Araştırma Makalesi
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The Position and Development of the Earl in English Land and Administrative Law

Yıl 2022, 30. Yıl Özel Sayısı, 150 - 160, 28.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1094670

Öz

Earls, one of the most important ranks in English land and administrative law, became one of the highest administrators in England, especially in the Anglo-Saxon Age, with the power they received from the king. Earls continued their existence as the most important ruler after the king, after the Roman domination of the island in the 5th century until the Norman invasion of 1066. Earls who led the tribal forces during this period also served as heads of the judiciary. Earls gained so much power that from time to time they even played a role in electing kings. Although the militias and farmers under their command were perceived as feudal lords, in practice they never had subordinate vassals. The transformation that started with the Dan attacks ended with the Norman invasion. In this study, we tried to explain the position and development of the ruler called Earl in English land and administrative law, with the data we obtained from the sources of the period and the comparisons we made with copyrighted works. At the same time, considering that there is no study on this subject in our country, we believe that it would be beneficial to contribute to the literature by dealing with this subject.

Kaynakça

  • ASHDOWN., (1962), Arms and Armour. New York: Dodge Publishing Company.
  • BAKER, T., (1969), The Normans. New York: Collier Books.
  • BARLOW, F., (1955), The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042- 1216, New York: Longmans, Green and Company.
  • BEELER, J., (1971), Warfare in Feudal Europe 730-1200. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,.
  • BROOKE, C. (1961), From Alfred to Henry III, Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Limited.
  • BROWN, L. A., (1968), The Normans and Norman Conquest, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
  • BRYANT, A., (1967), The Medieval Foundation of England, New York: Doubleday and Company.
  • CAMPBELL, A., (ed.) (1962), The Chronicle of AEthelweard. New York: Thomas-Nelson and Sons Limited.
  • CHADWİCK, H. M., (1963), Studies on Anglo- Saxon İnstitutions, New York: Russell and Russel İnc.
  • DOUGLAS, David C., (1955), (gen. ed.} and Dorothy Whitelock (ed.) English Historical Documents c. 500-1042. New York: Oxford University Press,. Volume I.
  • ELLİS, P. B., (1978), Caesar’s İnvasion in Britian, New York: New York Universty Press.
  • FREEMAN, E. A., (1873), The History of the Norman Conquest of England, New York: Clarendon Press.
  • FİNBERG, H. P. R., (1974), The Formation of England, London: Hart- Davis MacGibbon.
  • FİSHER, D. J. V., (1973), The Anglo- Saxon Age, London: Logman Group Limited.
  • HADAS, M. (ed), (1942) The Complete Works of Tacitus, (Trans.) Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribbs, New York: Random House Inc.
  • HARMER, F. E., (1952), Anglo- Saxon Writs, Manchester University Press.
  • HART, C. R., (1966), The Early Charters of Eastern England, Leicester University Press.
  • HOLLİSTER, W. C., (1971), The Making of England 55BC- 1399, Lexington, MA: C. C. Heath and Company.
  • INGRAM, J., (1823), The Saxon Chronicle, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, And Browns.
  • JOHN, E., (1960), Land Tenure in Early England. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
  • JONES, A.E., (1958),Anglo-Saxon Worcester. Worcester: Ebenezer Baylis and Sons, Limited.
  • LANDER, J. R., (1973), Ancient and Medieval England, New York: Harcout Brace Jovanovich.
  • STENTON, F. M., (1971), Anglo- Saxon England, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • STUBBS, W., (1891), The Constitutional History of England, Oxford: The Clerendon Press. Volume I.
  • REED, D. T., (1947), The Rise of Wessex, London: Methuen and Company Ltd.

İngiliz Toprak ve İdare Hukukunda Earl’ün Konumu ve Gelişimi

Yıl 2022, 30. Yıl Özel Sayısı, 150 - 160, 28.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1094670

Öz

İngiliz idare ve toprak yönetiminin en önemli rütbelerinden biri olan Earl kraldan aldıkları güçle İngiltere’de özellikle Anglosakson Çağı’nda en yüksek idarecilerden biri oldu. O kadar güçlendiler ki zaman zaman kralların seçilmesinde dahi rol oynadılar. Dan saldırıları earl pozisyonunda bir takım değişiklikler meydana getirse de earl’ler büyük ölçüde varlıklarını dönüşerek ve güçlenerek sürdürdüler. Emri altındaki milis kuvvetler ve çiftçiler onların birer feodal lord olarak algılanmasına neden olsa da pratikte asla kendilerine biat eden vassallara sahip olmadılar. Dan saldırılarıyla başlayan dönüşüm ise Norman istilasıyla son buldu. Earl’lerin güçlerinin azalması ve ortadan kalkması Normanlar ile birlikte kara Avrupa’sından İngiltere’ye gelen feodalite ile oldu. Bundan sonra Earl unvanı zaman zaman lordluk ve soyluluk anlamında kullanılmaya devam ettiyse de zamanla ortadan kalktı.

Kaynakça

  • ASHDOWN., (1962), Arms and Armour. New York: Dodge Publishing Company.
  • BAKER, T., (1969), The Normans. New York: Collier Books.
  • BARLOW, F., (1955), The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042- 1216, New York: Longmans, Green and Company.
  • BEELER, J., (1971), Warfare in Feudal Europe 730-1200. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,.
  • BROOKE, C. (1961), From Alfred to Henry III, Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Limited.
  • BROWN, L. A., (1968), The Normans and Norman Conquest, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
  • BRYANT, A., (1967), The Medieval Foundation of England, New York: Doubleday and Company.
  • CAMPBELL, A., (ed.) (1962), The Chronicle of AEthelweard. New York: Thomas-Nelson and Sons Limited.
  • CHADWİCK, H. M., (1963), Studies on Anglo- Saxon İnstitutions, New York: Russell and Russel İnc.
  • DOUGLAS, David C., (1955), (gen. ed.} and Dorothy Whitelock (ed.) English Historical Documents c. 500-1042. New York: Oxford University Press,. Volume I.
  • ELLİS, P. B., (1978), Caesar’s İnvasion in Britian, New York: New York Universty Press.
  • FREEMAN, E. A., (1873), The History of the Norman Conquest of England, New York: Clarendon Press.
  • FİNBERG, H. P. R., (1974), The Formation of England, London: Hart- Davis MacGibbon.
  • FİSHER, D. J. V., (1973), The Anglo- Saxon Age, London: Logman Group Limited.
  • HADAS, M. (ed), (1942) The Complete Works of Tacitus, (Trans.) Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribbs, New York: Random House Inc.
  • HARMER, F. E., (1952), Anglo- Saxon Writs, Manchester University Press.
  • HART, C. R., (1966), The Early Charters of Eastern England, Leicester University Press.
  • HOLLİSTER, W. C., (1971), The Making of England 55BC- 1399, Lexington, MA: C. C. Heath and Company.
  • INGRAM, J., (1823), The Saxon Chronicle, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, And Browns.
  • JOHN, E., (1960), Land Tenure in Early England. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
  • JONES, A.E., (1958),Anglo-Saxon Worcester. Worcester: Ebenezer Baylis and Sons, Limited.
  • LANDER, J. R., (1973), Ancient and Medieval England, New York: Harcout Brace Jovanovich.
  • STENTON, F. M., (1971), Anglo- Saxon England, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  • STUBBS, W., (1891), The Constitutional History of England, Oxford: The Clerendon Press. Volume I.
  • REED, D. T., (1947), The Rise of Wessex, London: Methuen and Company Ltd.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şükran Yaşar 0000-0001-8943-4160

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 30. Yıl Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Yaşar, Ş. (2022). İngiliz Toprak ve İdare Hukukunda Earl’ün Konumu ve Gelişimi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(Özel Sayı), 150-160. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1094670