Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5, 463 - 530, 01.06.2017

Öz

19th century British travellers to Lycia, largely drawn by an interest in the remains of antiquity also made observations of the inhabitants, Yürük, Turcomen and gypsy-Roma populations of Lycia. Ottoman official record of the gypsy population in Lycia in the first half of the 19th century seems almost non-existant, but these travellers provide a reason for gypsy settlement in certain areas of this region at the start of the 19th century -to enable the collection all year round of medicinal freshwater leeches, an important export from Ottoman territory. They record the gypsies collected the leeches, with a leech depot at Xanthus in 1843-44, from where they were transported to the port of Smyrna-Izmir by Greek and Italian merchants. They also worked metal, made coffee mills, musical instruments, spoons inlaid with mirror glass, firearms and gunpowder flasks, had numerous horses, wrestled, danced and played music. The Bristol artist William James Müller (1812-45) provided a remarkable visual record of these populations and their dwellings in Lycia 1843-44 in numerous watercolour sketches. This article notes that some of the titles given to his works have altered since his death, with some of his paintings of the gypsys of Lycia now recorded as depicting: Arabs, Turks, Orientals or Syrians, rather than gypsys-Roma and some of his paintings of the Xanthus valley are now mis-described as depicting a “desert”.

Kaynakça

  • A. Rodrigue – S. Stein 2012 A. Rodrigue – S. Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'di Besalel a-Levi. Stanford 2012.
  • Abdualkader et al. 2013 A. M. Abdualkader, A. M. Ghawi, M. Alaama, M. Awang – A. Merzouk, “Leech Therapeutic Applications”. Indian J Pharm Sci. 75/2 (2013) 127-137.
  • Ackerman 1991 G. M. Ackerman, Les orientalistes de l'Ecole britannique. Paris 1991.
  • Ali 1916 S. A. Ali, A Short History of the Saracens, Being a Concise Account of the Rise and Decline of the Saracenic Power and of the Economic, Social and İntellectual Development of the Arab Nation from the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Bagdad, and the Expulsion of the Moors from Spain. London 1916.
  • Allan 1843 J. H. Allan, Pictorial Tour in the Mediterranean: Including Malta, Dalmatia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Grecian Archipelago, Egypt, Nubia, Greece, Ionian Islands, Sicily, Italy and Spain. London 1843.
  • Allen 1855 W. Allen, The Dead Sea, a New Route to India: With Other Fragments and Gleanings in the East. London 1855.
  • Altinöz 2013 I. Altinöz, Osmanlı Toplumunda Çingeneler. Ankara 2013.
  • Anon. 1845 Anonymous, The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts. London 1845.
  • Anon. 1847 Anonymous, “Mode of Breeding Leeches in Scinde”. Ed. S. C. Hall, Sharpe's London Magazine of Entertainment and Instruction for General Reading. London (1847) 208.
  • Anon. 1864 Anonoymous, Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunications for Literary Men, General Readers etc. London 1864.
  • Anon. 1869 Anonymous, A Catalogue of the Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited at Iromongers Hall in the Month of May 1861. London 1861.
  • Anon. 1879 Anonymous, “Müller, William John”. Eds. G. Ripley – C. A. Dana, The American Cyclopædia, XI. New York 1879.
  • Anon. 1880 Anonymous, A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the British Museum. London 1880.
  • Anon. 1889 Anonymous, Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters, and by Deceased Masters of The British School. London 1889.
  • Anon. 1911 Anon., A Handbook of Asia Minor. London 1911.
  • Art Treasures 1857 A Peep at the Pictures; or, a Catalogue of the Principal Objects of Attraction in the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition, with Biographical Notices of the Painters, Ancient and Modern, and a Ground Plan of the Building. Manchester 18573 . Binyon 1902 L. Binyon, Catalogue of Drawings by British Artists and Artists of Foreign Origin Working in Great Britain, Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in The British Museum. Vol. III. London 1902.
  • Braddon 1875 M. E. Braddon, “From Paddington to Lands End”. Belgravia: A London Magazine II/7 (1875) 199-212.
  • Bunt 1948 C. G. E. Bunt, The life and work of William James Müller of Bristol. Leigh on Sea 1948.
  • Burlington 1880 The Burlington Fine Arts Club. Exhibition of Drawings in Water Colours by Artists Born in or Subsequent to 1800, and Now Deceased, or Who, Born Previous to that Date, Have Died Since the Exhibition of the Club in 1871, Illustrative of the Progress and Development of that Branch of the Fine Arts in Great Britain. London 1880.
  • Burton 1898 R. F. Burton, The Jew, the Gypsy and El-Islam. London 1898. Catalogue 1868 National Exhibition of Works of Art, at Leeds, 1868. Official Catalogue.
  • Chandler 1817 R. Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor, and Greece: or, an Account of a Tour made at the Expense of the Society of Dilettanti. London 1817.
  • Clarke 1814 E. D. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa: Greece, Egypt and the Holyland. New York 1814.
  • Conybeare – Howson 1874 W. J. Conybeare – J. S. Howson, The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. New York 1874.
  • Cust 1902 L. H. Cust, The National Portrait Gallery. London 1902.
  • Daftorne 1864 J. Daftorne, “William John Müller, British Artists: Their Style and Character, with Engraved Illustrations, No. LXXVI”. The Art Journal III (1864) 293-295.
  • Davis 1874 E. J. Davis, Anatolica Or, The Journal of a Visit to Some of the Ancient Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. London 1874. De Bow 1852 J. D. B. De Bow, De Bow’s Southern and Western Review. New Orleans 1852.
  • Doughty 1990 C. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta. Delhi 1990.
  • Elliott 1838 C. B. Elliott, Travels in the Three Great Empires of Austria, Russia and Turkey. London 1838.
  • Examiner 1864 The Examiner: A Weekly Paper on Politics, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts. 1864.
  • Farley 1862 J. L. Farley, The Resources of Turkey Considered with Especial Reference to the Profitable Investment of Capital in the Ottoman Empire. London 1862.
  • Faroqhi 1995 S. Faroqhi, Making a Living in the Ottoman Lands, 1480 to 1820. İstanbul 1995.
  • Fellows 1839 C. Fellows, A Journal Written During an Excursion in Asia Minor 1838. London 1839.
  • Fellows 1841 C. Fellows, An Account of Discoveries in Lycia: Being a Journal Kept During a Second Excursion in Asia Minor. London 1841.
  • Gaskell 1885 G. A. Gaskell, Gaskell's Compendium of Forms: Educational, Social, Legal and Commercial, Embracing a Complete Self-teaching Course in Penmanship and Bookkeeping, and Aid to English Composition; Together with the Laws and By-laws of Social Etiquette and Business Laws and Commercial Forms... and a Complete Guide to Parliamentary Pratice, the Whole Forming a Complete Encyclopedia of Reference. New York 1885.
  • Grahame 1908 K. Grahame, The Wind in the Willows. London 1908.
  • Graves 1905 A. Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts; a Complete Ddictionary of Contributors and Their Work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904, Compiled with the Sanction of the President and Council of the Royal Academy. London 1905
  • Graves 1906 A. Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts; a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904, Compiled with the sanction of the president and council of the Royal Academy. London 1906.
  • Graves 1908 A. Graves, The British Institution, 1806-1867; a complete dictionary; a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from the foundation of the institution, 1806-1867. London 1908.
  • Greenacre – Stoddard 1991 F. Greenacre – S. Stoddard, W. J. Müller 1812-1845. Bristol 1991.
  • Hall 1871 S. C. Hall, A Book of Memories of Great Men and Women of the Age, from Personal Acquaintance. London 1871.
  • Hogarth 1896 D. G. Hogarth, A Wandering Scholar in the Levant. London 1896.
  • Hogarth 1910 D. G. Hogarth, Accidents of an Antiquary's Life. London 1910.
  • Hoskyn 1842 R. Hoskyn, “Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor, and of a Tour into the Region of Lycia in 1840-41, Accompanied by a Map”. Journal of the RGS XII (1842) 143-160.
  • Hunt 1854 F. Hunt, “Hunt’s Merchants”. Magazine and Commercial Review 30 (1854) 23-43.
  • James 1836 G. P. R. James, The Desultory Man. Paris 1836.
  • James II 1897 R. N. James, Painters and their Works: A Dictionary of Great Artists, Not Now Alive, their Names, Lives and the Prices Paid for their Works at Auctions. London 1897.
  • Jennings 1993 R. Jennings, Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640. New York 1993.
  • John 1952 A. E. John, Chiaroscuro: Fragments of Autobiography. London 1952.
  • Knight 1856 C. Knight, The English Cyclopaedia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge: Biography. London 1856.
  • Koehler – Wilmot-Buxton 1882 S. R. Koehler – H. J. Wilmot-Buxton, English Painters: With A Chapter on American Painters. Alexandria 1882.
  • Lacková – Hübschmannová 2000 E. Lacková – M. Hübschmannová, A False Dawn: My Life as a Gypsy Woman in Slovakia. Hertfordshire 2000.
  • Leslie 1837 E. Leslie, Miss Leslie’s Directions for Cookery: In its Various Branches. Philadelphia 1837.
  • Luschan 1915 F. von Luschan, “The Early İnhabitants of Western Asia”. Annual Report of the Board of Regents, Smithsonian Institution. 1915.
  • Macgregor 1850 J. Macgregor, Commercial Statistics: A Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs of all Nations. Including all British Commercial Treaties with Foreign States. London 1850.
  • Macleod – Bacot 1823 R. Macleod – J. Bacot, The London Medical and Physical Journal, containing original Correspondence of Eminent Practitioners, and Critical Analysis of New Works Relating to Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, and Natural History. London 1823.
  • Mandler 2016 D. Mandler, Arminius Vambéry and the British Empire: Between East and West. Maryland 2016.
  • Martineau 1858 H. Martineau, History of The Peace, Pictorial History of England during the Thirty Years Peace, 1816-1846. London 1858.
  • Martineau 1864 H.Martineau, The History of England from the Commencement of the XIXth Century to to the Crimean War. Philadelphia 1864.
  • Marushiakova – Popov 1997 E. Marushiakova – V. Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria. Oxford 1997.
  • Mathew 1894 J. C. Mathew, “Müller, William John”. Ed. Sidney Lee, Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 39. London 1894.
  • Mayer 1803 L. Mayer, Views in the Ottoman Empire, Chiefly in Caramania, a part of Asia Minor Hitherto Unexplored; with Some Curious Selections from the Islands of Rhodes and Cyprus, and the Celebrated Cities of Corinth, Carthage, and Tripoli: from the Original Drawings in the Possession of Sir R. Ainslie, Taken During his Embassy to Constantinople by Luigi Mayer: with Historical Observations and Incidental Illustrations of the Manners and Customs of the Natives of the Country. London1803.
  • McCall 1970 British Landscape Painting - Nineteenth Century, McCall Collection of Modern Art. New York-Milan 1970.
  • McCulloch 1856 J. R. McCulloch, The Traveller’s Library: Complete in twenty-five volumes, vol. VI. London 1856.
  • McLynn 1990 F. McLynn, Burton: Snow upon the Desert. London 1990.
  • Müller 1844a W. J. Müller, “Letter from Xanthus”. The Art Union VI (1844) 41-42. Müller 1844b W. J. Müller, “The Artist in Xanthus: Days and Nights at Tlos”. The Art Union VI (1844) 209-211.
  • Newton 1865 C. T. Newton, Travels & Discoveries in the Levant. London 1865.
  • Nord 2008 D. E. Nord, Gypsies and the British Imagination, 1807-1930.New York 2008.
  • O’Conner 1902 T. P. O’Conner, T. P’s Weekly. London 1902.
  • Parliament 1969 Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Education: British Museum.
  • Paspatēs 1861 A. G. Paspatēs, Memoir on the Language of the Gypsies, as Now Used in the Turkish Empire.
  • Peck 1857 Catalogue of the art treasures of the United Kingdom: collected at Manchester in 1857.
  • Penny 1846 Supplement to the The Penny Cyclopædia of The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London 1846.
  • Phillips 1871 L. B. Phillips, The Dictionary of Biographical Reference Containing One Hundred Thousand Names Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America. London 1871.
  • Phillips 2001 D. J. Phillips, Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. Carlisle 2001.
  • Pococke 1745 R. Pocock, Observations on Palaestine Or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia,Cyprus and Candia. London 1745.
  • Porter 1997 R. Porter, The Greatest Benefit To Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. London 1997.
  • Price 1822 R. Price, A Treatise on the Utility of Sangui-suction, or, in the Treatment of a Great Variety of Diseases İncluding the Opinions of Eminent Practitioners, Ancient and Modern with an Appendix, Deliniating the Characteristic Discrimination of True Leeches, with Directions for their Management and Preservation. London 1822.
  • Reclus 1891 J. J. E. Reclus, “The Earth and Its Inhabitants”.Eds. E. G. Ravenstein – A. H. Keane, South-Western Asia, vol. VIII. New York 1891.
  • Redford 1888 G. Redford, Art Sales. A History of Sales of Pictures and Other Works of Art.
  • With Notices of the Collections Sold, Names of Owners, Titles of Pictures, Prices and Purchasers, Arranged Under the Artists of the Different Schools in order of Date. Including the Purchases and Prices of Pictures for the National Gallery. Illustrated with Autotypes from Small Sketches of Great Pictures & Water-colour Drawings Sold, Portraits of Eminent Collectors and Views of their Residences, Objects of Ornamental Art, &c., &c. London 1888.
  • Reynolds 1998 G. Reynolds, English Watercolours. Cleveland OH 1998.
  • Rycaut 1995 P. Rycaut, The present State of the Ottoman Empire. Frankfurt an Main 1995.
  • Scharf 1860 G. Scharf “On the Polychromy of Sculpture: Being Recollections of Remarks on this Subject by the late Professor C. O. Müller”. Ed. E. Faulkner, The Museum of Classical Antiquities: Being a Series of Essays on Ancient Art. London (1860) 247-255.
  • Schuyler 1876 E. Schuyler, Turkistan; Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. London 1876.
  • Scott 1819 W. Scott, Novels and Tales of the Author of Waverly. Edinburgh 1819.
  • Simmonds 1847 P. L. Simmonds, “Editors Notebook”. Eds. P. L. Simmonds, Simmonds – Buckley, Simmond’s Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany. London (1847) 349.
  • Simmonds 1870 P. L. Simmonds, “The Trade in Leeches, December 1870, 521-522”. The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions XXX (1870) London.
  • Solly 1875 N. N. Solly, Memoir of the Life of William James Müller, a Native of Bristol, Landscape and Figure Painter, with Original Letters, an Account of his Travels and his Principle Works. London 1875.
  • Soulis 1961 George C. Soulis, “The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15 (1961) 144-165.
  • Spratt – Forbes 1847 T. A. B. Spratt – E. Forbes, Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis, in Company with the Late. Rev. E. T. Daniell, I-II. London 1847.
  • Trotter 1882 J. M. Trotter, Western Turkestan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States of Western Turkestan. Calcutta 1882
  • Waller et al. 1857 J. F. Waller, J. Eadie – W. J. Rankine, The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography: A series of Original Memoirs of Distinguished Men of all ages and all Nations. London 1857.
  • Wallis – Chamberlain 1892 Sir W. Wallis – A. B. Chamberlain, Illustrated Catalogue (with Descriptive Notes) of the Permanent Collection of Paintings in Oil and Water-colours, and the Collection of Statuary, and the Pictures at Aston Hall. Birmingham 1892.
  • Wallis – Chamberlain 1896 W. Wallis – A. B. Chamberlain, William J. Muller: Catalogue of a loan collection of paintings in oil and water colours by William J. Muller; with descriptive notes and 24 illustrations. London 1896.
  • Warnum 1869 R. N. Warnum, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of the Pictures in the National Gallery, with Biographical Notices of the Deceased Painters. London 1869.
  • Warnum 1875 R. N. Warnum, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of the Pictures in the National Gallery, with Biographical Notices of the Deceased Painters, The British School. London 1875.
  • Wilmot-Buxton 1883 H. J. Wilmot-Buxton, English Painters. London 1883.

19. YÜZYIL OSMANLI LİKYASI’NDA İNGİLİZ SEYYAHLARIN ÇİNGENE, YÖRÜK VE TÜRKMEN GÖÇERLERE İLİŞKİN KAYITLARI: SÜLÜKLER, HATALI BAŞLIKLAR VE TARİHLER ÜZERİNE

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5, 463 - 530, 01.06.2017

Öz

Büyük oranda antik eserlere duydukları ilgi ile 19. yüzyılda Likya’ya gelen İngiliz seyyahlar, Likya’nın Yörük, Türkmen ve Çingene-Roman nüfusuna ilişkin gözlemlerde de bulunmuşlardır. 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı resmi kayıtlarında çingene nüfusuna ilişkin veriler mevcut değildir. Ancak bu seyyahlar çingenelerin, 19. yüzyıl başlangıcında bu bölgenin belli bölgelerindeki yerleşimleri için makul bir sebep sunmaktadırlar: Osmanlı toprakları için önemli bir ihracat emtiası olan tıbbi temiz su sülüklerinin yıl boyunca toplanması. Sülük toplayan çingenelere ve Rum ve İtalyan tüccarlar tarafından Smyrnaİzmir’e taşındıkları 1843-44 yılına ait Ksantos’taki bir sülük deposuna ilişkin kayıtlara yer verirler. Çingeneler metal işlerinde de çalışmış; kahve değirmenleri, müzk aletleri, aynalı kaşıklar, ateşli silahlar, barut şişeleri yapmışlar; çok sayıda ata sahip olmuşlar; dans etmişler ve müzik yapmışlardır. Bristol’lü sanatçı William James Müller (1812-1845) bu topluluklara ve onların Likya’daki yerleşimlerine ilişkin 1843-1844 yıllarına ait çok sayıda kayda değer suluboya çizimler sunmaktadır. Bu makale ölümünden bu yana Müller’in eserlerine verilen başlıklara dikkat çekmektedir zira Likya çingelenelerine ilişkin resimleri günümüzde çingene-roman topluluklarından ziyade Arap, Türk, Doğulu veya Suriyelilere ilişkin eserler olarak anılmakta ve Ksantos vadisine ilişkin resimleri yanlış bir fadeyle “çölü” tasvir eden eserler olarak tanımlanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • A. Rodrigue – S. Stein 2012 A. Rodrigue – S. Stein, A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'di Besalel a-Levi. Stanford 2012.
  • Abdualkader et al. 2013 A. M. Abdualkader, A. M. Ghawi, M. Alaama, M. Awang – A. Merzouk, “Leech Therapeutic Applications”. Indian J Pharm Sci. 75/2 (2013) 127-137.
  • Ackerman 1991 G. M. Ackerman, Les orientalistes de l'Ecole britannique. Paris 1991.
  • Ali 1916 S. A. Ali, A Short History of the Saracens, Being a Concise Account of the Rise and Decline of the Saracenic Power and of the Economic, Social and İntellectual Development of the Arab Nation from the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Bagdad, and the Expulsion of the Moors from Spain. London 1916.
  • Allan 1843 J. H. Allan, Pictorial Tour in the Mediterranean: Including Malta, Dalmatia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Grecian Archipelago, Egypt, Nubia, Greece, Ionian Islands, Sicily, Italy and Spain. London 1843.
  • Allen 1855 W. Allen, The Dead Sea, a New Route to India: With Other Fragments and Gleanings in the East. London 1855.
  • Altinöz 2013 I. Altinöz, Osmanlı Toplumunda Çingeneler. Ankara 2013.
  • Anon. 1845 Anonymous, The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts. London 1845.
  • Anon. 1847 Anonymous, “Mode of Breeding Leeches in Scinde”. Ed. S. C. Hall, Sharpe's London Magazine of Entertainment and Instruction for General Reading. London (1847) 208.
  • Anon. 1864 Anonoymous, Notes and Queries: A Medium of Intercommunications for Literary Men, General Readers etc. London 1864.
  • Anon. 1869 Anonymous, A Catalogue of the Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited at Iromongers Hall in the Month of May 1861. London 1861.
  • Anon. 1879 Anonymous, “Müller, William John”. Eds. G. Ripley – C. A. Dana, The American Cyclopædia, XI. New York 1879.
  • Anon. 1880 Anonymous, A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the British Museum. London 1880.
  • Anon. 1889 Anonymous, Exhibition of Works by the Old Masters, and by Deceased Masters of The British School. London 1889.
  • Anon. 1911 Anon., A Handbook of Asia Minor. London 1911.
  • Art Treasures 1857 A Peep at the Pictures; or, a Catalogue of the Principal Objects of Attraction in the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition, with Biographical Notices of the Painters, Ancient and Modern, and a Ground Plan of the Building. Manchester 18573 . Binyon 1902 L. Binyon, Catalogue of Drawings by British Artists and Artists of Foreign Origin Working in Great Britain, Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in The British Museum. Vol. III. London 1902.
  • Braddon 1875 M. E. Braddon, “From Paddington to Lands End”. Belgravia: A London Magazine II/7 (1875) 199-212.
  • Bunt 1948 C. G. E. Bunt, The life and work of William James Müller of Bristol. Leigh on Sea 1948.
  • Burlington 1880 The Burlington Fine Arts Club. Exhibition of Drawings in Water Colours by Artists Born in or Subsequent to 1800, and Now Deceased, or Who, Born Previous to that Date, Have Died Since the Exhibition of the Club in 1871, Illustrative of the Progress and Development of that Branch of the Fine Arts in Great Britain. London 1880.
  • Burton 1898 R. F. Burton, The Jew, the Gypsy and El-Islam. London 1898. Catalogue 1868 National Exhibition of Works of Art, at Leeds, 1868. Official Catalogue.
  • Chandler 1817 R. Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor, and Greece: or, an Account of a Tour made at the Expense of the Society of Dilettanti. London 1817.
  • Clarke 1814 E. D. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa: Greece, Egypt and the Holyland. New York 1814.
  • Conybeare – Howson 1874 W. J. Conybeare – J. S. Howson, The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. New York 1874.
  • Cust 1902 L. H. Cust, The National Portrait Gallery. London 1902.
  • Daftorne 1864 J. Daftorne, “William John Müller, British Artists: Their Style and Character, with Engraved Illustrations, No. LXXVI”. The Art Journal III (1864) 293-295.
  • Davis 1874 E. J. Davis, Anatolica Or, The Journal of a Visit to Some of the Ancient Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. London 1874. De Bow 1852 J. D. B. De Bow, De Bow’s Southern and Western Review. New Orleans 1852.
  • Doughty 1990 C. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta. Delhi 1990.
  • Elliott 1838 C. B. Elliott, Travels in the Three Great Empires of Austria, Russia and Turkey. London 1838.
  • Examiner 1864 The Examiner: A Weekly Paper on Politics, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts. 1864.
  • Farley 1862 J. L. Farley, The Resources of Turkey Considered with Especial Reference to the Profitable Investment of Capital in the Ottoman Empire. London 1862.
  • Faroqhi 1995 S. Faroqhi, Making a Living in the Ottoman Lands, 1480 to 1820. İstanbul 1995.
  • Fellows 1839 C. Fellows, A Journal Written During an Excursion in Asia Minor 1838. London 1839.
  • Fellows 1841 C. Fellows, An Account of Discoveries in Lycia: Being a Journal Kept During a Second Excursion in Asia Minor. London 1841.
  • Gaskell 1885 G. A. Gaskell, Gaskell's Compendium of Forms: Educational, Social, Legal and Commercial, Embracing a Complete Self-teaching Course in Penmanship and Bookkeeping, and Aid to English Composition; Together with the Laws and By-laws of Social Etiquette and Business Laws and Commercial Forms... and a Complete Guide to Parliamentary Pratice, the Whole Forming a Complete Encyclopedia of Reference. New York 1885.
  • Grahame 1908 K. Grahame, The Wind in the Willows. London 1908.
  • Graves 1905 A. Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts; a Complete Ddictionary of Contributors and Their Work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904, Compiled with the Sanction of the President and Council of the Royal Academy. London 1905
  • Graves 1906 A. Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts; a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from its Foundation in 1769 to 1904, Compiled with the sanction of the president and council of the Royal Academy. London 1906.
  • Graves 1908 A. Graves, The British Institution, 1806-1867; a complete dictionary; a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from the foundation of the institution, 1806-1867. London 1908.
  • Greenacre – Stoddard 1991 F. Greenacre – S. Stoddard, W. J. Müller 1812-1845. Bristol 1991.
  • Hall 1871 S. C. Hall, A Book of Memories of Great Men and Women of the Age, from Personal Acquaintance. London 1871.
  • Hogarth 1896 D. G. Hogarth, A Wandering Scholar in the Levant. London 1896.
  • Hogarth 1910 D. G. Hogarth, Accidents of an Antiquary's Life. London 1910.
  • Hoskyn 1842 R. Hoskyn, “Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor, and of a Tour into the Region of Lycia in 1840-41, Accompanied by a Map”. Journal of the RGS XII (1842) 143-160.
  • Hunt 1854 F. Hunt, “Hunt’s Merchants”. Magazine and Commercial Review 30 (1854) 23-43.
  • James 1836 G. P. R. James, The Desultory Man. Paris 1836.
  • James II 1897 R. N. James, Painters and their Works: A Dictionary of Great Artists, Not Now Alive, their Names, Lives and the Prices Paid for their Works at Auctions. London 1897.
  • Jennings 1993 R. Jennings, Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640. New York 1993.
  • John 1952 A. E. John, Chiaroscuro: Fragments of Autobiography. London 1952.
  • Knight 1856 C. Knight, The English Cyclopaedia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge: Biography. London 1856.
  • Koehler – Wilmot-Buxton 1882 S. R. Koehler – H. J. Wilmot-Buxton, English Painters: With A Chapter on American Painters. Alexandria 1882.
  • Lacková – Hübschmannová 2000 E. Lacková – M. Hübschmannová, A False Dawn: My Life as a Gypsy Woman in Slovakia. Hertfordshire 2000.
  • Leslie 1837 E. Leslie, Miss Leslie’s Directions for Cookery: In its Various Branches. Philadelphia 1837.
  • Luschan 1915 F. von Luschan, “The Early İnhabitants of Western Asia”. Annual Report of the Board of Regents, Smithsonian Institution. 1915.
  • Macgregor 1850 J. Macgregor, Commercial Statistics: A Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs of all Nations. Including all British Commercial Treaties with Foreign States. London 1850.
  • Macleod – Bacot 1823 R. Macleod – J. Bacot, The London Medical and Physical Journal, containing original Correspondence of Eminent Practitioners, and Critical Analysis of New Works Relating to Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, and Natural History. London 1823.
  • Mandler 2016 D. Mandler, Arminius Vambéry and the British Empire: Between East and West. Maryland 2016.
  • Martineau 1858 H. Martineau, History of The Peace, Pictorial History of England during the Thirty Years Peace, 1816-1846. London 1858.
  • Martineau 1864 H.Martineau, The History of England from the Commencement of the XIXth Century to to the Crimean War. Philadelphia 1864.
  • Marushiakova – Popov 1997 E. Marushiakova – V. Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria. Oxford 1997.
  • Mathew 1894 J. C. Mathew, “Müller, William John”. Ed. Sidney Lee, Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 39. London 1894.
  • Mayer 1803 L. Mayer, Views in the Ottoman Empire, Chiefly in Caramania, a part of Asia Minor Hitherto Unexplored; with Some Curious Selections from the Islands of Rhodes and Cyprus, and the Celebrated Cities of Corinth, Carthage, and Tripoli: from the Original Drawings in the Possession of Sir R. Ainslie, Taken During his Embassy to Constantinople by Luigi Mayer: with Historical Observations and Incidental Illustrations of the Manners and Customs of the Natives of the Country. London1803.
  • McCall 1970 British Landscape Painting - Nineteenth Century, McCall Collection of Modern Art. New York-Milan 1970.
  • McCulloch 1856 J. R. McCulloch, The Traveller’s Library: Complete in twenty-five volumes, vol. VI. London 1856.
  • McLynn 1990 F. McLynn, Burton: Snow upon the Desert. London 1990.
  • Müller 1844a W. J. Müller, “Letter from Xanthus”. The Art Union VI (1844) 41-42. Müller 1844b W. J. Müller, “The Artist in Xanthus: Days and Nights at Tlos”. The Art Union VI (1844) 209-211.
  • Newton 1865 C. T. Newton, Travels & Discoveries in the Levant. London 1865.
  • Nord 2008 D. E. Nord, Gypsies and the British Imagination, 1807-1930.New York 2008.
  • O’Conner 1902 T. P. O’Conner, T. P’s Weekly. London 1902.
  • Parliament 1969 Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Education: British Museum.
  • Paspatēs 1861 A. G. Paspatēs, Memoir on the Language of the Gypsies, as Now Used in the Turkish Empire.
  • Peck 1857 Catalogue of the art treasures of the United Kingdom: collected at Manchester in 1857.
  • Penny 1846 Supplement to the The Penny Cyclopædia of The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London 1846.
  • Phillips 1871 L. B. Phillips, The Dictionary of Biographical Reference Containing One Hundred Thousand Names Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America. London 1871.
  • Phillips 2001 D. J. Phillips, Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. Carlisle 2001.
  • Pococke 1745 R. Pocock, Observations on Palaestine Or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia,Cyprus and Candia. London 1745.
  • Porter 1997 R. Porter, The Greatest Benefit To Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. London 1997.
  • Price 1822 R. Price, A Treatise on the Utility of Sangui-suction, or, in the Treatment of a Great Variety of Diseases İncluding the Opinions of Eminent Practitioners, Ancient and Modern with an Appendix, Deliniating the Characteristic Discrimination of True Leeches, with Directions for their Management and Preservation. London 1822.
  • Reclus 1891 J. J. E. Reclus, “The Earth and Its Inhabitants”.Eds. E. G. Ravenstein – A. H. Keane, South-Western Asia, vol. VIII. New York 1891.
  • Redford 1888 G. Redford, Art Sales. A History of Sales of Pictures and Other Works of Art.
  • With Notices of the Collections Sold, Names of Owners, Titles of Pictures, Prices and Purchasers, Arranged Under the Artists of the Different Schools in order of Date. Including the Purchases and Prices of Pictures for the National Gallery. Illustrated with Autotypes from Small Sketches of Great Pictures & Water-colour Drawings Sold, Portraits of Eminent Collectors and Views of their Residences, Objects of Ornamental Art, &c., &c. London 1888.
  • Reynolds 1998 G. Reynolds, English Watercolours. Cleveland OH 1998.
  • Rycaut 1995 P. Rycaut, The present State of the Ottoman Empire. Frankfurt an Main 1995.
  • Scharf 1860 G. Scharf “On the Polychromy of Sculpture: Being Recollections of Remarks on this Subject by the late Professor C. O. Müller”. Ed. E. Faulkner, The Museum of Classical Antiquities: Being a Series of Essays on Ancient Art. London (1860) 247-255.
  • Schuyler 1876 E. Schuyler, Turkistan; Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. London 1876.
  • Scott 1819 W. Scott, Novels and Tales of the Author of Waverly. Edinburgh 1819.
  • Simmonds 1847 P. L. Simmonds, “Editors Notebook”. Eds. P. L. Simmonds, Simmonds – Buckley, Simmond’s Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany. London (1847) 349.
  • Simmonds 1870 P. L. Simmonds, “The Trade in Leeches, December 1870, 521-522”. The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions XXX (1870) London.
  • Solly 1875 N. N. Solly, Memoir of the Life of William James Müller, a Native of Bristol, Landscape and Figure Painter, with Original Letters, an Account of his Travels and his Principle Works. London 1875.
  • Soulis 1961 George C. Soulis, “The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15 (1961) 144-165.
  • Spratt – Forbes 1847 T. A. B. Spratt – E. Forbes, Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis, in Company with the Late. Rev. E. T. Daniell, I-II. London 1847.
  • Trotter 1882 J. M. Trotter, Western Turkestan: An Account of the Statistics, Topography, and Tribes of the Russian Territory and Independent Native States of Western Turkestan. Calcutta 1882
  • Waller et al. 1857 J. F. Waller, J. Eadie – W. J. Rankine, The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography: A series of Original Memoirs of Distinguished Men of all ages and all Nations. London 1857.
  • Wallis – Chamberlain 1892 Sir W. Wallis – A. B. Chamberlain, Illustrated Catalogue (with Descriptive Notes) of the Permanent Collection of Paintings in Oil and Water-colours, and the Collection of Statuary, and the Pictures at Aston Hall. Birmingham 1892.
  • Wallis – Chamberlain 1896 W. Wallis – A. B. Chamberlain, William J. Muller: Catalogue of a loan collection of paintings in oil and water colours by William J. Muller; with descriptive notes and 24 illustrations. London 1896.
  • Warnum 1869 R. N. Warnum, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of the Pictures in the National Gallery, with Biographical Notices of the Deceased Painters. London 1869.
  • Warnum 1875 R. N. Warnum, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of the Pictures in the National Gallery, with Biographical Notices of the Deceased Painters, The British School. London 1875.
  • Wilmot-Buxton 1883 H. J. Wilmot-Buxton, English Painters. London 1883.
Toplam 97 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

T.m.p. Duggan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Mayıs 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Duggan, T. (2017). 19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES. Cedrus, 5, 463-530.
AMA Duggan T. 19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES. Cedrus. Haziran 2017;5:463-530.
Chicago Duggan, T.m.p. “19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES”. Cedrus 5, Haziran (Haziran 2017): 463-530.
EndNote Duggan T (01 Haziran 2017) 19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES. Cedrus 5 463–530.
IEEE T. Duggan, “19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES”, Cedrus, c. 5, ss. 463–530, 2017.
ISNAD Duggan, T.m.p. “19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES”. Cedrus 5 (Haziran 2017), 463-530.
JAMA Duggan T. 19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES. Cedrus. 2017;5:463–530.
MLA Duggan, T.m.p. “19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES”. Cedrus, c. 5, 2017, ss. 463-30.
Vancouver Duggan T. 19TH CENTURY OTTOMAN LYCIA, BRITISH TRAVELLERS’ RECORD OF THE CINGANS-ZINCANI, THE YUROOK-YOUROOKS AND TURCOMEN NOMADS: ON LEECHES ERRONEOUS TITLES AND DATES. Cedrus. 2017;5:463-530.

İlgili yılın sayısında en fazla 25 makale yayımlanır ve makale kabul tarihleri 15 Ekim ile 1 Mayıs arasındadır. 2024 yılı Ekim ayı itibariyle Cedrus sadece yabancı dilde makale kabul edecektir.