19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES

Öz

19th century British travellers to Lycia, largely drawn by an interest in the remains of antiquity also made observations of the inhabitants, Yürük, Turcomen and gypsy-Roma populations of Lycia. Ottoman official record of the gypsy population in Lycia in the first half of the 19th century seems almost non-existant, but these travellers provide a reason for gypsy settlement in certain areas of this region at the start of the 19th century -to enable the collection all year round of medicinal freshwater leeches, an important export from Ottoman territory. They record the gypsies collected the leeches, with a leech depot at Xanthus in 1843-44, from where they were transported to the port of Smyrna-Izmir by Greek and Italian merchants. They also worked metal, made coffee mills, musical instruments, spoons inlaid with mirror glass, firearms and gunpowder flasks, had numerous horses, wrestled, danced and played music. The Bristol artist William James Müller (1812-45) provided a remarkable visual record of these populations and their dwellings in Lycia 1843-44 in numerous watercolour sketches. This article notes that some of the titles given to his works have altered since his death, with some of his paintings of the gypsys of Lycia now recorded as depicting: Arabs, Turks, Orientals or Syrians, rather than gypsys-Roma and some of his paintings of the Xanthus valley are now mis-described as depicting a “desert”.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lycia
• Nomads
• Gypsy
• Medicinal Leech
• William James Müller

19. YÜZYIL OSMANLI LİKYASI’NDA İNGİLİZ SEYYAHLARIN ÇİNGENE, YÖRÜK VE TÜRKMEN GÖÇERLERE İLİŞKİN KAYITLARI: SÜLÜKLER, HATALI BAŞLIKLAR VE TARİHLER ÜZERİNE

Öz

Büyük oranda antik eserlere duydukları ilgi ile 19. yüzyılda Likya’ya gelen İngiliz seyyahlar, Likya’nın Yörük, Türkmen ve Çingene-Roman nüfusuna ilişkin gözlemlerde de bulunmuşlardır. 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı resmi kayıtlarında çingene nüfusuna ilişkin veriler mevcut değildir. Ancak bu seyyahlar çingenelerin, 19. yüzyıl başlangıcında bu bölgenin belli bölgelerindeki yerleşimleri için makul bir sebep sunmaktadırlar: Osmanlı toprakları için önemli bir ihracat emtiası olan tıbbi temiz su sülüklerinin yıl boyunca toplanması. Sülük toplayan çingenelere ve Rum ve İtalyan tüccarlar tarafından Smyrnaİzmir’e taşındıkları 1843-44 yılına ait Ksantos’taki bir sülük deposuna ilişkin kayıtlara yer verirler. Çingeneler metal işlerinde de çalışmış; kahve değirmenleri, müzk aletleri, aynalı kaşıklar, ateşli silahlar, barut şişeleri yapmışlar; çok sayıda ata sahip olmuşlar; dans etmişler ve müzik yapmışlardır. Bristol’lü sanatçı William James Müller (1812-1845) bu topluluklara ve onların Likya’daki yerleşimlerine ilişkin 1843-1844 yıllarına ait çok sayıda kayda değer suluboya çizimler sunmaktadır. Bu makale ölümünden bu yana Müller’in eserlerine verilen başlıklara dikkat çekmektedir zira Likya çingelenelerine ilişkin resimleri günümüzde çingene-roman topluluklarından ziyade Arap, Türk, Doğulu veya Suriyelilere ilişkin eserler olarak anılmakta ve Ksantos vadisine ilişkin resimleri yanlış bir fadeyle “çölü” tasvir eden eserler olarak tanımlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Likya
• Göçerler
• Çingene
• Tıbbi Sülük
• William James Müller

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