Arkaik Ionia’da Din Topografyası

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 4, 11 - 29, 01.06.2016

Kenan Eren

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201602

Öz

Continuing archaeological research at the major sanctuaries of Ionia has revealed detailed infor­mation concerning their chronology and spatial organ­ization. The location and the history of these sanctuar­ies has been investigated based upon a model that places the city at the centre of the territory. According to this model, the location of these sanctuar­ies has been classified under the categories: urban, semi-urban and extra-urban. However, an alternative approach to this model can be through recognising that the history of these sanctuaries was shaped by their interaction with both the physical and human geogra­phy. Applying this alternative model, one could go on to examine the im­pact of the “human geography” on the choice of the particular location and the spatial organization of these sanctuaries. Thus, in Ionia since the sea provides the prin­cipal communica­tion surface between different frag­ments of the region, access to the sea is a common feature of many Ionian sanctuaries and it seems be­tween the Bronze Age and the Archaic Period there was a repeated similarity in the religious responses to the topography of the environment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Archaic Period • Ionia • Sanctuary • Topography • Sea

The Topography of Religion in Archaic Ionia

Öz

Ionia kutsal alanlarında uzun zamandır devam eden araştırmalar, bu alanların kronolojisi ve mekan­sal organizasyonu hakkında detaylı bilgiler sağlamış­tır. Bu kutsal alanların konumu ve tarihçeleri ise ge­nelde kenti merkeze alan bir modele göre incelen­miştir. Bu model, kutsal alanların konumlarını kent merkezinde, kent merkezine yakın veya merkezin dı­şın­da gibi kategorilerle ilişkili olarak değerlendir­mek­tedir. Buna alternatif bir model ise, kutsal alan­ların tarihçesinin fiziksel ve beşeri coğrafyayla kurdu­kları iliş­kiye göre şekillendiğini kabul etmek yoluyla oluştu­rulabilir. Bu model, “beşeri coğrafyanın” kutsal alan­ların yer seçimi ve mekânsal organizasyo­nuna et­kisini anlamaya özel bir önem verecektir. Ionia’daki Arkaik Dönem kutsal alanları bu gözle incelendiğinde, deni­zin bölgenin farklı kısımları arasında iletişimi sağla­ma­nın en önemli yolu olduğu ve kutsal alanların sık­lık­la denizle ve deniz yollarıyla ilişkili konumlarda bu­lunduğu gözlemlenebilmektedir. Anlaşılan coğrafi çev­reyle kurulan bu ilişki, Arkaik Dönem dinsel topo­grafyasının Bronz Çağı kalıntılarıyla belirli bir devam­lılık göstermesinin de nedenini oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arkaik Dönem • Ionia • Kutsal Alan • Topografya • Deniz

Kaynakça

• Hdt. (= Herodotus, Historiae) The Persian Wars, vols. I-IV. Trans. A. D. Godley. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1920-200412 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Paus. (= Pausanias, Periegesis tes Hellados) Description of Greece, vols. I-IV. Trans. W. H. Jones, H. A. Ormerod – R. E. Wycherley. New York 1918-200410 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) The Geography of Strabo, vols. I-VIII. Trans. H. L. Jones. London - New York 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library). Strabon, Coğrafya. Trans. A. Pekman. İstanbul 2000.
• Akurgal 1979 E. Akurgal, Erythrai. An Ancient Ionian City. İzmir 1979.
• Bammer 1990 A. Bammer, “A Peripteros of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus”. AnatSt 40 (1990) 137-160.
• Bammer 1991 A. Bammer, “Les Sanctuaires de VIII et VIIe siècles à l’Artémision d’Éphèse”. RA (1991) 63-84.
• Bammer 1991/1992 A. Bammer, “Multikulturelle Aspekte der frühen Kunstim Artemision von Ephesos”. Öjh 61(1991/1992) 17-54.
• Bammer 1993 A. Bammer, “Fouilles à l’Artémision d’Éphèse (Période Géometrique et Archaique): Nouvelles Données”. RA (1993) 187-199.
• Bammer 1994 A. Bammer, “Geschichte neu geshrieben: Mykene im Artemision von Ephesos”. Öjh 63 (1994) 29-40.
• Bammer 1998 A. Bammer, “Sanctuaries in the Artemision of Ephesus”. Ed. R. Hagg, Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence. Stockholm (1998) 27-47.
• Bammer 2004 A. Bammer, “Mykene und der Ephesische Peripteros”. Ed. M. Fano Santi, Studi di Archeologia in Onore di Gustavo Traversari. Rome (2004) 29-45.
• Baumbach 2004 J. D. Baumbach, The Significance of Votive Offerings in Selected Hera Sanctuaries in the Peloponesse, Ionia and Western Greece. Oxford 2004.
• Bayburtluoğlu 1977 C. Bayburtluoğlu, Erythrai II, PişmişToprak Eserler. Ankara 1977.
• Beaumont – Archontidou-Argyri 1999
• L. A. Beaumont – A. Archontidou-Argyri, “New Work at Kato Phana, Chios: The Kato Phana Archaeological Project”. BSA 94 (1999) 265-287.
• Beaumont – Archontidou-Argyri 2004 L. A. Beaumont – A. Archontidou-Argyri, “Excavations at Kato Phana, Chios: 1999, 2000, and 2001”. BSA 99 (2004) 201-255.
• Beaumont 2007 L. A. Beaumont, “Chios: The Kato Phana Archaeological Project”. Eds. J. Cobbet, V. Von, Graeve, W. D. Niemeier – K. Zimmermann, Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Mainz am Rhein (2007) 137-148.
• Boardman 1959 J. Boardman, “Chian and Early Ionic Architecture”. Antiquaries Journal 39 (1959) 170-218.
• Boardman 1967 J. Boardman, Excavations in Chios, 1952-1955: Greek Emporio. London 1967.
• Brize 1997 P. Brize, “Offrandes de l’Epoque Géométrique et Archaïque à l’Héraion de Samos” Ed. J. de la Genière, Héra: Images, Espaces, Cultes. Naples (1997) 123-139.
• Bruit-Zaidmann – Schmitt-Pantel 1999 L. Bruit-Zaidmann – P. Schmitt-Pantel, La religion grecque dans les cités à l’époque classique. Paris 1999.
• Buschlor – Scleif 1933 E. Buschlor – H. Scleif, “Heraion von Samos: Der Altarplatz der Frühzeit”. MDAI(A) 58 (1933) 146-173.
• Coldstream 1985 J. N. Coldstream, “Greek Temples: Why and Where?”. Eds. P. E Easterling – J. V. Muir, Greek Religion and Society. Cambridge (1985) 67-97.
• Duplouy 2006 A. Duplouy, Le Prestige des Elites. Paris 2006.
• Eren 2012 K. Eren, “Samos Heraion ve Ephesos Artemis Kutsal Alanlarındaki Oryantal Objeler”. MJH 2/1 (2012) 87-95.
• Eren 2015 K. Eren, “Ionian Sanctuaries and the Mediterranean World in the Seventh-Century B.C.”. Eds. P. M. Militello – H. Öniz, Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, vol. 1. Oxford (2015) 321-327.
• Etienne 2004 R. Etienne, Athènes, espaces urbains, et histoire. Paris 2004.
• Etienne 2010 R. Etienne, La Méditerranée au VIIe s. av. J.-C. Paris 2010.
• Forstenpointner et al. 2008 G. Forstenpointner, M. Kerschner, U. Muss, “Das Artemision in der spaten Bronzezeit und der frühen Eisenzeit”. Ed. U. Muss, Die Archaeologie der ephesischen Artemis. Wien (2008) 33-46.
• Foxhall 1998 L. Foxhall, “Cargoes of the Heart’s Desire. The Character of Trade in the Archaic Mediterranean World”. Eds. N. Fisher – H. wan Wees, Archaic Greece. New Approaches and New Evidence. Swansea (1998) 295–309.
• Gans 1991 U. Gans, “Die Grabung auf dem Zeytintepe”. İstMitt 41 (1991) 137-140.
• Geertz 1993 C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures. London 1993.
• Gerkan 1915 A. von Gerkan, Der Poseidonaltar bei Kap Monodendri. Berlin 1915.
• Greaves 2000a A. M. Greaves, “Miletos and the Sea: A Stormy Relationship”. Ed. G. J. Oliver, The Sea in Antiquity. Oxford (2000) 39-62.
• Greaves 2000b A. M. Greaves, “The Shifting Focus of Settlement at Miletus”. Ed. P. Flensted-Jensen, Further Studies in Ancient Greek Polis. Stuttgart (2000) 57-72.
• Greaves 2004 A. M. Greaves, “The Cult of Aphrodite in Miletos and its Colonies”. AnatSt 54 (2004) 27-33.
• Greaves 2007 A. M. Greaves, “Trans-Anatolia: Examining Turkey as a Bridge between East and West”. AnatSt 57 (2007) 1-15.
• Greaves 2010a A. M. Greaves, The Land of Ionia. West Sussex 2010.
• Greaves 2010b A. M. Greaves, “Western Anatolia”. Ed. E. H. Cline, The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford (2010) 877-879.
• Guettel-Cole 1988 S. Guettel-Cole, “The Uses of Water in Greek Sanctuaries”. Eds. R. Hagg, N. Marinatos – G. C. Nordquist, Early Greek Cult Practise. Stockholm (1988) 161-165.
• Gültekin 1968 H. Gültekin, “Erythrae Kazısında Bulunan Fayans Figürinler”. Türk AD 17 (1968) 101-116.
• Held 2000 W. Held, Das Heiligtum der Athena in Milet. Mainz am Rhein 2000.
• Herda 2005 A. Herda, “Apollon Delphinion, das Prytaneion und die Agora von Milet”. AA 1 (2005) 243-294.
• Herda 2006 A. Herda, Der Apollon-Delphinios-Kult in Milet und die Neujahrsprozession nach Didyma. Mainz am Rhein 2006.
• Horden – Purcell 2000 P. Horden – N. Purcell, The Corrupting Sea. Oxford 2000.
• Jarosch 1994 V. Jarosch, Samische Tonfiguren des 10. bis 7. Jahrhunderts v.Chr aus dem Heraion von Samos. Bonn 1994.
• Kerschner – Senff 1997 M. Kerschner – R. Senff, “Die Ostterrasse des Kalabaktepe”. AA (1997) 120-122.
• Kerschner 2003 M. Kerschner, “Zum Kult im früheisenzeitlichen Ephesos. Interpretation eines protogeometrischen Fund komplexes aus dem Artemis heiligtum”. Eds. B. Schmaltz – M. Söldner, Griechische Keramik im kulturellen Kontext. Münster (2003) 246-250.
• Kerschner 2008 M. Kerschner, “Die Lyder und das Artemision von Ephesos”. Ed. U. Muss, Die Archaologie der Ephesischen Artemis. Wien (2008) 223-233.
• Kraft et al. 2000 J. C. Kraft, İ. Kayan, H. Brückner – G. Rapp, “A Geologic Analysis of Ancient Landscapes and the Harbours of Ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia”. Öjh 69 (2000) 175-232.
• Kurke 1999 L. Kurke, Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold. The Politics of Meaning in Archaic Greece. Princeton 1999.
• Kyrieleis 1993 H. Kyrieleis, “The Heraion at Samos”. Eds. N. Marinatos – R. Hagg, Greek Sanctuaries New Approaches. London - New York (1993) 125-153.
• Mallwitz 1981 A. Mallwitz, “Kritisches zur Architektur Griechenlands im 8. Und 7. Jahrhundert”. AA (1981) 599-642.
• Morgan – Coulton 1997 C. Morgan – J. J. Coulton, “The Polis as a PhysicalEntity”. Ed. M. H. Hansen, The Polis as an Urban Centreand as a Political Community. Copenhagen (1997) 87-144.
• Morgan 1996 C. Morgan, “From Palace to Polis? Religious Developments on the Greek Mainland During the Bronze Age/Iron Age Transition”. Eds. P. Hellström – B. Alroth, Religion and Power in the Ancient Greek World. Uppsala (1996) 41-57.
• Morgan 2003 C. Morgan, Early Greek States Beyond the Polis. London - New York 2003.
• Niemeier – Niemeier 1997 B. Niemeier – W. D. Niemeier, “Milet 1994-5 Projekt ‘Minoisch-Mykenisches bis Protogeometrisches Milet’: Zielsetsung und Grabungen auf dem Stadionhügel und am Athenatempel”. AA (1997) 189-248.
• Niemeier 1999 W. D. Niemeier, “Die ZierdeIoniens”. AA (1999) 374-409.
• Niemeier 2005 W. D. Niemeier, “Minoans, Myceneans, Hittites and Ionians in Western Asia Minor”. Ed. A. Villing, The Greeks in the East. London (2005) 1-36.
• Özyiğit – Erdoğan 2000 Ö. Özyiğit – A. Erdoğan, “Les Sanctuaires de Phocée à la lumiere des dernieres fouilles”. Eds. A. Hermary – H. Treziny, Les cultes des cités Phocéennes. Aix-en-Provence (2000) 11-23.
• Özyiğit 1995 Ö. Özyiğit,“1994 Yılı Phokaia Kazı Çalışmaları”. KST 17/2 (1995) 1-26.
• Polignac 1984 F. de Polignac, La naissance de la cité grecque. Paris 1984. Polignac 1994 F. de Polignac, “Mediation, Competition, and Sovereignity: The Evolution of Rural Sanctuaries in Geometric Grece”. Eds. S. E. Alcock – R. Osborne, Placing the Gods. Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece. Oxford (1994) 3-18. Polignac 19952 F. de Polignac, La naissance de la cité Grecque. Paris 1995. . Polignac 1997 F. de Polignac, “Héra, le navire et la demeure: offrandes, divinité et société en Grèce archaïque”. Ed. J. de la Genière, Héra: Images, Espaces, Cultes. Naples (1997) 113-122.
• Roebuck 1959 C. Roebuck, Ionian Trade and Colonization. New York 1959.
• Rupp 1983 D. W. Rupp, “Reflections on the Development of Altars in the Eight Century B.C.”. Ed. R. Hagg, The Greek Renaissance of the Eight Centuries B.C.: Tradition and Innovation. Stockholm (1983) 101-107.
• Saint-Pierre 2005 C. Saint-Pierre, Les offrandes orientales dans les sanctuaires du monde grec à l’époque archaïque. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris. Paris. 2005.
• Schnapp-Gourbeillon 2002 A. Schnapp-Gourbeillon, Aux Origines de la Grèce. Paris 2002.
• Scully 1963 V. Scully, The Earth, the Temple, and the Gods: Greek Sacred Architecture. London - New Haven 1963.
• Senff – Heinz 1997 R. Senf – M. Heinz, “Arbeiten am Zeytintepe im Jahre 1994”. AA (1997) 114-117.
• Senff 2003 R. Senff, “Das Aphroditeheiligtum von Milet”. Asia Minor Studien 49 (2003) 11-25.
• Senff 2006 R. Senff, “Form and Function of Sanctuaries in Archaic Miletos”. REA 108 (2006) 159-172.
• Simon 1997 C. G. Simon, “The Archaeology of Cult in Geometric Greece. Ionian Temples, Altars and Dedications”. Ed. S. Langdon, New Light on a Dark Age. Columbia (1997) 125-143.
• Sourvinou-Inwood 1993 C. Sourvinou-Inwood, “Early Sanctuaries, the Eight Century and Ritual Space: Fragments of a Discourse”. Eds. N. Marinatos – R. Hagg, Greek Sanctuaries. New Approaches. London - New York (1993) 1-17.
• Treziny 2006 H. Treziny, “Urbanisme Archaique des villes Ioniennes: Un Point de vue Occidental”. REA 108 (2006) 225-247.
• Walter 1990 H. Walter, Das Griechische Heiligtum dargestellt am Heraion von Samos. Stuttgart 1990.