Perceptions of Blended Learning Competencies and Obstacles among Educational Technology Students in Light of Different Anxiety Levels and Locus of Control
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 218 - 238, 01.09.2014
Osamah Ahmad Aldalalah
Al-Mothana M. Gasaymeh
Öz
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of locus of control and anxiety level on the Jordanian educational technology students’ perceived blended learning competencies and obstacles. The independent variables were the locus of control (Internal, External) and anxiety level (Low, Moderate, High). The dependent variables were the students’ perceptions of their personal blended leaning competences (Knowledge & Technological) and students’ perceptions of the obstacles of blended leaning. The study sample consisted of 107 undergraduate educational technology students. Inferential statistics were conducted to analyze the data. Analysis of variance and pairwise post hoc tests were carried out to examine the main effects as well as the interaction effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables. The findings of this study showed that students with internal locus of control performed significantly better than external locus of control students in blended learning competencies (Knowledge &Technological) and blended learning obstacles. The findings of this study also showed that moderate anxiety students performed significantly better than low and high anxiety students in blended learning competencies (Knowledge &Technology) and blended learning obstacles. Finally, the study found that there was no significant difference between the low and high anxiety students in blended learning obstacles.
Kaynakça
- Abudlaati, H. & Alsayed, A. (2007, September). The impact of the use of both e-learning and blended learning in design and production skills of educational Web sites among professional diploma students and their attitudes towards e-learning technology. The Third International Learning and Teaching Technology Conference. Egypt.
- Akkoyunlu, B. & Soylu, M. Y. (2008). A study of student’s perceptions in a blended learning environment based on different learning styles. Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 183-193.
- Alahmad, A. (2001). State and trait of anxiety and relationship with gender and specialization. Damascus University Journal, 1(17), 140-147.
- Al-atom, A. (2004). Cognitive psychology. Amman: Dar Almaserh.
- Albdoor, N. (2006). The level of psychological stress and its relationship to motivation level of the principles of the general secretariat for the Christian educational foundations in Jordan (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies, Jordan.
- Al-Ghamdi, F. (2011). The Effect of applying Blended Learning using Learning Management System (Blackboard) on the Achievement of the students of "The Production and Use of Instructional Media Course" in King Saud University. Master Thesis (Unpublished), King Saud University.
- Al-Ghamedi, Khadija. (2010). Blended learning effectiveness acquisition unit skills program presentations (PowerPoint) to secondary second grade students in Riyadh. (Unpublished master’s thesis). King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
- Al-Jasem, O. (2011). The status of the application of blended learning Experiences in Damascus schools and obstacles of using it and students attitudes towards it (Unpublished master’s thesis). Yarmouk University, Jordan.
- Al-Shammari, M. (2007). The effect of using the blended learning in teaching geography on the achievement of students of third middle grade in Hafer Albaten and their attitudes towards it (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Jordan.
- Alshawa, H. & Alhayek, S. (2009). Effects of using computer in learning among students anxiety. Damascus University Journal, 25(1), 35-67.
- Al-Shyukh, G. (2008). Impediments to the use of blended learning from the point of view of faculty members (Unpublished master’s thesis). College of Education, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
- Altun, A., Gulbahar, Y., & Madran, O. (2008). Use of a content management system for blended learning: Perceptions of pre-service teachers. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, 9(4), 138-153
- Anderson, A., Hattie, J., & Hamilton, R. J. (2005). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and motivation in different schools: Is moderation the key to success? Educational Psychology, 25(5), 517-535.
- Anu, F., & Shannan, A. (2011). The differences in locus of control and self-concept between gifted and normal pupils in basic schools in Gezira State-Sudan. Arab Talent Development Journal, 3, 99-122.
- Asiri, A,. (2007). Levels of anxiety facing students King Saud University in Riyadh (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
- Badawi, M. (2009 March). Using blended learning for enhancing efl prospective teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and performance. Conference Paper: Learning & Language - The Spirit of the Age, Ain Shams University Guest House. Cairo, Egypt.
- Bani Khalid, M. (2009).The relationship between locus of control and the level of academic achievement for the students of faculty of education. Journal of the Islamic University (Humanities series), 7(2), 491-512.
- Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S. L. (2009). Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 12, 1-6.
- Batayneh, O., Aljrah, A., & Ghawanima, M. (2007) Child Psychology. Amman: Dar Almseerah.
- Birenbaum, M. (2007). Assessment and instruction preferences and their relationship with test anxiety and learning strategies. Higher Education, 53(6), 749-768.
- Bishop, S. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 92-98.
- Bowen, V. S. (1996). The relationship of locus of control and cognitive style to self instructional strategies, sequencing, and outcomes in a learner-controlled multimedia environment. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 56(10-A), 3922.
- Cameron, I. (2005 ) Sustaining motivation in a blended learning environment (Unpublished master’s thesis). Royal Roads University, Canada.
- Cascio M., Botta V., & Anzaldi V. (2013), The role of self efficacy and internal locus of control in online learning. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 9(3) 95-106.
- Chang, S. E. (2005). Computer anxiety and perception of task complexity in learning programming-related skills. Journal of Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 713-728.
- Daood, H. & Mahmood, R. (2013, March).The effect of using blended teaching in the achievement of scientific fifth graders in chemistry and their attitudes towards this kind of teaching. Proceedings of the 2nd e-learning Regional Conference-State of Kuwait.
- Duck, S. (1992). Human relationships. London : Stage.
- Effandi, Z. & Nordin, N.(2008). The effects of mathematics anxiety on matriculation students as related to motivation and achievement. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 4(1), 27-30.
- Fong, S. F. & Aldalalah, O. (2010). Modality and redundancy effects on music theory learning among pupils of different anxiety levels. International Journal of Behavioral, Cognitive, Educational and Psychological Sciences, 2(3), 167-175.
- Fong, S. & Aldalalah, O. (2010). Internals out-performing externals in music theory learning: A cognitive processing capacity perspective. Asian Social Science, 6(7) 70-80.
- Gay, L. R. & Airasian, P. W. (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (7th ed). New York: Prentice Hall.
- Gulbahar, Y. & Madran, R. (2009). Communication and collaboration, satisfaction, equity, and autonomy in blended learning environments: A case from Turkey. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(2), 1-22.
- Halpert, R. & Hill, R. (2011). 28 measures of locus of control. Retrieved on 20 June 2014 from http://teachinternalcontrol.com/uploads/LOC_Measures__1_.pdf.
- Hawwash, K. & Elemat, M. (2006). The relationship between achievement motivation and test anxiety and its effect on the students’ performance in English of the basic and secondary levels at Al–Mafraq city. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences. 7(3), 210- 222.
- Haydar, A. (2009). Blended Learning in medicine collage. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 27(5), 190-199.
- Hong, E. & Karstensson, L. (2002). Antecedents of state test anxiety. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 348-367.
- Jay, R. M. (2007). Locus of control and academic achievement on high-stakes standardized tests (Unpublished master’s thesis). Walden University.
- Khader, K. (1993). Strategies and roadmap for effective higher education in Jordan. Definition approved by the General Conference of UNESCO at its 27th session. Amman: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Jordan.
- Kim, K., Bonk, C., & Teng, Y. (2009). The present state and future trends of blended learning in workplace learning settings across five countries. Asia Pacific Education Review, 10(3), 299-308.
- Kitchenham, A. (2005). Adult-learning principles, technology, elementary teachers and their students: The perfect blend? Education, Communication & Information; 3(5) 285-302.
- Konan, N. (2013). Educational supervisors’ locus of control. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 51, 45-64.
- Long, G., Vignare ,K., Rappold, R., & Mallory, J. (2007). Access to communication for deaf, hard-of-hearing and ESL students in blended learning courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(3), 1-13.
- Mahar, D., Henderson, R., & Deane, F. (1997). The effects of computer anxiety, state anxiety, and computer experience on users' performance of computer based tasks. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 683-692.
- Myllymäki, H. (2011). A blended learning solution and the impacts on attendance and learning outcomes. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 6(2), 42-49
- Nunn, G. & Nunn, S. (1993). Locus of control and school performance: Some implications for teachers. Education, 113(4), 636-640.
- Oluk, S., Oluko, O., & Sakaci, T. (2009). Determination of state-trait anxiety levels of university students during the learning process of global environmental problems. China Education Review, 6(1), 49-53.
- Orhan, F. (2008). Redesigning a course for blended learning environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(1), 54-66.
- Osguthorpe, R. T. & Graham, C. R. (2003). Blended learning environments: Definitions and directions. Quarterly Review of Distance Education 4(3), 227-233.
- Poborskii, A., Yurina, M., Lopatskaya, Z., & Deryagina, E. (2009). The level of anxiety and state of autonomic regulation depending on the predicted examination grades in students living under unfavorable environmental conditions. Human Physiology, 35(4), 16-42.
- Qtami, U. (2005). Educational psychology and thinking. Jordan: Dar Hanen.
- Robison, R. (2004 ). Selected faculty experiences in designing and teaching blended learning courses at Brigham Young University (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska.
- Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1) 1-28.
- Rotter, J. B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement. A case in story of a varibal. American Psychology, 45(4), 489-493
- Rotter, J. B. (1992). Cognates of personal control: Locus of control, self-efficacy, and explanatory style: Comment. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 1(2), 127-129.
- Sa’ari, J., Luan, W., & Roslan, S. (2005). Attitudes and perceived information technology competency among teachers. Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology (MOJIT), 2(3), 70-77.
- Sarason, I. G. (1972). Experimental approaches to test anxiety: Attention and the uses of information. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 381–403). New York: Academic Press.
- Sethy, S. (2008). Distance education in the age of globalization: An overwhelming desire towards blended learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(3), 29-44.
- Shabazz, K. M. (2007). The effects of environment and age on locus of control, self efficacy, and self esteem of military and non- military students’ academic achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tourou University International.
- Shehab, S. (2007). Undergraduate learners’ perceptions of blended learning and its relationship with some demographic and experiential variables at the Arab Open University- Bahrain Branch (Unpublished master’s thesis). Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
- Stacey, E. & Gerbic, P. (2008). Success factors for blended learning. Proceedings of the ASCILITE Conference (pp.964-968). Melbourne: ASCILITE.
- Stocks, A., April, K., & Lynton, N. (2012). Locus of control and subjective well-being - A cross- cultural study. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 10(1), 17-25.
- Thorne, K. (2003). Blended learning: How to integrate online & traditional learning. London: Kogan.
- Vaughan, N. (2007). Perspectives on blended learning in higher education. International Journal on E-Learning, 6(1), 81-94.
- Warr, P. & Downing, J. (2000). Learning strategies, learning anxiety, and knowledge acquisition. British Journal of Psychology, 91(3), 311-333.
- Yair, L. (2007). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education 48, 185-204
- Zayadan, N. (2010). Factors affecting the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in Jordanian rural secondary schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Malaysia: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
- Correspondence: Osamah Ahmad Aldalalah, Ph.D., Instructional Technology Department,
- College of Education, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 218 - 238, 01.09.2014
Osamah Ahmad Aldalalah
Al-Mothana M. Gasaymeh
Kaynakça
- Abudlaati, H. & Alsayed, A. (2007, September). The impact of the use of both e-learning and blended learning in design and production skills of educational Web sites among professional diploma students and their attitudes towards e-learning technology. The Third International Learning and Teaching Technology Conference. Egypt.
- Akkoyunlu, B. & Soylu, M. Y. (2008). A study of student’s perceptions in a blended learning environment based on different learning styles. Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 183-193.
- Alahmad, A. (2001). State and trait of anxiety and relationship with gender and specialization. Damascus University Journal, 1(17), 140-147.
- Al-atom, A. (2004). Cognitive psychology. Amman: Dar Almaserh.
- Albdoor, N. (2006). The level of psychological stress and its relationship to motivation level of the principles of the general secretariat for the Christian educational foundations in Jordan (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies, Jordan.
- Al-Ghamdi, F. (2011). The Effect of applying Blended Learning using Learning Management System (Blackboard) on the Achievement of the students of "The Production and Use of Instructional Media Course" in King Saud University. Master Thesis (Unpublished), King Saud University.
- Al-Ghamedi, Khadija. (2010). Blended learning effectiveness acquisition unit skills program presentations (PowerPoint) to secondary second grade students in Riyadh. (Unpublished master’s thesis). King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
- Al-Jasem, O. (2011). The status of the application of blended learning Experiences in Damascus schools and obstacles of using it and students attitudes towards it (Unpublished master’s thesis). Yarmouk University, Jordan.
- Al-Shammari, M. (2007). The effect of using the blended learning in teaching geography on the achievement of students of third middle grade in Hafer Albaten and their attitudes towards it (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Jordan.
- Alshawa, H. & Alhayek, S. (2009). Effects of using computer in learning among students anxiety. Damascus University Journal, 25(1), 35-67.
- Al-Shyukh, G. (2008). Impediments to the use of blended learning from the point of view of faculty members (Unpublished master’s thesis). College of Education, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
- Altun, A., Gulbahar, Y., & Madran, O. (2008). Use of a content management system for blended learning: Perceptions of pre-service teachers. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, 9(4), 138-153
- Anderson, A., Hattie, J., & Hamilton, R. J. (2005). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and motivation in different schools: Is moderation the key to success? Educational Psychology, 25(5), 517-535.
- Anu, F., & Shannan, A. (2011). The differences in locus of control and self-concept between gifted and normal pupils in basic schools in Gezira State-Sudan. Arab Talent Development Journal, 3, 99-122.
- Asiri, A,. (2007). Levels of anxiety facing students King Saud University in Riyadh (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
- Badawi, M. (2009 March). Using blended learning for enhancing efl prospective teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and performance. Conference Paper: Learning & Language - The Spirit of the Age, Ain Shams University Guest House. Cairo, Egypt.
- Bani Khalid, M. (2009).The relationship between locus of control and the level of academic achievement for the students of faculty of education. Journal of the Islamic University (Humanities series), 7(2), 491-512.
- Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S. L. (2009). Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 12, 1-6.
- Batayneh, O., Aljrah, A., & Ghawanima, M. (2007) Child Psychology. Amman: Dar Almseerah.
- Birenbaum, M. (2007). Assessment and instruction preferences and their relationship with test anxiety and learning strategies. Higher Education, 53(6), 749-768.
- Bishop, S. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 92-98.
- Bowen, V. S. (1996). The relationship of locus of control and cognitive style to self instructional strategies, sequencing, and outcomes in a learner-controlled multimedia environment. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 56(10-A), 3922.
- Cameron, I. (2005 ) Sustaining motivation in a blended learning environment (Unpublished master’s thesis). Royal Roads University, Canada.
- Cascio M., Botta V., & Anzaldi V. (2013), The role of self efficacy and internal locus of control in online learning. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 9(3) 95-106.
- Chang, S. E. (2005). Computer anxiety and perception of task complexity in learning programming-related skills. Journal of Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 713-728.
- Daood, H. & Mahmood, R. (2013, March).The effect of using blended teaching in the achievement of scientific fifth graders in chemistry and their attitudes towards this kind of teaching. Proceedings of the 2nd e-learning Regional Conference-State of Kuwait.
- Duck, S. (1992). Human relationships. London : Stage.
- Effandi, Z. & Nordin, N.(2008). The effects of mathematics anxiety on matriculation students as related to motivation and achievement. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 4(1), 27-30.
- Fong, S. F. & Aldalalah, O. (2010). Modality and redundancy effects on music theory learning among pupils of different anxiety levels. International Journal of Behavioral, Cognitive, Educational and Psychological Sciences, 2(3), 167-175.
- Fong, S. & Aldalalah, O. (2010). Internals out-performing externals in music theory learning: A cognitive processing capacity perspective. Asian Social Science, 6(7) 70-80.
- Gay, L. R. & Airasian, P. W. (2003). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (7th ed). New York: Prentice Hall.
- Gulbahar, Y. & Madran, R. (2009). Communication and collaboration, satisfaction, equity, and autonomy in blended learning environments: A case from Turkey. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(2), 1-22.
- Halpert, R. & Hill, R. (2011). 28 measures of locus of control. Retrieved on 20 June 2014 from http://teachinternalcontrol.com/uploads/LOC_Measures__1_.pdf.
- Hawwash, K. & Elemat, M. (2006). The relationship between achievement motivation and test anxiety and its effect on the students’ performance in English of the basic and secondary levels at Al–Mafraq city. Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences. 7(3), 210- 222.
- Haydar, A. (2009). Blended Learning in medicine collage. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 27(5), 190-199.
- Hong, E. & Karstensson, L. (2002). Antecedents of state test anxiety. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 348-367.
- Jay, R. M. (2007). Locus of control and academic achievement on high-stakes standardized tests (Unpublished master’s thesis). Walden University.
- Khader, K. (1993). Strategies and roadmap for effective higher education in Jordan. Definition approved by the General Conference of UNESCO at its 27th session. Amman: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Jordan.
- Kim, K., Bonk, C., & Teng, Y. (2009). The present state and future trends of blended learning in workplace learning settings across five countries. Asia Pacific Education Review, 10(3), 299-308.
- Kitchenham, A. (2005). Adult-learning principles, technology, elementary teachers and their students: The perfect blend? Education, Communication & Information; 3(5) 285-302.
- Konan, N. (2013). Educational supervisors’ locus of control. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 51, 45-64.
- Long, G., Vignare ,K., Rappold, R., & Mallory, J. (2007). Access to communication for deaf, hard-of-hearing and ESL students in blended learning courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(3), 1-13.
- Mahar, D., Henderson, R., & Deane, F. (1997). The effects of computer anxiety, state anxiety, and computer experience on users' performance of computer based tasks. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 683-692.
- Myllymäki, H. (2011). A blended learning solution and the impacts on attendance and learning outcomes. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 6(2), 42-49
- Nunn, G. & Nunn, S. (1993). Locus of control and school performance: Some implications for teachers. Education, 113(4), 636-640.
- Oluk, S., Oluko, O., & Sakaci, T. (2009). Determination of state-trait anxiety levels of university students during the learning process of global environmental problems. China Education Review, 6(1), 49-53.
- Orhan, F. (2008). Redesigning a course for blended learning environment. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(1), 54-66.
- Osguthorpe, R. T. & Graham, C. R. (2003). Blended learning environments: Definitions and directions. Quarterly Review of Distance Education 4(3), 227-233.
- Poborskii, A., Yurina, M., Lopatskaya, Z., & Deryagina, E. (2009). The level of anxiety and state of autonomic regulation depending on the predicted examination grades in students living under unfavorable environmental conditions. Human Physiology, 35(4), 16-42.
- Qtami, U. (2005). Educational psychology and thinking. Jordan: Dar Hanen.
- Robison, R. (2004 ). Selected faculty experiences in designing and teaching blended learning courses at Brigham Young University (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska.
- Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1) 1-28.
- Rotter, J. B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement. A case in story of a varibal. American Psychology, 45(4), 489-493
- Rotter, J. B. (1992). Cognates of personal control: Locus of control, self-efficacy, and explanatory style: Comment. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 1(2), 127-129.
- Sa’ari, J., Luan, W., & Roslan, S. (2005). Attitudes and perceived information technology competency among teachers. Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology (MOJIT), 2(3), 70-77.
- Sarason, I. G. (1972). Experimental approaches to test anxiety: Attention and the uses of information. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 381–403). New York: Academic Press.
- Sethy, S. (2008). Distance education in the age of globalization: An overwhelming desire towards blended learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(3), 29-44.
- Shabazz, K. M. (2007). The effects of environment and age on locus of control, self efficacy, and self esteem of military and non- military students’ academic achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tourou University International.
- Shehab, S. (2007). Undergraduate learners’ perceptions of blended learning and its relationship with some demographic and experiential variables at the Arab Open University- Bahrain Branch (Unpublished master’s thesis). Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
- Stacey, E. & Gerbic, P. (2008). Success factors for blended learning. Proceedings of the ASCILITE Conference (pp.964-968). Melbourne: ASCILITE.
- Stocks, A., April, K., & Lynton, N. (2012). Locus of control and subjective well-being - A cross- cultural study. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 10(1), 17-25.
- Thorne, K. (2003). Blended learning: How to integrate online & traditional learning. London: Kogan.
- Vaughan, N. (2007). Perspectives on blended learning in higher education. International Journal on E-Learning, 6(1), 81-94.
- Warr, P. & Downing, J. (2000). Learning strategies, learning anxiety, and knowledge acquisition. British Journal of Psychology, 91(3), 311-333.
- Yair, L. (2007). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education 48, 185-204
- Zayadan, N. (2010). Factors affecting the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in Jordanian rural secondary schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Malaysia: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
- Correspondence: Osamah Ahmad Aldalalah, Ph.D., Instructional Technology Department,
- College of Education, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan