Gebelik ile İlişkili Anksiyete Ölçeği: Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Amaç: Kadınların hamilelik sırasında endişeleri olabilir. Bu kaygı hem kadınlar hem de bebekleri için olumsuz sonuçlara neden olabilir. Hamilelik sırasında ortaya çıkan bu kaygıyı psikometrik olarak belirlemek için bir ölçek gereklidir. Bu çalışma, Türk toplumunda PrAS'ın güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışmasını yürütmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Materyal ve metod: Çalışma metodolojik olarak tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri İstanbul'da bulunan özel bir hastanenin Kadın Hastalıkları Polikliniğinde toplandı. Katılımcılar 495 gebeden (primiparous ve multiparous) oluştu. Bulgular ve tartışma: PrAS'ın Türkçe versiyonunun iç tutarlılığı (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85), maddelerin korelasyon katsayısı (0.27 ve 0.57) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (CFA = 0.35 ve 0.98) yüksek bulunmuştur. Pras'ın PRAQ-R2 ile yüksek korelasyonu vardı (çok sayıda gebe kadın r = 0.60, ilkel gebe kadın r = 0.65, p = 0.000) Sonuç: PrAS'ın Türkçe versiyonunun gebelik sırasında yaşanan kaygı düzeyini değerlendirmek için güvenilir ve geçerli bir araç olduğu gösterilmiştir ve bu araç diğer dillere kolayca uyarlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gebelik
• anksiyete
• Türkçeye uyum
• güvenirlik
• geçerlik
• ebe
• hemşirelik

Pregnancy-related Anxiety Scale (The PrAS): Validity and Reliability Study of its Turkish Version

Öz

Aims: Women may have anxiety during pregnancy. This anxiety may have adverse results both for women and their infants. A scale is needed to determine this anxiety, that occurs during pregnancy, psychometrically. This study aims to conduct the reliability and validity study of the PrAS in Turkish population. Materia and Method: The study was designed methodologically. The data of the study were collected in the Obstetrics Outpatient clinic of a private hospital located in Istanbul. The participants were composed of 495 pregnant women (primiparous and multiparous). Results and Discussion: The internal consistency of the Turkish version of the PrAS (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85), the correlation coefficient of the items (0.27 and 0.57) and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA= 0.35 and 0.98) were found to be high. The PrAS had a high correlation with PRAQ-R2 (multiparous pregnant women r= 0.60, primiparous pregnant women r= 0.65, p= 0.000) Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the Turkish version of the PrAS was a reliable and valid instrument to assess the anxiety level experienced during pregnancy and this instrument may be easily adapted to other languages.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pregnancy
• anxiety
• Turkish adaptation
• reliability
• validity
• midwife
• nursing

Kaynakça

1. 1. Nicholson, W.K, Setse, R, Hill-Briggs, F, Cooper, L.A, Strobino, D, Powe, N.R, Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in early pregnancy, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2006,107,798–806.
2. 2. Brunton, R.J, Dryer, R, Saliba, A, Kohlhoff, J, Pregnancy anxiety: A systematic review of current scales, Journal Of Affective Disorders, 2015,176, 24-34.
3. 3. Bayrampour, H, Ali, E, McNeil, D.A, Benzies, K, MacQueen, G, Tough, S, Pregnancy-related anxiety: a concept analysis, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2016,55,115-130.
4. 4. Van Bussel, J.C, Spitz, B, Demyttenaere, K, Anxiety in pregnant and postpartum women. An exploratory study of the role of maternal orientations, Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009,114, 232-242.
5. 5. Dubber, S, Reck, C, Müller, M, Gawlik, S, Postpartum bonding: the role of perinatal depression, anxiety and maternal–fetal bonding during pregnancy, Archives of Women's Mental Health, 2015,18(2),187-195.
6. 6. Dennis, C.L, Falah-Hassani, K, Shiri, R, Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2017,210(5),315-323.
7. 7. Huizink, A.C, Delforterie, M.J, Scheinin, N.M, Tolvanen, M, Karlsson, L, Karlsson, H, Adaption of pregnancy anxiety questionnaire–revised for all pregnant women regardless of parity: PRAQ-R2, Archives of Women’s Mental Health,2016,19,125–132.
8. 8. Hassani, K.F, Shiri, R, Dennis, C.L, The prevalence of antenatal and postnatal co-morbid anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis, Psychological Medicine, 2017, 47(12), 2041-2053.

9. 9. World Health Organization Report, Maternal Mental Health and Child Health and Development in Low and Middle Income Countries: Report of Meeting held in, 2008,Geneva, Switzerland; Available from: http://www.who.int.
10. 10. Bann, C.M, Parker, C.B, Grobman, W.A, Willinger, M, Simhan, H.N, Wing, D.A, Wapner, R.J, Psychometric properties of stress and anxiety measures among nulliparous women, Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecolog, 2017,38,53-62.
11. 11. Madhavanprabhakaran, G.K, D’Souza, M.S, Nairy, K.S, Prevalence of pregnancy anxiety and associated factors, International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 2015,3,1-7.
12. 12. Ahluwalia, I.B, Mack, K.A, Mokdad, A, Mental and physical distress and high-risk behaviors among reproductive-age women, Obstetric. Gynecology, 2014,104 (3), 477–483.
13. 13. Littleton, H.L, Breitkopf, C.R, Berenson, A.B, Correlates of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and association with perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis, American Journal of Obstetric Gynecology, 2007,196 (5),424–432.
14. 14. Skouteris, H, Wertheim, E.H, Rallis, S, Milgrom, J, Paxton, S.J, Depression and anxiety through pregnancy and the early postpartum: an examination of prospective relationships, Journal of Affective Disordoer, 2009,113 (3),303–308.
15. 15. Bonari, L, Pinto, N, Ahn, E, Einarson, A, Steiner, M, Koren, G, Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy, Can J Psychiatry, 2004,49(11),726–735.
16. 16. Grote, N.K, Bridge, J.A, Gavin, A.R, Melville, J.L, Iyengar, S, Katon, W.J, A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction, Archives of General Psychiatry,2010,67(10),1012–1024. doi:10.1001/ archgenpsychiatry.2010.111
17. 17. Grigoriadis, S, Vonder Porten, E.H, Mamisashvili, L, Tomlinson, G, Dennis, C.L, Koren, G, The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2013,74(4),e321–e341. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r07968
18. 18. Van Willenswaard, K.C, Lynn, F, McNeill, J, McQueen, K, Dennis, C.L, Lobel, M, Alderdice, F, Music interventions to reduce stress and anxiety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Psychiatry, 2017,17(1), 271.
19. 19. Askarizadeh, G, Karamoozian, M, Darekordi, A, Validation of Iranian version of pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire, International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2017, 8,17-23
20. 20. Goodman, J.H, Tyer‑Viola, L, Detection, treatment, and referral of perinatal depression and anxiety by obstetrical providers, Journal of Womens Health (Larchmt),2010,19,477‑90.
21. 21. Koelewijn, J.M, Sluijs, A.M, Vrijkotte, T.G, Possible relationship between general and pregnancy-related anxiety during the first half of pregnancy and the birth process: a prospective cohort study,BMJ open,2017,7,1-13. e013413.
22. 22. Brunton, R.J, Dryer, R, Saliba, A, Kohlhoff, J, The initial development and validation of the pregnancy-related anxiety scale, Women and Birth, 2018, 32(1), e118-e130.
23. 23. Erdoğan, S, Nahcivan, N, Esin, M.H, Hemsirelikte Arastırma Süreç, Uygulama ve Kritik. 3.Baskı. Istanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2018.
24. 24. Gözüm, S, Aksayan, S, Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlaması için rehber II: psikometri özellikler ve kültürlerarası karşılaştırma, Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi,2003,5,3-14.
25. 25. Derya, Y.A, Taşhan, S.T, Duman, M, Ozan, Y.D, Turkish adaptation of the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2: Validity and reliability study in multiparous and primiparous pregnancy, Midwifery, 2018, 62, 61-68.
26. 26. Wennman-Larsen, A, Tishelman, C, Wengström, Y, Gustavsson, P, Factors influencing agreement in symptom ratings by lung cancer patients and their significant others, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2007,33(2),146-155.
27. 27. Brislin, R.W, Back-translation for cross-cultural research, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1970, 1(3), 185-216.
28. 28. Chapman, D.W, Carter, J.F, Translation procedures for the cross-cultural use of measurement instruments, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,1974,1(3), 71-76.
29. 29. Aksakoğlu, G, Sağlıkta Araştırma ve Çözümleme. Üçüncü Yazım. İzmir: Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri,2013.
30. 30. Büyüköztürk, Ş, Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi,.2002,32, 470-483.
31. 31. Donna, H, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Newyork: Oxford University Press,2009.
32. 32. Şimşek, Ö.F, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları, Ankara: Cem Web Ofset; 2007.
33. 33. Bland, J.M, Altman, D.G, Statistic Notes: Cronbach's alpha, BMJ: British Medical Journal, 1997, 314, 572.
34. 34. Bowling, A, Ebrahim, S, Handbook of health research methods: investigation, measurement and analysis, McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 2005.
35. 35. George, D, Mallery, M, SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson; 2010.