Cytotoxic and Pro-apoptotic Effects of Malvidin Anthocyanin in Berry Fruits on Colon Cancer

Abstract

Aim: Increasing consumer consciousness elevated the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. Berries are among the most consumed fruits. The colorful nature of berries comes from the anthocyanins, a subgroup of flavonoids. The six anthocyanins in berries are cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin, which gives blue color and is the least abundant (7%). Anti-carcinogenic and pro-apoptotic effects of malvidin have been studied insufficiently in literature due possibly to its small presence in berries. Method: In this study, the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of malvidin was measured on HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. Malvidin (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) was applied on HT-29 cells for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and cell viability was measured using MTT and CellTiter-Glo methods, while apoptosis indicators were measured using Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay. Results: Malvidin has showed dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity on the cells with 72-hour IC50 value as low as 62.22 μM. To find out whether malvidin induced cytotoxicity through apoptosis, Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay was used, which showed that 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM malvidin applications elevated the caspase 3/7 activation at 72 hours by 1.26, 1.47, 1.94, and 2.21 times, respectively. Conclusion: As a result, it has been determined that malvidin has cytotoxic effects on colon cancer cells and this occurs via the activation of apoptosis pathway. Therefore, inclusion of berry fruits rich in anthocyanins in diet may be beneficial against gastrointestinal malignancies.

Keywords

• anthocyanins
• berries
• cell culture
• cell proliferation
• apoptosis

Supporting Institution

This study was funded by the BIDEB 2209-A undergraduate scholarship from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) to B.D.K. and O.B. (#1919B011803534).

Project Number

1919B011803534

Ethical Statement

No ethical approval is necessary for this in vitro study.

Thanks

This study was conducted in Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Science Technology Research and Application Center.

Üzümsü Meyvelerdeki Malvidin Antosiyanininin Kolon Kanseri Üzerindeki Sitotoksik ve Pro-apoptotik Etkileri

Abstract

Giriş ve Amaç: Tüketici bilincinin artması, taze meyve ve sebze tüketimini yükseltmiştir. Meyveler arasında en çok tüketilenler arasında kırmızı-mor meyveler bulunmaktadır. Meyvelerin rengini, flavonoidlerin bir alt grubu olan antosiyaninler sağlar. Meyvelerde bulunan altı antosiyanin türü; siyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, delfinidin, petunidin ve mavimsi rengi veren ve en az miktarda bulunan (%7) malvidindir. Malvidinin anti-kanserojen ve pro-apoptotik etkileri, meyvelerdeki düşük oranı nedeniyle literatürde yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada malvidinin HT-29 insan kolon kanseri hücre hattı üzerindeki sitotoksik ve pro-apoptotik etkileri ölçülmüştür. Malvidin (0, 25, 50, 75 ve 100 μM), HT-29 hücrelerine 24, 48 ve 72 saat boyunca uygulanmış ve hücre canlılığı CellTiter-Glo ve MTT metodları ile ölçülürken, apoptoz göstergeleri Caspase-Glo 3/7 testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Malvidin, hücreler üzerinde doz ve zamana bağlı sitotoksik etki göstermiş ve 72 saatlik IC50 değeri 62,22 μM olarak belirlenmiştir. Malvidinin sitotoksisitesinin apoptoz yoluyla olup olmadığını belirlemek için Caspase-Glo 3/7 testi kullanılmış ve 25, 50, 75 ve 100 μM malvidin uygulamalarının 72 saatte sırasıyla 1,26, 1,47, 1,94 ve 2,21 kat artışla kaspaz 3/7 aktivasyonunu yükselttiği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Malvidinin kolon kanseri hücreleri üzerinde sitotoksik etkiler gösterdiği ve bunun apoptoz yolunun aktive edilmesiyle gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, antosiyaninler açısından zengin meyvelerin diyete dahil edilmesinin, gastrointestinal malignitelere karşı faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• antosiyaninler
• üzümsü meyveler
• hücre kültürü
• hücre büyümesi
• apoptoz

Project Number

1919B011803534

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