of groups. Therefore, inclusion in groups is a
basic need in all human cultures (Baumeister and Leary, 1995). On the other
hand, rejection by others is a common experience in social life. Social
exclusion, eliciting the sense of being ignored, feeling invisible and
rejected, leads to a series of behavioral, emotional, cognitive and
physiological effects on humans. In this article, it is aimed to present a
comprehensive examination of the social exclusion phenomenon based on research
from social psychology. Firstly, in addition to the earliest studies in the
field, contemporary literature has been taken into consideration and the
phenomenon of exclusion has been conceptually and historically discussed. Then,
the common methods which were used to give participants an experience of
exclusion in the laboratory conditions are mentioned. Finally, the effects of
social exclusion on individuals and theoretical approaches that try to explain social
exclusion were discussed.

Kaynakça

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Sosyal Dışlanma Olgusu Üzerine Genel Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 293 - 315, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.585260

Öz

Sosyal bir tür olan insan, gruplar içerisine doğmakta ve
belli grupların üyesi olarak yaşamını sürdürmektedir. Bu nedenle sosyal
ilişkilere kabul edilmek ve gruplarda yer almak, tüm kültürlerde gözlemlenen
temel bir motivasyon ve ihtiyaçtır (Baumeister ve Leary, 1995). Öte yandan,
diğerleri tarafından kabul görmemek ve ait olma ihtiyacının karşılanmaması
sosyal yaşamda sıklıkla karşımıza çıkan bir durumdur. Görmezden gelinme, yok
sayılma, reddedilme kavramlarını içinde barındıran “sosyal dışlanma” bireylerin
üzerinde bir dizi davranışsal, duygusal, bilişsel ve fizyolojik etkiye yol
açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, dışlanma olgusunu sosyal psikolojik açıdan ele alan
araştırmalardan yola çıkılarak konuya dair kapsamlı bir inceleme sunmak
amaçlanmıştır. Alandaki öncü çalışmalara ek olarak güncel literatür de göz
önünde bulundurulmuş ve öncelikle dışlanma olgusu kavramsal ve tarihsel olarak
ele alınmış, ardından deneysel çalışmalarda katılımcılara dışlanma deneyimi
yaşatmak için kullanılan belli başlı yöntemlerden bahsedilmiş ve sosyal
dışlanmanın bireyler üzerinde yarattığı etkiler ele alınmıştır. Son olarak dışlanma
olgusunu açıklamaya çalışan teorik yaklaşımlardan söz edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abayhan, Y., Yavuz, H., Ceylan, S., Kaya, A.G., Sahin, D., & Aydın, O. (2009). Brainstorming as a paradigm for studying ostracism: Experiments with brainstorming and cyberball paradigms. Sözlü bildiri, 11th European Congress of Psychology, Oslo, Norway.
  • Abrams, D., Weick, M., Thomas, D., Colbe, H., & Franklin, K.M. (2011). On-line ostracism affects children differently from adolescents and adults. British Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 110-123.
  • Aydin, N., Graupmann, V., Fischer, J., Frey, D., & Fischer, P. (2011). My role is my castle – The appeal of family roles after experiencing social exclusion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 981-986.
  • Balliet, D., & Ferris, D.L. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120, 298-308.
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  • Mendes, W.B., Major, B., McCoy, S., & Blascovich, J. (2008). How attributional ambiguity shapes physiological and emotional responses to social rejection and acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 278-291.
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  • Nezlek, J.B., Kowalski, R.M., Leary, M.R., Blevins, T., & Holgate, S. (1997). Personality moderators of reactions to interpersonal rejection: Depression and trait self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1235-1244.
  • Oaten, M., Williams, K.D., Jones, A., & Zadro, L. (2008). The effects of ostracism on self-regulation in the socially anxious. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 471-504.
  • Over, H., & Carpenter, M. (2009). Priming third-party ostracism increases affiliative imitation in children. Developmental Science, 12(3), F1-F8.
  • Pass, J.A., Lindenberg, S.M., & Park, J.H. (2010). All you need is love: Is the sociometer especially sensitive to one’s mating capacity? European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 221-234.
  • Pickett, C., Gardner, W.L., & Knowles, M.L. (2004). Getting a cue: The need to belong influences attention to subtle social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1095–1107.
  • Pickett, C.L., & Gardner, W.L. (2005). The social monitoring system: Enhanced sensitivity to social clues as an adaptive response to social exclusion. In K.D. Williams, J.P. Forgas, & W. Von Hippel (Eds.), The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying (pp. 213-226). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Riva, P., & Eck, J. (2016). The many faces of social exclusion. In P. Riva & J. Eck (Eds.), Social Exclusion: Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Reducing Its Impact (ix–xv). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
  • Riva, P., Wirth, J.H., & Williams, K.D. (2011). The consequences of pain: The social and physical pain overlap on psychological responses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 681-687.
  • Sacco, D.F., Wirth, J.H., Hugenberg, K., Chen, Z., & Williams, K.D. (2011). The world in black and white: Ostracism enhances the categorical perception of social information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 836-842.
  • Sacco, D.F., Young, S.G., Brown, C.M., Bernstein, M.J., & Hugenberg, K. (2012). Social exclusion and female mating behavior: Rejected women show strategic enhancement of short-term mating interest. Evolutionary Psychology, 10 (3), 573-587.
  • Seidel, E.M., Silani, G., Metzler, H., Thaler, H., Lamm, C., Gur, R.C., Kryspin-Exner, I., Habel, U., & Derntl, B. (2013). The impact of social exclusion vs. inclusion on subjective and hormonal reactions in females and males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2925-2932.
  • Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46, 190–207.
  • Schaller, M., & Neuberg, S.L. (2008). Intergroup prejudices and intergroup conflicts. In C. Crawford & D. Krebs (Eds.), Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology (401-415). New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
  • Sleegers, W.W.A., Proulx, T., & van Beest, I. (2017). The social pain of Cyberball: Decreased pupillary reactivity to exclusion cues. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 187-200.
  • Smith, A., & Williams, K.D. (2004). R u there? Ostracism by cellphone text messages. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(4), 291-301.
  • Snoek, J.D. (1962). Some effects of rejection upon attraction to a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 175–182.
  • Sommer, K.L., & Baumeister, R.F. (2002). Self-evaluation, persistence, and performance following implicit rejection: The role of trait self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(7), 926-938.
  • Soylu, B. (2010). Bağışlayıcı Kişilik ve Negatif Duygunun Psikolojik Dışlanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Sosyal Reddedilme Karşısında Verilen Saldırganlık Tepkilerini Düzenlemedeki Rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Spoor, J.R., & Williams, K.D. (2007). The evolution of an ostracism detection system. In J.P. Forgas, M.G. Haselton, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Evolution and the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition (pp.279-292). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Stillman, T.F., Baumeister, R.F., Lambert, N.M., Crescioni, A.W., DeWall, C.N., & Fincham, F.D. (2009). Alone and without purpose: Life loses meaning following social exclusion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 686-694.
  • Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2005). Conceptual foundations of evolutionary psychology. In D.M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 5-68). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Twenge, J.M., Baumeister, R.F., DeWall, C.N., Ciarocco, N.J., & Bartels, J.M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 56-66.
  • Twenge, J.M., Baumeister, R.F., Tice D.M., & Stucke, T.S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058–1069.
  • Twenge, J.M., Catanese, K.R., & Baumeister, R.F. (2002). Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 606-615.Van Beest, I., Williams, K.D., & Van Dijk, E. (2011). Cyberbomb: Effects of being ostracized from a death game. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(4), 581-596.
  • Weik, U., Maroof, P., Zöller, C., & Deinzer, R. (2010). Pre-experience of social exclusion suppresses cortisol response to psychosocial stress in women but not in men. Hormones and Behavior, 58, 891-897.
  • Wesselmann, E.D., Grzybowski, M.R., Steakley-Freeman, D.M., DeSouza, E.R., Nezlek, J.B., & Williams, K.D. (2016). Social exclusion in everyday life. In P. Riva & J. Eck (Eds.), Social Exclusion: Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Reducing Its Impact (3–23). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
  • Wesselmann, E.D., Nairne, J.S., & Williams, K.D. (2012). An evolutionary social psychological approach to studying the effects of ostracism. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 6(3), 309-328.
  • Wesselmann, E.D., & Williams, K.D. (2017). Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 693-706.
  • Wesselmann, E.D., Wirth, J.H., Pryor, J.B., Reeder, G.D., & Williams, K.D. (2013). When do we ostracize? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(1), 108-115.
  • Wike, T.L., & Fraser, M.W. (2009). School shootings: Making sense of the senseless. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 162-169.
  • Williams, K.D. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. NY: Guilford.
  • Williams, K.D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452.
  • Williams, K.D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 41 (pp. 275-314). UK: Academic Press.
  • Williams, K.D., & Jarvis, B. (2006). Cyberball: A program for use in research on ostracism and interpersonal acceptance. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 38, 174-180.
  • Williams, K.D., & Nida, S.A. (2011). Ostracism: Consequences and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 71-75.
  • Williams, K.D., & Zadro, L. (2001). Ostracism: On being ignored, excluded, and rejected. In M.R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal Rejection (pp. 21-55). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Williams, K.D., & Zadro, L. (2005). Ostracism: The indiscriminate early detection system. In K.D. Williams, J.P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection and Bullying (pp.19-34). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Williams, K.D., Cheung, C.K.T., & Choi, W. (2000). CyberOstracism: Effects of being ignored over the internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748-762.
  • Williams, K.D., Forgas, J.P., von Hippel, W., & Zadro, L. (2005). The social outcast: An overview. In K.D. Williams, J.P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection and Bullying (pp.1-16). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Williams, K.D., Govan, C.L., Croker, V., Tynan, D., Cruickshank, M., & Lam, A. (2002). Investigations into differences between social- and cyberostracism. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(1), 65-77.
  • Wirth, J.H. (2016). Methods for investigating social exclusion. In P. Riva & J. Eck (Eds.), Social Exclusion: Psychological Approaches to Understanding and Reducing Its Impact (25-51). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
  • Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J.R., Kraaijeveld, S., Lueckmann, J.M., & Williams, K.D. (2015). Ostracism online: A social media ostracism paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 47, 361–373.
  • Zadro, L., Boland, C., & Richardson, R. (2006). How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 692-697.
  • Zadro, L., Williams, K.D., & Richardson, R. (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 560-567.
  • Zhong, Chen-Bo & Leonardelli, G.J. (2008). Cold and lonely: Does social exclusion literally feel cold? Psychological Science, 19, 838-842.
Toplam 111 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çağlar Solak 0000-0002-0421-8627

Mert Teközel Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2224-1425

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Solak, Ç., & Teközel, M. (2019). Sosyal Dışlanma Olgusu Üzerine Genel Bir İnceleme. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(4), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.585260