Biochar for Sustainable Management of Environment

Öz

Biochar, produced from thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen free or limited environment continues to attract the interests of scientists from various disciplines, due to high carbon content, resistance to degradation and porous structure. Depending on type and nature of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, a wide variety of biochars with different characteristics can be produced. Although all biomasses pyrolyzed at high temperatures are generally referred to as biochar, it is not possible to provide a general definition covering the physical, chemical and biological properties of all biochars. Biochar application in agricultural fields is considered to reduce global warming through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to atmosphere and sequestering atmospheric carbon into soil. Biochar is also an efficient additive to remove organic and inorganic pollutants in soil and water due to high surface area and porosity, surface functional groups and surface charge. Therefore, numerous greenhouse and field studies using biochars produced from plant and feedstock wastes have been recently carried out to investigate the impacts of biochars on environment. However, due to the differences in type and composition of biochars, pyrolysis temperature, particle size, characteristics of soils applied and climate of experimental sites, contradicting reports have been published. Porosity, surface area and surface charge of biochars produced at high pyrolysis temperature are greater compared to biochars produced at low temperature. Therefore, high temperature biochars are reported to be more efficient in removing the pollutants. In this review, definitions of biochar, utilization purposes and results of recent studies conducted to investigate the effects of biochar application on greenhouse gases emissions and nutrient leaching have been compiled and discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biochar
• carbon sequestration
• greenhouse gases
• leaching
• pyrolysis

Sürdürülebilir Çevre Yönetiminde Biyoçar

Öz

Bitkisel ve hayvansal kökenli biyokütlelerin yüksek sıcaklıkta oksijenin olmadığı veya kısıtlı olduğu bir ortamda değişime uğratılmasıyla üretilen karbonca zengin, ayrışmaya dayanıklı ve gözenekli yapıya sahip olan biyoçar, çeşitli disiplinlerden bilim insanlarının ilgisini çekmektedir. Hammaddenin doğasına ve üretim koşullarına bağlı olarak özellikleri birbirlerinden farklı çok çeşitli biyoçar üretmek mümkündür. Her ne kadar yüksek sıcaklıkta oksijensiz ortamda piroliz edilen materyallerin tamamına genel olarak biyoçar adı verilse de tüm biyoçarların fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerini içine alacak bir tanımlama yapmak mümkün değildir. Biyoçarın tarım arazilerinde kullanımının sera gazlarının atmosfere geçişini azaltması ve atmosferdeki karbonun toprakta zenginleştirilmesini sağlaması nedeni ile küresel ısınmanın azaltılmasına önemli katkı yapacağına inanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, yüksek yüzey alanı ve gözenekliliği, yüzeyindeki fonksiyonel grupları ve yüzey yükü nedeni ile biyoçar, toprak ve su içerisindeki organik ve inorganik kirleticilerin uzaklaştırılmasında da etkili bir katkı maddesidir. Bu nedenle, son yıllarda bitkisel ve hayvansal atıkların biyoçara dönüştürülmesi ve çevre amaçlı kullanımını konu eden çok sayıda sera ve arazi çalışmaları yapılmakta ve sonuçları yayınlanmaktadır. Ancak, biyoçar üretilen ham maddenin çeşidi ve bileşimi, piroliz sıcaklığı, parçacık büyüklüğü ve uygulanan toprak ile araştırmanın yürütüldüğü ortamın iklimi gibi birçok özelliğe bağlı olarak biyoçar uygulamaları konusunda birbirleri ile çelişen raporlar görmek mümkündür. Genel olarak piroliz sıcaklığı yükseldikçe biyoçarın gözenekliliği, yüzey alanı ve yüzey yükü arttığından düşük sıcaklıkta üretilen biyoçarlara kıyasla kirleticileri uzaklaştırmada daha etkili olduğu rapor edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, biyoçarın tanımları, faydalanılan alanlar ve yakın zamanda yayınlanmış özellikle biyoçar uygulamalarının sera gazı emisyonları ve besin elementi yıkanmasına etkileri gibi çevre amaçlı uygulamaları konu eden araştırma sonuçları derlenmiş ve bulguları tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyoçar
• karbon zenginleşmesi
• piroliz
• sera gazları
• yıkanma

Kaynakça

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