Design and Use of Interactive Social Stories for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 25, 15.01.2017
Sunagul Sani-bozkurt
,
Sezgin Vuran
Yavuz Akbulut
Öz
The current study aimed to design technology-supported interactive social stories to teach
social skills to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A design-based research was
implemented with children with ASD along with the participation of their mothers, teachers,
peers and field experts. An iterative remediation process was followed through the
feedback of participants. The data collection process was further supported through
researcher notes, interviews, video-recorded observations and log files. Three cycles of
remediation were employed to improve the interactive materials, which lead them to be
perceived as pleasant, interesting, engaging and user-friendly. It was observed that children
gained useful non-target skills as well as the target behaviors. Interactive stories were
particularly helpful in raising satisfaction as they provided children with the opportunity to
make their own learning decisions.
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, Y. (2010). A structural model proposal for Turkish faculties of education regarding ICT
integration indicators. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(4), 322-334.
- Akbulut, Y., Odabasi, H.F., & Kuzu, A. (2011). Perceptions of preservice teachers regarding the
integration of information and communication technologies in Turkish education
faculties. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology (TOJET), 10(3), 175-184.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2012). DSM-5 Proposed criteria for autism spectrum
disorder designed to provide more accurate diagnosis and treatment. Retrieved October
11, 2016 from http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/12-
03%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorders%20-%20DSM5.pdf
- Bannan-Ritland, B. (2003). The role of design in research: The integrative learning design
framework. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 21-24.
- Barab, S. (2006). Design-based research: A methodological toolkit for the learning scientist. R.
K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 151-170).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Barab, S. & Squire, K. (2004). Design-based research: Putting a stake in the ground. The Journal
of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 1-14.
- Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating
complex interventions. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141-178.
- Brownell, M. D. (2002). Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students in
autism: Four case studies. Journal of Music Therapy, 39(2), 117-144.
- Chen, W. (2012). Multitouch tabletop technology for people with autism spectrum disorder: A
review of the literature. Procedia Computer Science, 14, 198-207.
- Collins, A. (1992). Towards a design science of education. In E. Scanlon & T. O'Shea (Eds.), New
directions in educational technology (pp. 15-22). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Design-Based Research Collective. (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for
educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5-8.
- Garzotto, F., Paolini, P., & Sabiescu, A. (2010). Interactive storytelling for children. In
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (pp.
356-359). ACM.
- Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., & Kriner, R. (2012). The Apple iPod Touch as a
vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational
Rehabilitation, 37(2), 75-85.
- Goodman-Scott, E. & Carlisle, R. (2014). School counselors' roles in creating and ımplementing
social stories to serve students with autism spectrum disorder. Professional School
Counseling, 18(1), 158-168.
- Gray, C. A. (2010). The new social stories book. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons.
- Gray, C. A. & Garand, J. D. (1993). Social stories: Improving responses of students with autism
with accurate social information. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 8, 1-10.
- Hagiwara, T. & Myles, B. S. (1999). A multimedia social story intervention: Teaching skills to
children with autism. Focus an Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 82-
95.
- Herbert, M. (2010). Finding new solutions for ELL assessments. Retrieved December 10, 2013
from http://www.districtadministration.com/article/finding-new-solutions-ellassessments
Hoadley, C. M. (2005). Design based research methods and theory building: A case study of
research with SpeakEasy. Educational Technology, 45(1), 42-47.
- Houghton, H. A. & Willows, D. M. (1987). The psychology of illustration: Vol. 2, Instructional
issues. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Estrada, V., Freeman, A., & Ludgate, H. (2013).
Technology outlook for community, technical, and junior colleges 2013-2018: An NMC
horizon project sector analysis. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium. Retrieved on
10 December 2013 from: http://www.nmc.org/pdf/2013-technology-outlookcommunity-colleges.pdf.
- Kagohara, D. M., Sigafoos, J., Achmadi, D., O’Reilly, M. F., & Lancioni, G. (2012). Teaching
children with autism spectrum disorders to check the spelling of words. Research in
Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 304-310.
- Kalyuga, S., Ayres, P., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2003). Expertise reversal effect. Educational
Psychologist, 38(1), 23-31.
- Karkhaneh, M., Clark, B., Ospina, M. B., Seida, J. C., Smith, V., & Hartling, L. (2010). Social
Stories to improve social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic
review. Autism, 14(6) 641-662.
- Lundby, K. (2008). Digital storytelling, mediatized stories: Self-representations in new media
(Vol. 52). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
- Mandl, H. & Levin, J. R. (Eds.). (1989). Knowledge acquisition from text and pictures.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions? Educational
Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.
- Mayer, R. E. (2005). Introduction to Multimedia Learning. In R. E. Mayer (ed.), The Cambridge
Handbook of Multimedia Learning (pp. 1–16). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Mayer, R. E. & Moreno, R. (1998). A split-attention effect in multimedia learning: Evidence for
dual processing systems in working memory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(2),
312-320.
- Mayer, R. E. & Sims, V. K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of
a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(3),
389-460.
- Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity
for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81.
- More, C. (2008). Digital stories targeting social skills for children with disabilities
multidimensional learning. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43(3), 168-177.
- Moreno, R. & Mayer, R. E. (1999). Cognitive principles of multimedia design: The role of
modality and contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 358-368.
- Mukti, N. A. & Hwa, S. P. (2004). Malaysian Perspective: Designing interactive multimedia
learning environment for moral values education. Educational Technology &
Society, 7(4), 143-152.
- National Autism Center (NAC). (2015). National standards report 2. Randolph, Massachusetts:
National Autism Center.
- Ozdemir, S. (2008). Using multimedia social stories to increase appropriate social engagement
in young children with autism. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,
7(3), 80-88.
- Paivio, A. (1990). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
- Ramdoss, S., Lang, R., Fragale, C., Britt, C., O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J. et al. (2012). Use of
computer-based interventions to promote daily living skills in individuals with
intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental and Physical
Disabilities, 24(2), 197-215.
- Rao, S. M. & Gagie, B. (2006). Learning through seeing and doing: Visual supports for children
with autism. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38(6), 26-33.
- Reeves, T. C. (2000). Socially responsible educational research. Educational Technology, 40(6),
19-28.
- Richter, S. & Test, D. (2011). Effects of multimedia social stories on knowledge of adult
outcomes and opportunities among transition-aged youth with significant cognitive
disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(3), 410-
424.
- Sani-Bozkurt, S. (2016). Design and effectiveness of technology enhanced interactive media in
teaching social skills for children with autism spectrum disorder (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Eskisehir, Turkey: Anadolu University Graduate School of Educational
Sciences.
- Sansosti, F. & Powell-Smith, K. A. (2008). Using computer-presented social stories and video
models to increase the social communication skills of children with high functioning
autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 10(3), 162-178.
- Schnotz, W. (1993). Introduction to special issue on comprehension of graphics in texts.
Learning and Instruction, 3, 151-155.
- Schwartz, D. L., Lin, X., Brophy, S., & Bransford, J. D. (1999). Toward the development of
flexibility adaptive instructional designs. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design
theories and models, Vol. II, (pp. 183-213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Shah, N. (2011). Special education pupils find learning tool in iPad applications. Education
Week. Retrieved on 10 December 2013 from: http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/
2011/10/19/01speced.h05.html.
- Shavelson, R. J., Phillips, D. C., Towne, L., & Feuer, M. J. (2003). On the science of education
design studies. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 25-28.
- Shukla-Mehta, S., Miller, T., & Callahan, K. J. (2010). Evaluating the effectiveness of video
instruction on social and communication skills training for children with autism spectrum
disorders: A review of the literature. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental
Disabilities, 25(1), 23-36.
- Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive
Science, 12(2), 257-285.
- Sweller, J. (2008). Human cognitive architecture. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. J. G. Van
Merriënboer & M. P. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational
Communications and Technology (3rd edition) (pp. 369 - 381). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Wang, F. & Hannafin, M. J. (2005). Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning
environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 5-23.
- Wheeler, K. L. (2005). The power of social stories: A strategy for students with autism
spectrum disorder (Unpublished master’s thesis). Fullerton, CA: California State
University.
- van den Akker, J. (1999). Principles and methods of development research. In J. van den Akker,
N. Nieveen, R. M. Branch, K. L. Gustafson & T. Plomp (Eds.), Design methodology and
developmental research in education and training (pp. 1-14). The Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 25, 15.01.2017
Sunagul Sani-bozkurt
,
Sezgin Vuran
Yavuz Akbulut
Kaynakça
- Akbulut, Y. (2010). A structural model proposal for Turkish faculties of education regarding ICT
integration indicators. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(4), 322-334.
- Akbulut, Y., Odabasi, H.F., & Kuzu, A. (2011). Perceptions of preservice teachers regarding the
integration of information and communication technologies in Turkish education
faculties. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology (TOJET), 10(3), 175-184.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2012). DSM-5 Proposed criteria for autism spectrum
disorder designed to provide more accurate diagnosis and treatment. Retrieved October
11, 2016 from http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/12-
03%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorders%20-%20DSM5.pdf
- Bannan-Ritland, B. (2003). The role of design in research: The integrative learning design
framework. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 21-24.
- Barab, S. (2006). Design-based research: A methodological toolkit for the learning scientist. R.
K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 151-170).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Barab, S. & Squire, K. (2004). Design-based research: Putting a stake in the ground. The Journal
of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 1-14.
- Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating
complex interventions. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141-178.
- Brownell, M. D. (2002). Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students in
autism: Four case studies. Journal of Music Therapy, 39(2), 117-144.
- Chen, W. (2012). Multitouch tabletop technology for people with autism spectrum disorder: A
review of the literature. Procedia Computer Science, 14, 198-207.
- Collins, A. (1992). Towards a design science of education. In E. Scanlon & T. O'Shea (Eds.), New
directions in educational technology (pp. 15-22). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Design-Based Research Collective. (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for
educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5-8.
- Garzotto, F., Paolini, P., & Sabiescu, A. (2010). Interactive storytelling for children. In
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (pp.
356-359). ACM.
- Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., & Kriner, R. (2012). The Apple iPod Touch as a
vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational
Rehabilitation, 37(2), 75-85.
- Goodman-Scott, E. & Carlisle, R. (2014). School counselors' roles in creating and ımplementing
social stories to serve students with autism spectrum disorder. Professional School
Counseling, 18(1), 158-168.
- Gray, C. A. (2010). The new social stories book. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons.
- Gray, C. A. & Garand, J. D. (1993). Social stories: Improving responses of students with autism
with accurate social information. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 8, 1-10.
- Hagiwara, T. & Myles, B. S. (1999). A multimedia social story intervention: Teaching skills to
children with autism. Focus an Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 82-
95.
- Herbert, M. (2010). Finding new solutions for ELL assessments. Retrieved December 10, 2013
from http://www.districtadministration.com/article/finding-new-solutions-ellassessments
Hoadley, C. M. (2005). Design based research methods and theory building: A case study of
research with SpeakEasy. Educational Technology, 45(1), 42-47.
- Houghton, H. A. & Willows, D. M. (1987). The psychology of illustration: Vol. 2, Instructional
issues. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Estrada, V., Freeman, A., & Ludgate, H. (2013).
Technology outlook for community, technical, and junior colleges 2013-2018: An NMC
horizon project sector analysis. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium. Retrieved on
10 December 2013 from: http://www.nmc.org/pdf/2013-technology-outlookcommunity-colleges.pdf.
- Kagohara, D. M., Sigafoos, J., Achmadi, D., O’Reilly, M. F., & Lancioni, G. (2012). Teaching
children with autism spectrum disorders to check the spelling of words. Research in
Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 304-310.
- Kalyuga, S., Ayres, P., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2003). Expertise reversal effect. Educational
Psychologist, 38(1), 23-31.
- Karkhaneh, M., Clark, B., Ospina, M. B., Seida, J. C., Smith, V., & Hartling, L. (2010). Social
Stories to improve social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic
review. Autism, 14(6) 641-662.
- Lundby, K. (2008). Digital storytelling, mediatized stories: Self-representations in new media
(Vol. 52). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
- Mandl, H. & Levin, J. R. (Eds.). (1989). Knowledge acquisition from text and pictures.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions? Educational
Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.
- Mayer, R. E. (2005). Introduction to Multimedia Learning. In R. E. Mayer (ed.), The Cambridge
Handbook of Multimedia Learning (pp. 1–16). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Mayer, R. E. & Moreno, R. (1998). A split-attention effect in multimedia learning: Evidence for
dual processing systems in working memory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(2),
312-320.
- Mayer, R. E. & Sims, V. K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of
a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(3),
389-460.
- Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity
for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81.
- More, C. (2008). Digital stories targeting social skills for children with disabilities
multidimensional learning. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43(3), 168-177.
- Moreno, R. & Mayer, R. E. (1999). Cognitive principles of multimedia design: The role of
modality and contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 358-368.
- Mukti, N. A. & Hwa, S. P. (2004). Malaysian Perspective: Designing interactive multimedia
learning environment for moral values education. Educational Technology &
Society, 7(4), 143-152.
- National Autism Center (NAC). (2015). National standards report 2. Randolph, Massachusetts:
National Autism Center.
- Ozdemir, S. (2008). Using multimedia social stories to increase appropriate social engagement
in young children with autism. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,
7(3), 80-88.
- Paivio, A. (1990). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
- Ramdoss, S., Lang, R., Fragale, C., Britt, C., O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J. et al. (2012). Use of
computer-based interventions to promote daily living skills in individuals with
intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental and Physical
Disabilities, 24(2), 197-215.
- Rao, S. M. & Gagie, B. (2006). Learning through seeing and doing: Visual supports for children
with autism. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38(6), 26-33.
- Reeves, T. C. (2000). Socially responsible educational research. Educational Technology, 40(6),
19-28.
- Richter, S. & Test, D. (2011). Effects of multimedia social stories on knowledge of adult
outcomes and opportunities among transition-aged youth with significant cognitive
disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(3), 410-
424.
- Sani-Bozkurt, S. (2016). Design and effectiveness of technology enhanced interactive media in
teaching social skills for children with autism spectrum disorder (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Eskisehir, Turkey: Anadolu University Graduate School of Educational
Sciences.
- Sansosti, F. & Powell-Smith, K. A. (2008). Using computer-presented social stories and video
models to increase the social communication skills of children with high functioning
autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 10(3), 162-178.
- Schnotz, W. (1993). Introduction to special issue on comprehension of graphics in texts.
Learning and Instruction, 3, 151-155.
- Schwartz, D. L., Lin, X., Brophy, S., & Bransford, J. D. (1999). Toward the development of
flexibility adaptive instructional designs. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design
theories and models, Vol. II, (pp. 183-213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Shah, N. (2011). Special education pupils find learning tool in iPad applications. Education
Week. Retrieved on 10 December 2013 from: http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/
2011/10/19/01speced.h05.html.
- Shavelson, R. J., Phillips, D. C., Towne, L., & Feuer, M. J. (2003). On the science of education
design studies. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 25-28.
- Shukla-Mehta, S., Miller, T., & Callahan, K. J. (2010). Evaluating the effectiveness of video
instruction on social and communication skills training for children with autism spectrum
disorders: A review of the literature. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental
Disabilities, 25(1), 23-36.
- Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive
Science, 12(2), 257-285.
- Sweller, J. (2008). Human cognitive architecture. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. J. G. Van
Merriënboer & M. P. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational
Communications and Technology (3rd edition) (pp. 369 - 381). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Wang, F. & Hannafin, M. J. (2005). Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning
environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 5-23.
- Wheeler, K. L. (2005). The power of social stories: A strategy for students with autism
spectrum disorder (Unpublished master’s thesis). Fullerton, CA: California State
University.
- van den Akker, J. (1999). Principles and methods of development research. In J. van den Akker,
N. Nieveen, R. M. Branch, K. L. Gustafson & T. Plomp (Eds.), Design methodology and
developmental research in education and training (pp. 1-14). The Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.