Araştırma Makalesi
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A Critical Look At The Securitization of Climate Change in the Context of the Syrian Civil War

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 155 - 170, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.593419

Öz

There have been numbers of academic studies that connect the Syrian civil war with climate change. According to this view, the Syrian civil war is yet another example of how climate change may trigger and exacerbate armed conflicts. This approach's main argument is that the long-standing drought in Syria is a consequence of the climate change that led to mass domestic migration and triggered the uprising. The study aims to analyse how the securitising elites portrayed climate change as a threat by exemplifying the Syrian civil war and by showing why such securitisation is problematic. This paper argues that the securitisation of climate change is problematic, owing to the following reasons. First, the causality between climate change and its role in the erupt of the Syrian uprising is still debated. Second, it overshadows the incompetence and the responsibility of the Baath Regime. Third, the weak spots between climate change and the civil war give climate change deniers to make counter-arguments.

Kaynakça

  • APAP, J. (2019), “The concept of 'climate refugee' : Towards a possible definition”, (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621893/EPRS_BRI(2018)621893_EN.pdf ), (19.03.2019).
  • BARNES, J. (2009), “Managing the Waters of Baՙth Country: The Politics of Water Scarcity in Syria”, Geopolitics, Vol. 14 No.3 , ss.510-530. BAYSAL, B., ve LÜLECİ, Ç. (2015), “Kopenhag Okulu ve Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt 11 S:22, ss.61-96.
  • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLET İNSANİ YARDIM KOORDİNASYON OFİSİ, (2009, Syria Drought Response Plan, (https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/2009_Syria_Drought_Response_Plan.pdf), (22.03.2019).
  • BUZAN, B., WAEWER, O., VE DE WILDE, J. (1998). Security A new Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, London. CBS NEWS, (2015), Democratic debate transcript: Clinton, Sanders, O'Malley in Iowa, (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-transcript-clinton-sanders-omalley-in-iowa/), (18.05.2019).
  • DE CHATEL, F. (2014, “The role of drought and climate change in the Syrian uprising: Untangling the triggers of the revolution”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 50 No. 4, ss. 521-535.
  • DEUDNEY, D. (1990). The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security. Millennium, 19(3), ss. 461-476.DINSHAW, F. (2015a), “Climate change opened "Gates of Hell," in Syria: Al Gore”, National Observer , (https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/07/09/news/climate-change-opened-gates-hell-syria-al-gore), (09.04.2019).
  • DINSHAW, F. (2015b), “This is what a climate refugee looks like”, National Observer, (https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/09/04/news/what-climate-refugee-looks), (09.04.2019).
  • FEMIA, F ve WERREL, C.E. (2012), “ Syria:Climate Change, drought and social unsrest. Briefer no 11 Washington DC: Center for Climate and Security”, (https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/syria-climate-change-drought-and-social-unrest_briefer-11.pdf), (28.06.2019).
  • FEMIA, F., ve WERREL C. (2013), “Climate Change Before and After the Arab Awakening: The Cases of Syria and Libya”, F. Femia ve C.Werrel (Ed.), The Arab Spring and Climate Change, ss.23-32, STIMSON The Center for Climate and Security.
  • FLOYD, R. (2008), “The Environmental Security Debate and its Significance for Climate Change”, The International Spectator, Vol. 43, No3, ss. 51-65. FRIEDMAN, T. L. (2013), “The Scary Hidden Stressor”, The New York Times, (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/opinion/sunday/friedman-the-scary-hidden-stressor.html), (01.02.2018).
  • GLEICK, P. H. (2014), “Water, drought, climate change, and conflict in Syria”, Weather, Climate, and Society,Vol. 6 No.3, ss.331-340.
  • GLEICK, P. H. (2017). Climate, water, and conflict: Commentary on Selby et al. 2017. Political Geography, ss.1-3.
  • GOODENOUGH, P. (2015), “Kerry: Climate Change a Contributing Factor in Syrian Conflict”, cnsnews.com, (https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/kerry-climate-change-contributing-factor-syrian-conflict), (06.02.2019).
  • HANSEN, L. (2000), “The Little Mermaid's Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence of Gender in the Copenhagen School”, Millenium, Vol. 29, No. 2, ss.285-306.
  • HILL, D. P. (2015), “Where Hawks Dwell on Water and Bankers Build Power Poles: Transboundary Waters, Environmental Security and the Frontiers of Neo-liberalism”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 39 No.6, ss.729-743.
  • HINNEBUSCH, R. (2011), “The Ba'th's Agrarian Revolution”, Agriculture and Reform in Syria, R. Hinnebusch (Ed.),University of St Andrews Center for Syrian Studies, Fife.
  • HUYSMANS, J. (2000), “The European Union and the securitization of migration”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 38, No5, ss. 751-777. IDE, T. (2018), “Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research”, Current Climate Change Reports,Vol. 4, No.4, ss. 347-354.
  • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (2019), “Migration and Climate Change”, (https://www.iom.int/migration-and-climate-change-0), (07.05.2019)
  • ISLAM, R. (2015), “To Help Climate Migrants, Bangladesh Takes Back Land from the Sea”, Reuters. (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-clmate-land-idUSKCN0R90U220150909#QTgEvHmWvEXxy2q8.97) , (11.03.2019)JOHNSTONE, S. ve MAZO, J. (2011), Global warming and the Arab Spring, Survival, Vol. 53, No.2, ss.11-17.
  • KELLEY, C., MOHTADI, S., CANE, M., SEAGER, R., ve KUSHNIR, Y. (2017),” Commentary on the Syria case: Climate as a contributing factor”. Political Geography, ss.1-3.KELLEY, C., MOHTADI, S., CANE, M., SEAGER, R., ve KUSHNIR, Y. (2015), “Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 11, ss. 3241-3246.
  • KOUNANI, A., ve SKANAVIS, C. (2018), “Resilience of Greek Communities Hosting Climate Migrants: The Perceptions of Environmental Educators”. W.L Filho (Ed), Handbook of Climate Change Resilence, Springer International Publishing, Cham. KURT, S. (2017), “Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu’nun Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi Çerçevesinde Analizi”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi,Cilt 6, Sayi 2, ss. 1-22.
  • LESCH, D. W. (2013), “The Uprising that Wasn't Supposed to Happen: Syria and the Arab Spring, M. L. Haas ve D. W. Lesch (Ed.), The Arab Spring: Change and Resitance in the Middle East (ss. 79-96): Westview Press, Boulder.
  • MADEN, T. E. (2013), “İklim değişiminin Arap Baharında “Tehdit Tetikleyici” Rolü ve Suriye”, Ortadogu Analiz, Cilt 5, Sayı 58, ss.80-87.
  • MCDONALD, M. (2008),” Securitization and the Construction of Security”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No4, ss. 563-587.
  • MOON, B.-k. (2011), “Remarks to the Security Council on the Impact of Climate Change on International Peace and Security”, (https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2011-07-20/remarks-security-council-impact-climate-change-international-peace), (02.01.2019)
  • MORANO, M. (2013), “Warmists Admit: ‘We can’t say climate change caused the civil war’ in Syria”, (https://www.climatedepot.com/2013/09/11/warmists-admit-we-cant-say-climate-change-caused-the-civil-war-in-syria/), (16.03.2019)
  • NATURE EDITORIAL (2018), “Don’t jump to conclusions about climate change and civil conflict”, Nature, VOL 554, No. 7692, ss. 275-276.
  • NYMAN, J. (2013), “Securitization Theory”, , L. J. Shepherd (Ed.), Critical Approaches to Security:An Introduction to Theories and Methods , Routledge, London.
  • PETERS, K., ve MAYHEW, L. (2016), “The Securitization of Climate Change: A Developmental Perspective”, S. Brown ve J. Gravingholt (Ed.), Securitizaiton of the Foreign Aid, Palgrave-Macmillan, Basingstoke.
  • SCOTT, S. V. (2012), “The Securitization of Climate Change in World Politics: How Close have We Come and would Full Securitization Enhance the Efficacy of Global Climate Change Policy?”, Vol. 21, No.3, ss. 220-230.
  • SELBY, J., DAHI, O. S., FRÖHLICH, C., ve HULME, M. (2017), “Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited”, Political Geography, Vol. 60, ss.232-234.
  • ŞENER, B. (2017), “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Uluslararası Göç Olgusu ve Ulusal Güvenlik Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayi 1, ss. 1-30.
  • TAYLOR, M. (2017), “Climate change 'will create world's biggest refugee crisis’”, The Guardian. (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/02/climate-change-will-create-worlds-biggest-refugee-crisis), (06.03.2019)
  • THE NATION (2016), “Syrian Writers, Artists, and Journalists Speak Out Against US and Russian Policy”, The Nation, (https://www.thenation.com/article/syrian-writers-artists-and-journalists-speak-out-against-us-and-russian-policy/), (04.03.2019)
  • TROMBETTA, M. J. (2014), “Linking climate-induced migration and security within the EU: insights from the securitization debate”, Critical Studies on Security, Vol. 2, No. 2, ss. 131-147. Ullman, R. H. (1983), “Redefining security”, International Security, 8(1), ss.129-153.
  • UN INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE (2018), “Intergovernmental Conference to Adopt the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: Internationally Negotiated and Agreed Outcome, (https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180713_agreed_outcome_global_compact_for_migration.pdf), (12.06.2019),
  • VOSKOBOYNIK, D. M. (2016), “No, climate change did not “cause” the Syrian war”, pulsemedia.org. (https://pulsemedia.org/2016/12/16/no-climate-change-did-not-cause-the-syrian-war/), (03.05.2018)
  • WAEVER, O. (1995), “Securitization and Desecuritization”, , R. Lipschutz (Ed.), On Security , Columbia University Press, New York.
  • WAEVER, O. (2008), “Peace and security: Two evolving concepts and their changing relationship”, H. G. Brauch (Ed.) , Globalization and Environmental Challenges:Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century , Springer, Heidelberg.
  • WALT, S. M. (1991), “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No.2, ss.211-239.
  • WARNER, J. (2004), “Plugging the GAP Working with Buzan: the Ilisu Dam as a security issue”, Occasional Paper No 67, (https://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38410.pdf), (10.03.2015)
  • WERREL ,C.E, FEMIA F ve STERNBERG, T. (2015), “Did We See It Coming? State Fragility, Climate Vulnerability and Uprisings in Syria and Egypt”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 1, ss. 29-46.
  • WINTOUR, P. (2018), “John Kerry: Europe must tackle climate change or face migration chaos”, The Guardian, (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/16/john-kerry-europe-must-tackle-climate-change-or-face-migration-chaos), (10.03.2019)

İklim Değişikliğinin Güvenlikleştirilmesine Suriye İç Savaşı Bağlamında Eleştirel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 155 - 170, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.593419

Öz

Suriye iç savaşı ile iklim değişikliğini ilişkilendiren birçok akademik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu bakış açısına göre Suriye iç savaşı, iklim değişikliğinin bir silahlı çatışmanın patlak vermesini tetikleme ya da tırmandırma potansiyeline sahip olduğuna en çarpıcı örnektir. Bu bakış açısının temel argümanı Suriye’de yaşanan iklim değişikliği kaynaklı uzun kuraklık döneminin önce iç göçe neden olduğu ve bu göçün de rejime karşı protestoları tetiklediği şeklinde özetlenebilir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Suriye iç savaşı örneği üzerinden iklim değişikliğinin güvenlikleştirici elitler tarafından nasıl güvenlikleştirildiğini ortaya koymak ve bu güvenlikleştirme çabalarının sorunlu yanlarını analiz etmektir. Çalışma şu nedenlerden ötürü iklim değişikliğinin güvenlikleştirilmesini eleştirmektedir. İlk olarak iklim değişikliğinin iç savaştaki rolünün tam olarak ne olduğu konusu literatürde halen tartışmalıdır. İkincisi bu güvenlikleştirme Baas rejiminin yetersizliklerini ve sorumluluklarını gölgelemektedir. Üçüncüsü iklim değişim ile iç savaş arasındaki zayıf noktalar iklim değişikliğini inkarcılarınca karşı argüman olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • APAP, J. (2019), “The concept of 'climate refugee' : Towards a possible definition”, (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621893/EPRS_BRI(2018)621893_EN.pdf ), (19.03.2019).
  • BARNES, J. (2009), “Managing the Waters of Baՙth Country: The Politics of Water Scarcity in Syria”, Geopolitics, Vol. 14 No.3 , ss.510-530. BAYSAL, B., ve LÜLECİ, Ç. (2015), “Kopenhag Okulu ve Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt 11 S:22, ss.61-96.
  • BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLET İNSANİ YARDIM KOORDİNASYON OFİSİ, (2009, Syria Drought Response Plan, (https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/2009_Syria_Drought_Response_Plan.pdf), (22.03.2019).
  • BUZAN, B., WAEWER, O., VE DE WILDE, J. (1998). Security A new Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, London. CBS NEWS, (2015), Democratic debate transcript: Clinton, Sanders, O'Malley in Iowa, (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-transcript-clinton-sanders-omalley-in-iowa/), (18.05.2019).
  • DE CHATEL, F. (2014, “The role of drought and climate change in the Syrian uprising: Untangling the triggers of the revolution”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 50 No. 4, ss. 521-535.
  • DEUDNEY, D. (1990). The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security. Millennium, 19(3), ss. 461-476.DINSHAW, F. (2015a), “Climate change opened "Gates of Hell," in Syria: Al Gore”, National Observer , (https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/07/09/news/climate-change-opened-gates-hell-syria-al-gore), (09.04.2019).
  • DINSHAW, F. (2015b), “This is what a climate refugee looks like”, National Observer, (https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/09/04/news/what-climate-refugee-looks), (09.04.2019).
  • FEMIA, F ve WERREL, C.E. (2012), “ Syria:Climate Change, drought and social unsrest. Briefer no 11 Washington DC: Center for Climate and Security”, (https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/syria-climate-change-drought-and-social-unrest_briefer-11.pdf), (28.06.2019).
  • FEMIA, F., ve WERREL C. (2013), “Climate Change Before and After the Arab Awakening: The Cases of Syria and Libya”, F. Femia ve C.Werrel (Ed.), The Arab Spring and Climate Change, ss.23-32, STIMSON The Center for Climate and Security.
  • FLOYD, R. (2008), “The Environmental Security Debate and its Significance for Climate Change”, The International Spectator, Vol. 43, No3, ss. 51-65. FRIEDMAN, T. L. (2013), “The Scary Hidden Stressor”, The New York Times, (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/opinion/sunday/friedman-the-scary-hidden-stressor.html), (01.02.2018).
  • GLEICK, P. H. (2014), “Water, drought, climate change, and conflict in Syria”, Weather, Climate, and Society,Vol. 6 No.3, ss.331-340.
  • GLEICK, P. H. (2017). Climate, water, and conflict: Commentary on Selby et al. 2017. Political Geography, ss.1-3.
  • GOODENOUGH, P. (2015), “Kerry: Climate Change a Contributing Factor in Syrian Conflict”, cnsnews.com, (https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/kerry-climate-change-contributing-factor-syrian-conflict), (06.02.2019).
  • HANSEN, L. (2000), “The Little Mermaid's Silent Security Dilemma and the Absence of Gender in the Copenhagen School”, Millenium, Vol. 29, No. 2, ss.285-306.
  • HILL, D. P. (2015), “Where Hawks Dwell on Water and Bankers Build Power Poles: Transboundary Waters, Environmental Security and the Frontiers of Neo-liberalism”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 39 No.6, ss.729-743.
  • HINNEBUSCH, R. (2011), “The Ba'th's Agrarian Revolution”, Agriculture and Reform in Syria, R. Hinnebusch (Ed.),University of St Andrews Center for Syrian Studies, Fife.
  • HUYSMANS, J. (2000), “The European Union and the securitization of migration”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 38, No5, ss. 751-777. IDE, T. (2018), “Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research”, Current Climate Change Reports,Vol. 4, No.4, ss. 347-354.
  • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (2019), “Migration and Climate Change”, (https://www.iom.int/migration-and-climate-change-0), (07.05.2019)
  • ISLAM, R. (2015), “To Help Climate Migrants, Bangladesh Takes Back Land from the Sea”, Reuters. (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-clmate-land-idUSKCN0R90U220150909#QTgEvHmWvEXxy2q8.97) , (11.03.2019)JOHNSTONE, S. ve MAZO, J. (2011), Global warming and the Arab Spring, Survival, Vol. 53, No.2, ss.11-17.
  • KELLEY, C., MOHTADI, S., CANE, M., SEAGER, R., ve KUSHNIR, Y. (2017),” Commentary on the Syria case: Climate as a contributing factor”. Political Geography, ss.1-3.KELLEY, C., MOHTADI, S., CANE, M., SEAGER, R., ve KUSHNIR, Y. (2015), “Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 11, ss. 3241-3246.
  • KOUNANI, A., ve SKANAVIS, C. (2018), “Resilience of Greek Communities Hosting Climate Migrants: The Perceptions of Environmental Educators”. W.L Filho (Ed), Handbook of Climate Change Resilence, Springer International Publishing, Cham. KURT, S. (2017), “Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu’nun Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi Çerçevesinde Analizi”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi,Cilt 6, Sayi 2, ss. 1-22.
  • LESCH, D. W. (2013), “The Uprising that Wasn't Supposed to Happen: Syria and the Arab Spring, M. L. Haas ve D. W. Lesch (Ed.), The Arab Spring: Change and Resitance in the Middle East (ss. 79-96): Westview Press, Boulder.
  • MADEN, T. E. (2013), “İklim değişiminin Arap Baharında “Tehdit Tetikleyici” Rolü ve Suriye”, Ortadogu Analiz, Cilt 5, Sayı 58, ss.80-87.
  • MCDONALD, M. (2008),” Securitization and the Construction of Security”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No4, ss. 563-587.
  • MOON, B.-k. (2011), “Remarks to the Security Council on the Impact of Climate Change on International Peace and Security”, (https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2011-07-20/remarks-security-council-impact-climate-change-international-peace), (02.01.2019)
  • MORANO, M. (2013), “Warmists Admit: ‘We can’t say climate change caused the civil war’ in Syria”, (https://www.climatedepot.com/2013/09/11/warmists-admit-we-cant-say-climate-change-caused-the-civil-war-in-syria/), (16.03.2019)
  • NATURE EDITORIAL (2018), “Don’t jump to conclusions about climate change and civil conflict”, Nature, VOL 554, No. 7692, ss. 275-276.
  • NYMAN, J. (2013), “Securitization Theory”, , L. J. Shepherd (Ed.), Critical Approaches to Security:An Introduction to Theories and Methods , Routledge, London.
  • PETERS, K., ve MAYHEW, L. (2016), “The Securitization of Climate Change: A Developmental Perspective”, S. Brown ve J. Gravingholt (Ed.), Securitizaiton of the Foreign Aid, Palgrave-Macmillan, Basingstoke.
  • SCOTT, S. V. (2012), “The Securitization of Climate Change in World Politics: How Close have We Come and would Full Securitization Enhance the Efficacy of Global Climate Change Policy?”, Vol. 21, No.3, ss. 220-230.
  • SELBY, J., DAHI, O. S., FRÖHLICH, C., ve HULME, M. (2017), “Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited”, Political Geography, Vol. 60, ss.232-234.
  • ŞENER, B. (2017), “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Uluslararası Göç Olgusu ve Ulusal Güvenlik Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayi 1, ss. 1-30.
  • TAYLOR, M. (2017), “Climate change 'will create world's biggest refugee crisis’”, The Guardian. (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/02/climate-change-will-create-worlds-biggest-refugee-crisis), (06.03.2019)
  • THE NATION (2016), “Syrian Writers, Artists, and Journalists Speak Out Against US and Russian Policy”, The Nation, (https://www.thenation.com/article/syrian-writers-artists-and-journalists-speak-out-against-us-and-russian-policy/), (04.03.2019)
  • TROMBETTA, M. J. (2014), “Linking climate-induced migration and security within the EU: insights from the securitization debate”, Critical Studies on Security, Vol. 2, No. 2, ss. 131-147. Ullman, R. H. (1983), “Redefining security”, International Security, 8(1), ss.129-153.
  • UN INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE (2018), “Intergovernmental Conference to Adopt the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: Internationally Negotiated and Agreed Outcome, (https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180713_agreed_outcome_global_compact_for_migration.pdf), (12.06.2019),
  • VOSKOBOYNIK, D. M. (2016), “No, climate change did not “cause” the Syrian war”, pulsemedia.org. (https://pulsemedia.org/2016/12/16/no-climate-change-did-not-cause-the-syrian-war/), (03.05.2018)
  • WAEVER, O. (1995), “Securitization and Desecuritization”, , R. Lipschutz (Ed.), On Security , Columbia University Press, New York.
  • WAEVER, O. (2008), “Peace and security: Two evolving concepts and their changing relationship”, H. G. Brauch (Ed.) , Globalization and Environmental Challenges:Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century , Springer, Heidelberg.
  • WALT, S. M. (1991), “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No.2, ss.211-239.
  • WARNER, J. (2004), “Plugging the GAP Working with Buzan: the Ilisu Dam as a security issue”, Occasional Paper No 67, (https://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38410.pdf), (10.03.2015)
  • WERREL ,C.E, FEMIA F ve STERNBERG, T. (2015), “Did We See It Coming? State Fragility, Climate Vulnerability and Uprisings in Syria and Egypt”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 1, ss. 29-46.
  • WINTOUR, P. (2018), “John Kerry: Europe must tackle climate change or face migration chaos”, The Guardian, (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/16/john-kerry-europe-must-tackle-climate-change-or-face-migration-chaos), (10.03.2019)
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Conker 0000-0002-8556-5603

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Conker, A. (2020). İklim Değişikliğinin Güvenlikleştirilmesine Suriye İç Savaşı Bağlamında Eleştirel Bir Bakış. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.593419