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Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 196 - 202, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1457205

Öz

Spinal kord yaralanmaları, motor ve duyu kayıplarına neden olan, engelliliğe yol açan yaralanmalardır. Spinal kord yaralanması olan bireylerde, yaralanmalara bağlı olarak çeşitli komplikasyonlar oluşmaktadır. Spinal kord yaralanması olan bireyler egzersiz ve sportif faaliyetlere katılmak için bazı zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadırlar. Bu bireyler fiziksel olarak çok aktif olamamaktadırlar. Fiziksel hareketsizlik bazı kronik hastalıklara zemin oluşturmakta ve dolayısıyla bu bireylerin yaşam kalitesi düşmektedir. Egzersizler ve sportif faaliyetler, spinal kord yaralanması olan bireyler için bazı komplikasyonları önlemek, kronik hastalıklarla mücadele etmek ve yaşam kalitesini artırmak için gereklidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı spinal kord yaralanmaları, spinal kord yaralanması olan bireyler için egzersiz ve spor, spinal kord yaralanmalı bireylerde görülen kronik hastalıklarda egzersiz ve sporun rolleri hakkında bilgi vermektir. Bu çalışma, spinal kord yaralanması yaşayan insanların egzersiz ve spor yapmalarının artması kapsamında katkı sunabilir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma ve yazım sürecinde “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında bilimsel, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş olup; bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yoktur.

Proje Numarası

Yoktur.

Teşekkür

Bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Quadri, S. A., Farooqui, M., Ikram, A., Zafar, A., Khan, M. A., Suriya, S. S., ... & Mortazavi, M. M. (2020). Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Neurosurgical Review, 43, 425-441.
  • 2. Hasler, R. M., Exadaktylos, A. K., Bouamra, O., Benneker, L. M., Clancy, M., Sieber, R., ... & Lecky, F. (2012). Epidemiology and predictors of cervical spine injury in adult major trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 72(4), 975-981. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31823f5e8e
  • 3. Sekhon, L. H., & Fehlings, M. G. (2001). Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine, 26(24S), S2-S12. DOI:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00002
  • 4. Scelza, W. M., Kalpakjian, C. Z., Zemper, E. D., & Tate, D. G. (2005). Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84(8), 576-583. DOI:10.1097/01.phm.0000171172.96290.67
  • 5. Fernhall, B., Heffernan, K., Jae, S. Y., & Hedrick, B. (2008). Health implications of physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury: a literature review. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 30(4), 468-502.
  • 6. Dearwater, S. R., LaPorte, R. E., Cauley, J. A., & Brenes, G. (1985). Assessment of physical activity in inactive populations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(6), 651-655.
  • 7. Nash, M. S. (2005). Exercise as a health-promoting activity following spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 29(2), 87-106. DOI:10.1097/01.NPT.0000282514.94093.c6
  • 8. Post, M. W. M., & van Leeuwen, C. M. (2012). Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord, 50(5), 382-389. DOI:10.1038/sc.2011.182
  • 9. Dijkers, M. (1997). Quality of life after spinal cord injury: a meta analysis of the effects of disablement components. Spinal Cord, 35(12), 829-840. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3100571
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  • 11. Martin Ginis, K. A., & Hicks, A. L. (2007). Considerations for the development of a physical activity guide for Canadians with physical disabilities. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(S2E), S135-S147. DOI:10.1139/H07-108
  • 12. Rimmer, J. H., Braddock, D., & Pitetti, K. H. (1996). Research on physical activity and disability: an emerging national priority. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(11), 1366-1372. DOI:10.1097/00005768-199611000-00004
  • 13. Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126-131.
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  • 15. Ahuja, C. S., Schroeder, G. D., Vaccaro, A. R., & Fehlings, M. G. (2017). Spinal cord injury—what are the controversies? Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 31, S7-S13. DOI:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000943
  • 16. Sheerin, F. (2004). Spinal cord injury: anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. Emergency Nurse, 12(8), 30-36. DOI:10.7748/en2004.12.12.8.30.c1178
  • 17. Tarulli, A. W. (2015). Disorders of the cauda equina. Contınuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 21(1), 146-158. DOI:10.1212/01.CON.0000461090.09736.45
  • 18. Kang, Y., Ding, H., Zhou, H., Wei, Z., Liu, L., Pan, D., & Feng, S. (2018). Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 6(1), 1-9. DOI:10.2147/JN.S143236
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  • 20. Chen, Y., Tang, Y., Allen, V., & DeVivo, M. J. (2016). Fall-induced spinal cord injury: External causes and implications for prevention. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 39(1), 24-31. DOI:10.1179/2045772315Y.0000000007
  • 21. New, P. W., Cripps, R. A., & Bonne Lee, B. (2014). Global maps of non-traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: towards a living data repository. Spinal Cord, 52(2), 97-109. DOI:10.1038/sc.2012.165
  • 22. Hasler, R. M., Exadaktylos, A. K., Bouamra, O., Benneker, L. M., Clancy, M., Sieber, R., ... & Lecky, F. (2012). Epidemiology and predictors of cervical spine injury in adult major trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 72(4), 975-981. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31823f5e8e
  • 23. Sekhon, L. H. S., & Fehlings, M. G. (2001). Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine, 26(24S), S2-S12. DOI:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00002
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  • 25. Guha, A. B., & Tator, C. H. (1988). Acute cardiovascular effects of experimental spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 28(4), 481-490. DOI:10.1097/00005373-198804000-00011
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The Importance of Exercise and Sports in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 196 - 202, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1457205

Öz

Spinal cord injuries are injuries that cause motor and sensory losses and lead to disability. In individuals with spinal cord injuries, various complications occur due to the injuries. Individuals with spinal cord injuries face some difficulties in participating in exercise and sports activities. These individuals cannot be very physically active. Physical inactivity causes some chronic diseases and therefore the quality of life of these individuals decreases. Exercises and sports activities are necessary to prevent some complications, combat chronic diseases and improve the quality of life for individuals with spinal cord injuries. The aim of the present study is to provide information about spinal cord injuries, exercise and sports for individuals with spinal cord injuries, and the roles of exercise and sports in chronic diseases seen in individuals with spinal cord injuries. The present study may contribute to increasing the exercise and sports activities of people with spinal cord injuries.

Proje Numarası

Yoktur.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Quadri, S. A., Farooqui, M., Ikram, A., Zafar, A., Khan, M. A., Suriya, S. S., ... & Mortazavi, M. M. (2020). Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Neurosurgical Review, 43, 425-441.
  • 2. Hasler, R. M., Exadaktylos, A. K., Bouamra, O., Benneker, L. M., Clancy, M., Sieber, R., ... & Lecky, F. (2012). Epidemiology and predictors of cervical spine injury in adult major trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 72(4), 975-981. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31823f5e8e
  • 3. Sekhon, L. H., & Fehlings, M. G. (2001). Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine, 26(24S), S2-S12. DOI:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00002
  • 4. Scelza, W. M., Kalpakjian, C. Z., Zemper, E. D., & Tate, D. G. (2005). Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84(8), 576-583. DOI:10.1097/01.phm.0000171172.96290.67
  • 5. Fernhall, B., Heffernan, K., Jae, S. Y., & Hedrick, B. (2008). Health implications of physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury: a literature review. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 30(4), 468-502.
  • 6. Dearwater, S. R., LaPorte, R. E., Cauley, J. A., & Brenes, G. (1985). Assessment of physical activity in inactive populations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(6), 651-655.
  • 7. Nash, M. S. (2005). Exercise as a health-promoting activity following spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 29(2), 87-106. DOI:10.1097/01.NPT.0000282514.94093.c6
  • 8. Post, M. W. M., & van Leeuwen, C. M. (2012). Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord, 50(5), 382-389. DOI:10.1038/sc.2011.182
  • 9. Dijkers, M. (1997). Quality of life after spinal cord injury: a meta analysis of the effects of disablement components. Spinal Cord, 35(12), 829-840. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3100571
  • 10. Khan, K. M., Thompson, A. M., Blair, S. N., Sallis, J. F., Powell, K. E., Bull, F. C., & Bauman, A. E. (2012). Sport and exercise as contributors to the health of nations. The Lancet, 380(9836), 59-64. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60865-4
  • 11. Martin Ginis, K. A., & Hicks, A. L. (2007). Considerations for the development of a physical activity guide for Canadians with physical disabilities. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(S2E), S135-S147. DOI:10.1139/H07-108
  • 12. Rimmer, J. H., Braddock, D., & Pitetti, K. H. (1996). Research on physical activity and disability: an emerging national priority. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(11), 1366-1372. DOI:10.1097/00005768-199611000-00004
  • 13. Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126-131.
  • 14. Gross-Hemmi, M. H., Post, M. W. M., Bienert, S., Chamberlain, J. D., Hug, K., Jordan, X., … Thyrian, C. (2019). Participation in people living with spinal cord injury in Switzerland: Degree and associated factors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(10), 1894-1906. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2019.03.018
  • 15. Ahuja, C. S., Schroeder, G. D., Vaccaro, A. R., & Fehlings, M. G. (2017). Spinal cord injury—what are the controversies? Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 31, S7-S13. DOI:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000943
  • 16. Sheerin, F. (2004). Spinal cord injury: anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord. Emergency Nurse, 12(8), 30-36. DOI:10.7748/en2004.12.12.8.30.c1178
  • 17. Tarulli, A. W. (2015). Disorders of the cauda equina. Contınuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 21(1), 146-158. DOI:10.1212/01.CON.0000461090.09736.45
  • 18. Kang, Y., Ding, H., Zhou, H., Wei, Z., Liu, L., Pan, D., & Feng, S. (2018). Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 6(1), 1-9. DOI:10.2147/JN.S143236
  • 19. Chen, Y., Tang, Y., Vogel, L. C., & DeVivo, M. J. (2013). Causes of spinal cord injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 19(1), 1-8. DOI:10.1310/sci1901-1
  • 20. Chen, Y., Tang, Y., Allen, V., & DeVivo, M. J. (2016). Fall-induced spinal cord injury: External causes and implications for prevention. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 39(1), 24-31. DOI:10.1179/2045772315Y.0000000007
  • 21. New, P. W., Cripps, R. A., & Bonne Lee, B. (2014). Global maps of non-traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: towards a living data repository. Spinal Cord, 52(2), 97-109. DOI:10.1038/sc.2012.165
  • 22. Hasler, R. M., Exadaktylos, A. K., Bouamra, O., Benneker, L. M., Clancy, M., Sieber, R., ... & Lecky, F. (2012). Epidemiology and predictors of cervical spine injury in adult major trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 72(4), 975-981. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31823f5e8e
  • 23. Sekhon, L. H. S., & Fehlings, M. G. (2001). Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine, 26(24S), S2-S12. DOI:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00002
  • 24. Ahuja, C. S., Wilson, J. R., Nori, S., Kotter, M., Druschel, C., Curt, A., & Fehlings, M. G. (2017). Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 1-21. DOI:10.1038/nrdp.2017.18
  • 25. Guha, A. B., & Tator, C. H. (1988). Acute cardiovascular effects of experimental spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 28(4), 481-490. DOI:10.1097/00005373-198804000-00011
  • 26. Erhan, B. (2015). Updates in ASIA Examination: Definitions. Türkiye Fiz Tıp ve Rehabil Derg, 61 (Supp. 1), S4-S5. DOI:10.5152/tftrd.2015.89804
  • 27. Divi, S. N., Schroeder, G. D., Mangan, J. J., Tadley, M., Ramey, W. L., Badhiwala, J. H., ... & Vaccaro, A. R. (2019). Management of acute traumatic central cord syndrome: a narrative review. Global Spine Journal, 9(1_suppl), 89S-97S. DOI:10.1177/2192568219830943
  • 28. Chen, J., Prasanna, K., & Tan, Y. L. (2022). The ambulatory outcomes of traumatic cauda equina syndrome and conus medullaris syndrome: a systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 103(12), e204. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.08.041
  • 29. Spector, L. R., Madigan, L., Rhyne, A., Darden, B., & Kim, D. (2008). Cauda equina syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 16(8), 471-479. DOI:10.5435/00124635-200808000-00006
  • 30. Hagen, E. M. (2015). Acute complications of spinal cord injuries. World Journal of Orthopedics, 6(1), 17-23. DOI:10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.17
  • 31. Sezer, N., Akkuş, S., & Uğurlu, F. G. (2015). Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World Journal of Orthopedics, 6(1), 24-33. DOI:10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.24
  • 32. Jacobs, P. L., & Nash, M. S. (2004). Exercise recommendations for individuals with spinal cord injury. Sports Medicine, 34(11), 727-751. DOI:10.2165/00007256-200434110-00003
  • 33. Tasiemski, T., Kennedy, P., Gardner, B. P., & Taylor, N. (2005). The association of sports and physical recreation with life satisfaction in a community sample of people with spinal cord injuries. NeuroRehabilitation, 20(4), 253-265. DOI:10.3233/NRE-2005-20403
  • 34. Tasiemski, T., Kennedy, P., Gardner, B. P., & Blaikley, R. A. (2004). Athletic identity and sports participation in people with spinal cord injury. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(4), 364–378. DOI:10.1123/apaq.21.4.364
  • 35. Lox, C. L., Ginis, K. A. M., Gainforth, H. L., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2019). The psychology of exercise: Integrating, theory and practice (5th ed.). Routledge.
  • 36. Post, M. W., Van Dijk, A. J., Van Asbeck, F. W., & Schrijvers, A. J. (1998). Life satisfaction of persons with spinal cord injury compared to a population group. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 30(1), 23-30. DOI:10.1080/003655098444282
  • 37. Martin Ginis, K. A., Jetha, A., Mack, D. E., & Hetz, S. (2010). Physical activity and subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Spinal Cord, 48, 65-72. DOI:10.1038/sc.2009.87
  • 38. Hanson, C. S., Nabavi, D., & Yuen, H. K. (2001). The effect of sports on level of community integration as reported by persons with spinal cord injury. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(3), 332-338. DOI:10.5014/ajot.55.3.332
  • 39. Hettinga, D. M., & Andrews, B. J. (2007). The feasibility of functional electrical stimulation indoor rowing for high-energy training and sport. Neuromodulation, 10(3), 291-297. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-1403.2007.00117.x
  • 40. Ginis, K. A. M., Jörgensen, S., & Stapleton, J. (2012). Exercise and sport for persons with spinal cord injury. PM&R, 4(11), 894-900. DOI:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.08.006
  • 41. Scelza, W. M., Kalpakjian, C. Z., Zemper, E. D., & Tate, D. G. (2005). Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84(8), 576-583. DOI:10.1097/01.phm.0000171172.96290.67
  • 42. Vermaak, C., Ferreira, S., Terblanche, E., & Derman, W. (2022). Physical activity promotion in persons with spinal cord injuries: Barriers and facilitators in low-resource communities. African Journal of Disability, 11(1), 988. DOI:10.4102/ajod.v11i0.988
  • 43. Kehn, M., & Kroll, T. (2009). Staying physically active after spinal cord injury: a qualitative exploration of barriers and facilitators to exercise participation. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 1-11.
  • 44. Williams, T. L., Smith, B., & Papathomas, A. (2014). The barriers, benefits and facilitators of leisure time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury: a meta-synthesis of qualitative findings. Health Psychology Review, 8(4), 404-425. DOI:10.1080/17437199.2014.898406
  • 45. Stephens, C., Neil, R., & Smith, P. (2012). The perceived benefits and barriers of sport in spinal cord injured individuals: a qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(24), 2061-2070. DOI:10.3109/09638288.2012.669020
  • 46. Bauman, W. A., & Spungen, A. M. (2008). Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors. Spinal Cord, 46(7), 466-476. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3102161
  • 47. Fernhall, B., Heffernan, K., Jae, S. Y., & Hedrick, B. (2008). Health implications of physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury: a literature review. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 30(4), 468-502.
  • 48. Yekutiel, M., Brooks, M. E., Ohry, A., Yarom, J., & Carel, R. (1989). The prevalence of hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes in traumatic spinal cord injured patients and amputees. Spinal Cord, 27(1), 58-62. DOI:10.1038/sc.1989.9
  • 49. Bauman, W. A., Adkins, R. H., Spungen, A. M., Kemp, B. J., & Waters, R. L. (1998). The effect of residual neurological deficit on serum lipoproteins in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 36(1), 13-17. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3100513
  • 50. Bauman, W. A., Adkins, R. H., Spungen, A. M., & Waters, R. L. (1999). The effect of residual neurological deficit on oral glucose tolerance in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 37(11), 765-771. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3100893
  • 51. Hetz, S. P., Latimer, A. E., Buchholz, A. C., Ginis, K. A. M., & SHAPE-SCI Research Group. (2009). Increased participation in activities of daily living is associated with lower cholesterol levels in people with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(10), 1755-1759. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.04.021
  • 52. LaVela, S. L., Weaver, F. M., Goldstein, B., Chen, K., Miskevics, S., Rajan, S., & Gater, D. R. (2006). Diabetes mellitus in individuals with spinal cord injury or disorder. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 29(4), 387-395. DOI:10.1080/10790268.2006.11753887
  • 53. Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(6), 801–809. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.051351
  • 54. Washburn, R. A., & Figoni, S. F. (1999). High density lipoprotein cholesterol in individuals with spinal cord injury: the potential role of physical activity. Spinal Cord, 37(10), 685-695. DOI:10.1038/sj.sc.3100917
  • 55. Raymond, J., Harmer, A. R., Temesi, J., & Van Kemenade, C. (2010). Glucose tolerance and physical activity level in people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 48(8), 591-596. DOI:10.1038/sc.2009.180
  • 56. Manns, P. J., McCubbin, J. A., & Williams, D. P. (2005). Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(6), 1176-1181. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.020
  • 57. Buchholz, A. C., Martin Ginis, K. A., Bray, S. R., Craven, B. C., Hicks, A. L., Hayes, K. C., ... & Wolfe, D. L. (2009). Greater daily leisure time physical activity is associated with lower chronic disease risk in adults with spinal cord injury. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34(4), 640-647. DOI:10.1139/H09-050
  • 58. Hicks, A. L., Martin Ginis, K. A., Pelletier, C. A., Ditor, D. S., Foulon, B., & Wolfe, D. L. (2011). The effects of exercise training on physical capacity, strength, body composition and functional performance among adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord, 49(11), 1103-1127. DOI:10.1038/sc.2011.62
  • 59. Pacy, P. J., Hesp, R., Halliday, D. A., Katz, D., Cameron, G., & Reeve, J. (1988). Muscle and bone in paraplegic patients, and the effect of functional electrical stimulation. Clinical Science, 75(5), 481-487. DOI:10.1042/cs0750481
  • 60. Hjeltnes, N., Aksnes, A. K., Birkeland, K. I., Johansen, J., Lannem, A., & Wallberg-Henriksson, H. (1997). Improved body composition after 8 wk of electrically stimulated leg cycling in tetraplegic patients. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 273(3), R1072-R1079. DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.3.R1072
  • 61. Hicks, A. L., & Ginis, K. A. (2008). Treadmill training after spinal cord injury: it's not just about the walking. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 45(2), 241-248. DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2007.02.0022
  • 62. Inukai, Y., Takahashi, K., Wang, D. H., & Kira, S. (2006). Assessment of total and segmental body composition in spinal cord-injured athletes in okayama prefecture of Japan. Acta Medica Okayama, 60(2), 99-106. DOI:10.18926/AMO/30736
  • 63. Sutton, L., Wallace, J., Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Scott, M., & Reilly, T. (2009). Body composition of female wheelchair athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(4), 259-265. DOI:10.1055/s-0028-1105941
  • 64. Mojtahedi, M. C., Valentine, R. J., Arngrímsson, S. A., Wilund, K. R., & Evans, E. M. (2007). The association between regional body composition and metabolic outcomes in athletes with Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord, 46(3), 192-197. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3102076
  • 65. Dallmeijer, A. J., Hopman, M. T., & van der Woude, L. H. (1997). Lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein profiles in active and sedentary men with tetraplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78(11), 1173-1176. DOI:10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90327-0
  • 66. Ginis, K. A. M., & Hicks, A. L. (2005). Exercise research issues in the spinal cord injured population. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33(1), 49-53.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Halk Sağlığı (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gülşah Ünver 0000-0002-3031-8322

Proje Numarası Yoktur.
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünver, G. (2025). Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(1), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1457205
AMA Ünver G. Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi. CBU-SBED. Mart 2025;12(1):196-202. doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1457205
Chicago Ünver, Gülşah. “Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz Ve Sporun Önemi”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 12, sy. 1 (Mart 2025): 196-202. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1457205.
EndNote Ünver G (01 Mart 2025) Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 12 1 196–202.
IEEE G. Ünver, “Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi”, CBU-SBED, c. 12, sy. 1, ss. 196–202, 2025, doi: 10.34087/cbusbed.1457205.
ISNAD Ünver, Gülşah. “Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz Ve Sporun Önemi”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 12/1 (Mart 2025), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1457205.
JAMA Ünver G. Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi. CBU-SBED. 2025;12:196–202.
MLA Ünver, Gülşah. “Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz Ve Sporun Önemi”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 196-02, doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1457205.
Vancouver Ünver G. Spinal Kord Yaralanması Olan Bireylerde Egzersiz ve Sporun Önemi. CBU-SBED. 2025;12(1):196-202.