Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Küreselleşme, Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Kamu Kesiminin Demokratikleşme Seviyesi Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 155 - 176, 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.958906

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkeler (Brezilya, Çin, Hindistan, Endonezya, Malezya, Meksika, Filipinler, Güney Afrika, Tayland, Türkiye) için küreselleşme, ekonomik kalkınma ve ekonomideki kamu kesimi büyüklüğünün demokratikleşme seviyesi üzerindeki etkisi panel veri analizi yöntemiyle 2003-2017 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Değişken olarak Freedom House Endeksi, KOF Endeksi, kişi başına düşen milli gelir ve kamu kesimi toplam nihai tüketim harcamalarının gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla içindeki payı kullanılmıştır. Serilerin durağanlığı, ikinci kuşak birim kök testlerinden Pesaran (2007) tarafından geliştirilen CIPS panel birim kök testiyle sınanmıştır. Ayrıca, çalışmada Driscoll-Kraay Model Tahmini yaklaşımı kullanılmış ve nedensellik ilişkisi Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) testiyle tahmin edilmiştir. Panel veri analizi sonuçlarına göre demokratikleşme seviyesi üzerinde; küreselleşmenin negatif, ekonomik kalkınma ve kamu kesimi büyüklüğünün ise pozitif etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ekonomik kalkınmadan kamu kesimi büyüklüğüne doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Acaravcı, A., & Erdoğan, S. (2015). Türkiye’de demokrasi, reel gelir ve dışa açıklık arasındaki uzun dönemli ve nedensel ilişkiler. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(31), 358-370. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkusbed/issue/19577/208965
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P. (2008). Income and democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3), 808-42. DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.3.808
  • Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2016). Diktatörlük ve demokrasinin ekonomik kökenleri. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Adsera A, & Boix C. (2002). Trade, democracy, and the size of the public sector: the political underpinnings of openness. International Organization, 56(2): 229–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802320005478
  • Alesina, A., & Wacziarg, R. (1998). Openness, country size and government. Journal Of Public Economics, 69(3), 305-321. DOI:10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00010-3
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2001). Econometric analysis of panel data (2nd ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barnet, R. J., & Cavanagh, J. (1995). Global dreams: imperial corporations and the new world order. Simon & Schuster.
  • Bayar, Y., & Alakbarov, N. (2016). Corruption and foreign direct investment inflows in emerging market economies. Ecoforum Journal, 5(2). 165-180.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285
  • Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and redistribution. Cambridge University Press.
  • Boix, C. (2011). Democracy, development, and the international system. American Political Science Review, 105(4), 809-828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000402
  • Boix, C., & Garicano, L. (2001). Democracy, inequality, and country-specific wealth. University of Chicago.
  • Bozkurt, V. (2020). Küreselleşen dünyada toplumsal meseleler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi. Erişim Adresi http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/sosyoloji_lisans_ao/kuresellesen_dunyada_toplumsal_meseleler.pdf.
  • Breusch, T.S. & Pagan, A. (1980), The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Brown, M. B., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). The small sample behavior of some statistics which test the equality of several means. Technometrics, 16(1), 129-132.
  • Brune, N., Garrett, G., Guisinger, A., & Sorens, J. (2001). The political economy of capital account liberalization. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
  • Dam, M. M., & Yıldız, B. (2016). BRICS-TM ülkelerinde AR-GE ve inovasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: ekonometrik bir analiz. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(33), 220-236. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auiibfd/issue/32338/359349
  • De Macedo, J. B., Pereira, L. B., Martins, J. O., & Jalles, J. T. (2013). Globalization, democracy and development (No. w19575). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w19575/w19575.pdf
  • Destek, M. A. (2016). Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy, 95, 478–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.049
  • Dumitrescu, E.I. & Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels”, Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Doces, J. A. (2006). Globalization and democracy: an empirical analysis using a simultaneous equation approach. Center for Globalization and Governance.
  • Doğan, A. (2005). Demokrasi ve ekonomik gelişme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (25), 1-19. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erciyesiibd/issue/5882/77821
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646837
  • Dutt, P., & Mitra, D. (2002). Endogenous trade policy through majority voting: an empirical investigation. Journal of International Economics, 58(1), 107-133. Retrieved from https://faculty.insead.edu/pushan-dutt/documents//Paper12.pdf
  • Eichengreen B, & Leblang D. (2007). Democracy and globalization. Bank for International Settlements, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00329.x
  • Er, H. A. (1997). Development patterns of industrial design in the third world: a conceptual model for newly industrialized countries. Journal of Design History, 10(3), 293-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jdh/10.3.293
  • Erdağ, R., & Peker, K. (2014). Küreselleşme sürecinin demokrasi üzerine etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 211-220. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jiss/issue/25892/272863
  • Eren, M. V., & Çütcü, İ. (2018). Küreselleşmenin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: türkiye üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1) 47-61. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seyad/issue/53362/709446
  • Falk, R. A. (1999). Predatory globalization: A Critique. Polity.
  • Fölster, S., & Henrekson, M. (2001). Growth effects of government expenditure and taxation in rich countries. European Economic Review, 45(8), 1501-1520. Retrieved from https://www.ifn.se/Wfiles/wp/wp503.pdf
  • Freedom House, (2020). Erişim Adresi: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Methodology_FIW_2019_for_website, Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2020.
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01658-M
  • Garrett, G. (2000). The causes of globalization. Comparative Political Studies, 33(6-7), 941-991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001041400003300610
  • Ghazali, A., & Ali, G. (2019). Investigation of key contributors of CO2 emissions in extended STIRPAT model for newly industrialized countries: a dynamic common correlated estimator (DCCE) approach. Energy Reports, 5, 242-252. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.02.006
  • Gray, J. (1999). Sahte şafak: küresel kapitalizmin aldatmacaları (Çev. G. Güven). İstanbul: OM Yayıncılık.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (1999) Temel ekonometri (7. Basım, Eylül 2010). (Çev. Ü. Şenesen ve G. Günlük Şenesen). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Gurgul, H. & Lach, L. (2014), Globalization and economic growth: evidence from two decades of transition in CEE, Economic Modelling, 36, 99-107. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52231/1/MPRA_paper_52231.pdf
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2), 148-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423X.00043
  • Hardt, M. & Negri, A., (2001). İmparatorluk, (Çev. A. Yılmaz). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 46(6), 1251-1271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  • Hayaloğlu, P., Kalaycı, C., & Artan, S. (2015). Küreselleşme farklı gelir grubundaki ülkelerde ekonomik büyümeyi nasıl etkilemektedir. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 10(1), 119-152. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/oguiibf/issue/56487/785422
  • Held, D. (1995). Ulus devletin çöküşü. yeni zamanlar: 1990’larda politikanın değişen çehresi, (Der. S. Hall ve M. Jacques), (Çev. A. Yılmaz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları
  • Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt D. & Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: politics, economics and cultures. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hirst, P. & Thompson, G. (1998). Küreselleşme sorgulanıyor. Ankara: Dost Yayınevi.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.042
  • Im K.S., Pesaran M.H. & Shin Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogenous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, ss. 53-57. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-
  • Kılıç, M. (2020). Portföy yatırımları ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: yeni sanayileşen ülkeler örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(8), 45-55. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/56449/766482
  • Kıvılcım, F. (2013). Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinin gelişmekte olan ülke türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 219-230. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sobiadsbd/issue/11355/135742
  • Kutlay, M., & Öniş, Z. (2020). Otoriter Kapitalizmin yükselişi: değişen küresel dengeler ve demokrasinin geleceği üzerine. Ekonomi ve Toplum (120), 42-53. KOF Globalisation Index, 2020. Erişim Adresi https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2020)
  • Kollias, C., & Paleologou, S. M. (2016). Globalization and democracy: a disaggregated analysis by income group. Global Economy Journal, 16(2), 213-228. DOI: 10.1515/gej-2015-0048
  • Landau, D. (1983). Government expenditure and economic growth: a cross-country study. Southern Economic Journal, 49(3), 783-792. DOI:10.2307/1058716
  • Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. Olkin I., Ghurye G., Hoeffding W., Madow W. G. ve Mann H. B. (Ed.), Contributions to probability and statics içinde. (s. 278-292). California: Stanford University of Press
  • Li, Q., & Reuveny, R. (2003). Economic Globalization and democracy: an empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 33(1), 29-54. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123403000024
  • Decker, J. H., & Lim, J. J. (2009). Democracy and trade: an empirical study. Economics of Governance, 10(2), 165-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-008-0053-8
  • Linden, M., & Ray, D. (2017). Aggregation bias-correcting approach to the health–income relationship: life expectancy and GDP per capita in 148 countries, 1970–2010. Economic Modelling, 61, 126-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2016.12.001
  • Loizides, J., & Vamvoukas, G. (2005). Government expenditure and economic growth: evidence from trivariate causality testing. Journal of Applied Economics, 8(1), 125-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2005.12040621
  • López-Córdova, J. E., & Meissner, C. M. (2005). The globalization of trade and democracy, 1870-2000 (No. w11117). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11117/w11117.pdf
  • Majaski, C. (t.y.). Newly industrialized country, Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/newly-industrialized-country.asp.
  • Milner, H. V., & Kubota, K. (2005). Why the move to free trade? democracy and trade policy in the developing countries. International Organization, 59(1), 107-143. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/LDCdem_IO.pdf
  • Milner, H. V., & Mukherjee, B. (2009). Democratization and economic globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 163-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.110507.114722
  • Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1987). Hypothesis testing with efficient method of moments estimation. International Economic Review, 777-787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2526578
  • Nurudeen, A., & Usman, A. (2010). Government expenditure and economic growth in nigeria, 1970-2008: a disaggregated analysis. Business and Economics Journal, 4, 1-11. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69814/1/MPRA_paper_69814.pdf
  • Olimpia, N., & Stela, D. (2017). Impact of globalisation on economic growth in romania: an empirical analysis of its economic, social and political dimensions. Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad–Economics Series, 27(1), 29-40. DOI: 10.1515/sues-2017-0003
  • O'Rourke, K. H., & Taylor, A. M. (2006). Democracy and protectionism (No. w12250). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12250/w12250.pdf
  • Papaioannou E. & Sıourounıs, G. (2008). Democratization and growth. The Economic Journal, 118(532), 1520-1551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02189.x
  • Pesaran M.H., (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics 22, ss. 265-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Polterovich, V., & Popov, V. (2005). Democracy and growth reconsidered: why economic performance of new democracies is not encouraging. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1755005
  • Quinn, D. P. (2003). Capital account liberalization and financial globalization, 1890–1999: a synoptic view. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 8(3), 189-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.209
  • Rigobon, R., & Rodrik, D. (2005). Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income: estimating the interrelationships. Economics of Transition, 13(3), 533-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00226.x
  • Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic development and democracy. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 503-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.092704.171256
  • Rudra, N. (2005). Globalization and the strengthening of democracy in the developing world. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 704-730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00150.x
  • Shahzad, U., Doğan, B., Sinha, A., & Fareed, Z. (2020). Does export product diversification help to reduce energy demand: exploring the contextual evidences from the newly industrialized countries. Energy, 214, 118881. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/103718/1/MPRA_paper_103718.pdf
  • Steger, M. B. (2013). Küreselleşme. (Çev. A. Ersoy). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Şahin, K. (2006). Küreselleşme demokrasiyi güçlendiriyor mu?. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (AID), 1(2), 1-17. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademikincelemeler/issue/1558/19161
  • Topuz, S. K. (2016). Ülkelerin küreselleşme demokrasi ve ekonomik büyüklük göstergeleri ile cinsiyet temelli gelişme endeksi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Gazi Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 18(3), 779. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gaziuiibfd/issue/28284/300446
  • Uddin, M. M. M. (2015). Causal relationship between agriculture, industry and services sector for GDP growth in Bangladesh: an econometric investigation. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 8, 124-129. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.676.6370&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • United Nations. (2019). World economic situation and prospects, Statistical Annex.
  • Verter, N., & Osakwe, C. N. (2015). Economic globalization and economic performance dynamics: some new empirical evidence from Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 87-87. DOI: 10.36941/mjss
  • Villaverde, J. & Maza, A. (2011), Globalization, growth and convergence, World Economy, 34(6), 952-971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01359.x Weiss, J. (1988). Industry in developing countries. Londra: Routledge,
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). Panel veri ekonometrisi: stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel veri ekonometrisi: stata uygulamalı (Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Zeren, F., & Koç, M. (2014). The nexus between energy consumption and financial development with asymmetric causality test: new evidence from newly industrialized countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(1), 83-91. Retrieved from https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423903765.pdf
  • Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(21), 17616-17625. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9392-8
  • Zortuk, M., & Beşer, B. (2014). Dışa açıklık ve demokratik yapının kamu kesimi büyüklüğü üzerindeki etkisi: rodrik hipotezine geçiş ekonomilerinden kanıt. Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(3), 345-359. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eab/issue/39931/474340

The Effect of Globalization, Economic Development and the Public Sector on the Level of Democratization

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 155 - 176, 28.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.958906

Öz

In this study, the effect of globalization, economic development and the size of the public sector in the economy on the level of democratization for the Newly Industrialized Countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey) was tested with panel data analysis method using the 2003-2017 period annual data. Freedom House Index, KOF Index, per capita national income and share of the public sector total final consumption expenditures in the gross domestic product were used as variables. The stationarity of the series was tested with the CIPS panel unit root test, one of the second generation unit root tests, developed by Pesaran (2007). In addition, the Driscoll-Kraay Model Estimation approach was used in the study and the causality relationship was estimated by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) test. According to panel data analysis results, it has been determined that globalization has a negative effect, whereas the size of the public sector in the economy and economic development has a positive effect above the level of democratization. It has also been concluded that there is a one-way causality relationship from economic development to the size of the public sector.

Kaynakça

  • Acaravcı, A., & Erdoğan, S. (2015). Türkiye’de demokrasi, reel gelir ve dışa açıklık arasındaki uzun dönemli ve nedensel ilişkiler. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(31), 358-370. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkusbed/issue/19577/208965
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P. (2008). Income and democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3), 808-42. DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.3.808
  • Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2016). Diktatörlük ve demokrasinin ekonomik kökenleri. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Adsera A, & Boix C. (2002). Trade, democracy, and the size of the public sector: the political underpinnings of openness. International Organization, 56(2): 229–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802320005478
  • Alesina, A., & Wacziarg, R. (1998). Openness, country size and government. Journal Of Public Economics, 69(3), 305-321. DOI:10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00010-3
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2001). Econometric analysis of panel data (2nd ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barnet, R. J., & Cavanagh, J. (1995). Global dreams: imperial corporations and the new world order. Simon & Schuster.
  • Bayar, Y., & Alakbarov, N. (2016). Corruption and foreign direct investment inflows in emerging market economies. Ecoforum Journal, 5(2). 165-180.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297285
  • Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and redistribution. Cambridge University Press.
  • Boix, C. (2011). Democracy, development, and the international system. American Political Science Review, 105(4), 809-828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000402
  • Boix, C., & Garicano, L. (2001). Democracy, inequality, and country-specific wealth. University of Chicago.
  • Bozkurt, V. (2020). Küreselleşen dünyada toplumsal meseleler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi. Erişim Adresi http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/sosyoloji_lisans_ao/kuresellesen_dunyada_toplumsal_meseleler.pdf.
  • Breusch, T.S. & Pagan, A. (1980), The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Brown, M. B., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). The small sample behavior of some statistics which test the equality of several means. Technometrics, 16(1), 129-132.
  • Brune, N., Garrett, G., Guisinger, A., & Sorens, J. (2001). The political economy of capital account liberalization. In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
  • Dam, M. M., & Yıldız, B. (2016). BRICS-TM ülkelerinde AR-GE ve inovasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: ekonometrik bir analiz. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(33), 220-236. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auiibfd/issue/32338/359349
  • De Macedo, J. B., Pereira, L. B., Martins, J. O., & Jalles, J. T. (2013). Globalization, democracy and development (No. w19575). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w19575/w19575.pdf
  • Destek, M. A. (2016). Renewable Energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy, 95, 478–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.049
  • Dumitrescu, E.I. & Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels”, Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Doces, J. A. (2006). Globalization and democracy: an empirical analysis using a simultaneous equation approach. Center for Globalization and Governance.
  • Doğan, A. (2005). Demokrasi ve ekonomik gelişme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (25), 1-19. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erciyesiibd/issue/5882/77821
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646837
  • Dutt, P., & Mitra, D. (2002). Endogenous trade policy through majority voting: an empirical investigation. Journal of International Economics, 58(1), 107-133. Retrieved from https://faculty.insead.edu/pushan-dutt/documents//Paper12.pdf
  • Eichengreen B, & Leblang D. (2007). Democracy and globalization. Bank for International Settlements, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00329.x
  • Er, H. A. (1997). Development patterns of industrial design in the third world: a conceptual model for newly industrialized countries. Journal of Design History, 10(3), 293-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jdh/10.3.293
  • Erdağ, R., & Peker, K. (2014). Küreselleşme sürecinin demokrasi üzerine etkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 211-220. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jiss/issue/25892/272863
  • Eren, M. V., & Çütcü, İ. (2018). Küreselleşmenin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: türkiye üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1) 47-61. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seyad/issue/53362/709446
  • Falk, R. A. (1999). Predatory globalization: A Critique. Polity.
  • Fölster, S., & Henrekson, M. (2001). Growth effects of government expenditure and taxation in rich countries. European Economic Review, 45(8), 1501-1520. Retrieved from https://www.ifn.se/Wfiles/wp/wp503.pdf
  • Freedom House, (2020). Erişim Adresi: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Methodology_FIW_2019_for_website, Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2020.
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01658-M
  • Garrett, G. (2000). The causes of globalization. Comparative Political Studies, 33(6-7), 941-991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001041400003300610
  • Ghazali, A., & Ali, G. (2019). Investigation of key contributors of CO2 emissions in extended STIRPAT model for newly industrialized countries: a dynamic common correlated estimator (DCCE) approach. Energy Reports, 5, 242-252. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.02.006
  • Gray, J. (1999). Sahte şafak: küresel kapitalizmin aldatmacaları (Çev. G. Güven). İstanbul: OM Yayıncılık.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (1999) Temel ekonometri (7. Basım, Eylül 2010). (Çev. Ü. Şenesen ve G. Günlük Şenesen). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Gurgul, H. & Lach, L. (2014), Globalization and economic growth: evidence from two decades of transition in CEE, Economic Modelling, 36, 99-107. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52231/1/MPRA_paper_52231.pdf
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2), 148-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423X.00043
  • Hardt, M. & Negri, A., (2001). İmparatorluk, (Çev. A. Yılmaz). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 46(6), 1251-1271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  • Hayaloğlu, P., Kalaycı, C., & Artan, S. (2015). Küreselleşme farklı gelir grubundaki ülkelerde ekonomik büyümeyi nasıl etkilemektedir. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 10(1), 119-152. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/oguiibf/issue/56487/785422
  • Held, D. (1995). Ulus devletin çöküşü. yeni zamanlar: 1990’larda politikanın değişen çehresi, (Der. S. Hall ve M. Jacques), (Çev. A. Yılmaz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları
  • Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt D. & Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: politics, economics and cultures. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Hirst, P. & Thompson, G. (1998). Küreselleşme sorgulanıyor. Ankara: Dost Yayınevi.
  • Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.042
  • Im K.S., Pesaran M.H. & Shin Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogenous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, ss. 53-57. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-
  • Kılıç, M. (2020). Portföy yatırımları ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: yeni sanayileşen ülkeler örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(8), 45-55. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/56449/766482
  • Kıvılcım, F. (2013). Küreselleşme kavramı ve küreselleşme sürecinin gelişmekte olan ülke türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 219-230. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sobiadsbd/issue/11355/135742
  • Kutlay, M., & Öniş, Z. (2020). Otoriter Kapitalizmin yükselişi: değişen küresel dengeler ve demokrasinin geleceği üzerine. Ekonomi ve Toplum (120), 42-53. KOF Globalisation Index, 2020. Erişim Adresi https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2020)
  • Kollias, C., & Paleologou, S. M. (2016). Globalization and democracy: a disaggregated analysis by income group. Global Economy Journal, 16(2), 213-228. DOI: 10.1515/gej-2015-0048
  • Landau, D. (1983). Government expenditure and economic growth: a cross-country study. Southern Economic Journal, 49(3), 783-792. DOI:10.2307/1058716
  • Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. Olkin I., Ghurye G., Hoeffding W., Madow W. G. ve Mann H. B. (Ed.), Contributions to probability and statics içinde. (s. 278-292). California: Stanford University of Press
  • Li, Q., & Reuveny, R. (2003). Economic Globalization and democracy: an empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 33(1), 29-54. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123403000024
  • Decker, J. H., & Lim, J. J. (2009). Democracy and trade: an empirical study. Economics of Governance, 10(2), 165-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-008-0053-8
  • Linden, M., & Ray, D. (2017). Aggregation bias-correcting approach to the health–income relationship: life expectancy and GDP per capita in 148 countries, 1970–2010. Economic Modelling, 61, 126-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2016.12.001
  • Loizides, J., & Vamvoukas, G. (2005). Government expenditure and economic growth: evidence from trivariate causality testing. Journal of Applied Economics, 8(1), 125-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2005.12040621
  • López-Córdova, J. E., & Meissner, C. M. (2005). The globalization of trade and democracy, 1870-2000 (No. w11117). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11117/w11117.pdf
  • Majaski, C. (t.y.). Newly industrialized country, Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/newly-industrialized-country.asp.
  • Milner, H. V., & Kubota, K. (2005). Why the move to free trade? democracy and trade policy in the developing countries. International Organization, 59(1), 107-143. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/~hmilner/forthcoming%20papers/LDCdem_IO.pdf
  • Milner, H. V., & Mukherjee, B. (2009). Democratization and economic globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 163-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.110507.114722
  • Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1987). Hypothesis testing with efficient method of moments estimation. International Economic Review, 777-787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2526578
  • Nurudeen, A., & Usman, A. (2010). Government expenditure and economic growth in nigeria, 1970-2008: a disaggregated analysis. Business and Economics Journal, 4, 1-11. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69814/1/MPRA_paper_69814.pdf
  • Olimpia, N., & Stela, D. (2017). Impact of globalisation on economic growth in romania: an empirical analysis of its economic, social and political dimensions. Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad–Economics Series, 27(1), 29-40. DOI: 10.1515/sues-2017-0003
  • O'Rourke, K. H., & Taylor, A. M. (2006). Democracy and protectionism (No. w12250). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12250/w12250.pdf
  • Papaioannou E. & Sıourounıs, G. (2008). Democratization and growth. The Economic Journal, 118(532), 1520-1551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02189.x
  • Pesaran M.H., (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics 22, ss. 265-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Polterovich, V., & Popov, V. (2005). Democracy and growth reconsidered: why economic performance of new democracies is not encouraging. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1755005
  • Quinn, D. P. (2003). Capital account liberalization and financial globalization, 1890–1999: a synoptic view. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 8(3), 189-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.209
  • Rigobon, R., & Rodrik, D. (2005). Rule of law, democracy, openness, and income: estimating the interrelationships. Economics of Transition, 13(3), 533-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00226.x
  • Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic development and democracy. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 503-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.092704.171256
  • Rudra, N. (2005). Globalization and the strengthening of democracy in the developing world. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 704-730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00150.x
  • Shahzad, U., Doğan, B., Sinha, A., & Fareed, Z. (2020). Does export product diversification help to reduce energy demand: exploring the contextual evidences from the newly industrialized countries. Energy, 214, 118881. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/103718/1/MPRA_paper_103718.pdf
  • Steger, M. B. (2013). Küreselleşme. (Çev. A. Ersoy). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Şahin, K. (2006). Küreselleşme demokrasiyi güçlendiriyor mu?. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (AID), 1(2), 1-17. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/akademikincelemeler/issue/1558/19161
  • Topuz, S. K. (2016). Ülkelerin küreselleşme demokrasi ve ekonomik büyüklük göstergeleri ile cinsiyet temelli gelişme endeksi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Gazi Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 18(3), 779. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gaziuiibfd/issue/28284/300446
  • Uddin, M. M. M. (2015). Causal relationship between agriculture, industry and services sector for GDP growth in Bangladesh: an econometric investigation. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 8, 124-129. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.676.6370&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • United Nations. (2019). World economic situation and prospects, Statistical Annex.
  • Verter, N., & Osakwe, C. N. (2015). Economic globalization and economic performance dynamics: some new empirical evidence from Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 87-87. DOI: 10.36941/mjss
  • Villaverde, J. & Maza, A. (2011), Globalization, growth and convergence, World Economy, 34(6), 952-971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01359.x Weiss, J. (1988). Industry in developing countries. Londra: Routledge,
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). Panel veri ekonometrisi: stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel veri ekonometrisi: stata uygulamalı (Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Zeren, F., & Koç, M. (2014). The nexus between energy consumption and financial development with asymmetric causality test: new evidence from newly industrialized countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(1), 83-91. Retrieved from https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423903765.pdf
  • Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(21), 17616-17625. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9392-8
  • Zortuk, M., & Beşer, B. (2014). Dışa açıklık ve demokratik yapının kamu kesimi büyüklüğü üzerindeki etkisi: rodrik hipotezine geçiş ekonomilerinden kanıt. Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(3), 345-359. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eab/issue/39931/474340
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Güder 0000-0001-7056-2365

Mehmet Metin Dam

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Güder, M., & Dam, M. M. (2021). Küreselleşme, Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Kamu Kesiminin Demokratikleşme Seviyesi Üzerine Etkisi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.958906