Renk Körlerinin Spor ve Rekreasyon Alanlarında Yaşayabileceği Engeller ve Çözüm Önerileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 744 - 757, 31.12.2023

Fırat Akyüz

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1359763

Öz

Renk körlüğü insan yaşamını olumsuz yönde etkileyen bir engel olup yaşamın her alanında bu engele sahip olan insanların karşısına çıkmaktadır. Bu hastalık fiziksel olarak kendini belli etmediği için sağlıklı bireyler tarafından algılanamamakta ve bu engelin önüne geçilebilmesi için toplumlarda yeterince farkındalık oluşmamaktadır. Etkinlik alanlarının ve bu alanlarda kullanılan nesnelerin renk körlerinin algılayabileceği renk tonlarına uyarlanması önem arz etmektedir. Spor salonları, spor müsabakaları, rekreatif etkinlik alanları, görsel etkileşimde bulunulan tv ve bilgisayarlar gibi birçok alanda bu eksiklik göze çarpmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, renk körü olan bireylerin spor müsabakalarında, pasif ve aktif rekreasyon faaliyetlerinde karşılarına çıkabilecek engelleri ortaya koyarak yeni çalışmaların önünü açmaktır. Nitel araştırma deseni benimsenen bu çalışmada veri toplama tekniği olarak doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Literatür bilgileri ışığında uygulanabilecek güncel yaklaşımlar tartışılarak, renk körü bireylerin karşılaştıkları ortak sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak spor organizasyonlarında son yıllarda bu durum önemsenmeye başlanmış ve yeterli olmamakla birlikte bu konuda bazı adımlar atılmıştır. Rekreatif etkinlik alanlarında ise bu farkındalığın çok düşük düzeyde olduğu göze çarpmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Renk körlüğü, Rekreasyon, Spor müsabakaları

Barriers and Solution Suggestions for Colour Blind People in Sports and Recreation

Öz

Color blindness is a disability that negatively affects human life and people with this disability are confronted in every aspect of life. Since this disease does not manifest itself physically, it cannot be perceived by healthy individuals and there is not enough awareness in societies to prevent this disability. It is important that activity areas and the objects used in these areas are adapted to color tones that color blind people can perceive. This deficiency is noticeable in many areas such as sports halls, sports competitions, recreational activity areas, TV and computers with visual interaction. The aim of this study is to pave the way for new studies by revealing the obstacles that colorblind individuals may encounter in sports competitions, passive and active recreation activities. In this study, which adopted a qualitative research design, document analysis was used as the data collection technique. Current approaches that can be applied are discussed in the light of literature information, and common problems encountered by colour-blind people and suggestions for solutions are presented. As a result, this situation has started to be taken into consideration in sports organizations in recent years and some steps have been taken in this regard, although not enough. In recreational activity areas, however, it is noticeable that this awareness is at a very low level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Color blindness, Recreation, Sport competitions

Kaynakça

• Al-Aqtum, M. T., & Al-Qawasmeh, M. H. (2001). Prevalence of colour blindness in young Jordanians. Ophthalmologica, 215(1), 39–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000050824
• Ananto, B. S., Sari, R. F., & Harwahyu, R. (2011). Color transformation for color blind compensation on augmented reality system. Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on User Science and Engineering (i-USEr) (pp. 129–134). Selangor, Malaysia, https://doi.org/10.1109/iUSEr.2011.6150551
• Arıkan, Ç. (2002). Sosyal model çerçevesinde özürlülüğe yaklaşım. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 2(1), 11-25. Retrieved from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uobild/issue/63431/793586#article_cite
• Aydemir, O. & Can, N. B. (2012). The prevalence of congenital colour blindness in our university students. Fırat Medical Journal, 17(3), 144-147. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/firattip/issue/6344/84626
• Bajcsy, P. & Kooper, R. (2005). Prediction accuracy of color imagery from hyperspectral imagery. Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XI, (5806), 330-341. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.602925
• Barnes, C. (1998). The social model of disability: A Sociological phenomenon ignored by sociologists? In: T. Shakespeare (Ed.), The disability reader: Social science perspectives (pp. 65–78). Cassell.
• Barrett, K.E., Barman, S.M., Boitano, S., & Brooks, H.L. (2012). Ganong’s review of medical physiology. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Basser, L. A. & Melinda, J. (2002). “The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (CTH): A Three Dimensional Approach to Operationalising Human Rights”, Melbourne University Law Review, 26(2), 254-284. Retrieved from: http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2002/16.html
• Bayraktar, B., & Kurtoğlu, M. (2009). Sporda performans, etkili faktörler, değerlendirilmesi ve artırılması. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 22(1), 16-24. Retrieved from: https://klinikgelisim.org.tr/eskisayi/klinik_2009_22_1/3.pdf
• Burcu, E. (2015). Türkiye’de yeni bir alan: ‘Engellilik sosyolojisi’ ve gelişimi. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, 52, 319-341. https://doi.org/10.18368/IU/sk.21828
• Calori, C., & Vanden-Eynden, D. (2015). Signage and wayfinding design: A Complete guide to creating environmental graphic design systems. John Wiley & Sons.
• Ceyhan, D., Yaşar, T., Demirok, A., Çınal, A., Esmer, O., & Batur, M. (2012). Causes of visual impairment in the van city area according to the health committee’s reports. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 42(2), 131-134. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.42.63835
• Chacon, A., Rabin, J., Yu, D., Johnston, S., & Bradshaw, T. (2015). Quantification of color vision using a tablet display. Aerospace medicine and human performance, 86(1), 56–58. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4045.2015
• Citirik, M., Acaroglu, G., Batman, C., & Zilelioglu, O. (2005). Congenital color blindness in young Turkish men. Ophthalmic epidemiology, 12(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09286580590932743.
• Colourblindawareness. (2023). Colour Blindness and Sport. https://www.colourblindawareness.org/ Accèss date: 09.07.2023
• Curcio, C. A., Sloan, K. R., Kalina, R. E., & Hendrickson, A. E. (1990). Human photoreceptor topography. Journal of comparative neurology, 292(4), 497-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920402
• Çarkçı, Ş. (2011), Engellilerin mesleki eğitimi ve istihdamı. Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Daruwalla, P. & Darcy, S. (2005). Personal and societal attitudes to disability. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 549–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.008
• Ertan, K., & Birol, E., (2013). Kentli hakları: Kent ve insan hakları bağlamında kentsel hizmetlere erişim hakkı. Kentsel dönüşüm ve insan hakları. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• French, A. N., Rose, K., Cornell, E. D., & Thompson, K. (2008). The Evolution of colour vision testing. Australian Orthoptic Journal, 40(7), 7-15. Retrieved from: https://www.aojournal.com.au/static/uploads/files/aoj20084009-wfvkfydgyyhy.pdf
• Gegenfurtner, K. R., & Kiper, D. C. (2003). Color vision. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 26, 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131116
• Geyik Koşuları. (2023). Aralıklı işaretler. http://www.geyikkosulari.com/tr/geyik/patika-kosusu Accèss date:12.04.2023
• Goldblatt, D., & Williams, J. (2014). A History of the World Cup in 24 objects. Leicester.
• Harwahyu, R., Manaf, A. S., Ananto, B. S., Wicaksana, B. A., & Sari, R. F. (2013). Implementation of color-blind aid system. Journal of Computer Science, 9(6), 794–810. https://doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2013.794.810
• Iaccarino, G., Malandrino, D., Del-Percio, M., & Scarano, V. (2006), Efficient edge-services for colorblind users, In Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web, (pp.919-920). New York, USA https://doi.org/10.1145/1135777.1135944
• Israelski, E. W. (1978). Commonplace human factors problems experienced by the colorblind—A Pilot questionnaire survey. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 22(1), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/107118137802200193
• Işık, M. (2017). Renk körlüğünün tanısına yönelik yeni bir arayüz. Doktora tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
• Kudlick, C. (2003). Disability history: Why we need another "other". The American Historical Review, 108(3), 763–793. https://doi.org/10.1086/529597
• Lee, H., Lee, E., & Choi, G. (2020). Wayfinding signage for people with color blindness. Journal of Interior Design, 45(2), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/joid.12169
• Lee, J., & dos Santos, W. P. (2010). Fuzzy-based simulation of real color blindness. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2010, (p.p 6607–6610). Buenos Aires, Argentina https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627128
• Misener, L., & Darcy, S. (2014) Managing disability sport: From athletes with disabilities to inclusive organisational perspectives, Sport Management Review, 17(1), 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.003
• Naik, A. V., & Pai, R. C. (2010). Color blindness in dental students and staff- an obstacle in shade selection for restorations. Annals and Essences of Dentistry, 2(3), 25-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5368/aedj.2010.2.3.25-28.pdf
• Ohkubo, T., & Kobayashi, K. (2008). A Color compensation vision system for color-blind people. 2008 SICE Annual Conference, (p.p 1286-1289). Chofu, Japan https://doi.org/10.1109/SICE.2008.4654855
• Öner, R. V., & Osmanoğulları, F. (2017). Kentli haklarına karşı şehir hakkı: Farklılıklar, benzerlikler ve eğilimler, Emek Araştırma Dergisi (GEAD), 8(11), 75-98. Retrieved from: http://www.emekarastirma.org/uploads/dergi/2911.pdf
• Öztürk, M. (2012). Türkiye’de engelli gerçeği raporu. Canda Özür Olmaz Derneği.
• Parvizi, S., & Frith, P. (2008), Expert review examination of color vision, The Journal of Clinical Examination 7, 1-8. Retrieved from: https://www.scribd.com/document/378830739/1-8-Parvizi-and-Frith-Colour-Vision
• Passo. (2023). Ülker Arena seating plan. https://www.passo.com.tr/tr/etkinlik/israil-filarmoni-orkestrasi-ulker-spor-ve-etkinlik-salonu-biletleri/4980334 Accèss date: 16.06.2023
• Rosenthal, O., & Phillips, R.H. (1997). Coping with color blindness. Avery Pub Group.
• Semerkand, F. (1964). Türklerde renk körlüğü üzerinde ilk araştırma. Antropoloji, 2, 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000057
• Simunovic, M. P. (2010). Colour vision deficiency. Eye, 24(5), 747–755. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.251
• Skupien, K. S. (2013). Colors and mapping: The Right to receive information. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
• Tacbis. (2023). The importance of being aware of colour blindness. https://www.tacbis.eu/about/the-importance-of-colour-blind-awareness/ Accèss date: 20.05.2023
• Teberik, K., & Özer, P. A. (2015). Genç Türk erkekleri arasında kalıtımsal renkli görme bozuklukları sıklığının araştırılması – Bir taramanın sonuçları ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi genç Türk erkeklerinde renk körlüğü. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 16 (1), 45-50. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kocatepetip/issue/17400/182159
• Tutal, O. (2019). Daha fazlası için tasarım / Design for more, In the proceedings of the Kocaeli Kartepe Zirvesi (p. 78-85). Kocaeli.
• Tv100. (2023). Substitution sign. https://www.tv100.com/maclarda-uzatilmasi-gereken-sureyi-avar-hakemi-tutmaya-basladi-9-macta-132-dakika-ilave-sure-hesaplandi-haber-643517 Accèss date: 10.05.2023
• United Nations Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. (2006). Guiding Principles of the Convention. Retrieved from. https://social.desa.un.org/issues/disability/crpd/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-crpd Accèss date: 12.10.2023
• Wong, B. (2011). Points of view: Color blindness. Nature Methods, 8, 441. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1618
• Zollinger, H. (1999). Color a multidisciplinary approach, Verlag Helvetic Chimica Acta.