The Relationship Between Flexible Work Arrangements and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Analysis in the Case of the Netherlands

Öz

As the number of flexible workers in organizations continues to increase, the question of whether these employees exhibit organizational citizenship behaviors or how they display such behaviors is becoming increasingly important. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine how two of the most researched types of flexible work arrangements in the literature—remote work and part-time work—interact with organizational citizenship behavior and to evaluate this issue within the context of the Netherlands. According to the limited number of studies in the literature, part-time and remote workers may differ in terms of organizational citizenship behaviors compared to those employed in traditional work arrangements due to issues such as communication and commitment. Eurostat data reveal that the Netherlands ranks first among EU countries in part-time work and is above average in remote work. This situation in the Netherlands can be explained by the country’s labor regulations, the widespread use of technology, and the sectoral distribution of economic activities. In this context, considering the generally negative tendency in the relationship between flexible work and organizational citizenship behavior observed in the literature, future studies should address the impact of the high rates of flexible work in the Netherlands on organizational citizenship behavior to contribute to filling this gap in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Remote Work
• Part-Time Work
• Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Esnek Çalışma Biçimleri ile Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlişki: Hollanda Örneğinde Bir İnceleme

Öz

Örgütlerde, esnek çalışanların sayısının giderek artmasıyla birlikte, bu çalışanların örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışları sergileyip sergilemeyecekleri ya da bu davranışları hangi şekillerde gösterebilecekleri konusu giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı da literatürde üzerinde en çok araştırma yapılan esnek çalışma biçimlerinden olan uzaktan çalışma ve yarı zamanlı çalışmanın, örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ile nasıl bir etkileşim içerisinde olduğunu incelemek ve Hollanda özelinde konuyu değerlendirmektir. Literatürdeki sınırlı sayıdaki araştırmalara göre ise yarı zamanlı ve uzaktan çalışanların, iletişim ve bağlılık gibi sorunlar nedeniyle geleneksel çalışma biçimleriyle istihdam edilenlere kıyasla örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışlarında farklılık gösterdiği söylenebilir. Eurostat’ın verilerine göre Hollanda’nın ise AB ülkeleri arasında yarı zamanlı çalışmada birinci, uzaktan çalışmada ise ortalamanın üzerinde yer aldığı görülmektedir. Hollanda’daki bu durum ise çalışma hayatındaki yasal düzenlemeler, teknoloji kullanımının yaygınlığı ve ülke içerisindeki ekonomik faaliyetlerin sektörel dağılımı ile açıklanabilir. Bu bağlamda, literatürde esnek çalışma ile örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin genellikle negatif bir eğilim gösterdiği dikkate alındığında ise gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalarda, Hollanda özelindeki yüksek esnek çalışma oranlarının örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerindeki etkisinin ele alınması, literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uzaktan Çalışma
• Yarı Zamanlı Çalışma
• Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı

Kaynakça

1. Abowitz, K. K., & Harnish, J. (2006). Contemporary discourses of citizenship. Review of Educational Research, 76(4), 653-690.
2. Al Omar,A., & Lolli,J., & Chen-McCain,S.L., & Dickerson,J. A Comparison between Full and Part-Time Lodging Employees on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Job Performance. In Proceedings of the International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track, Denver, CO, USA, 29 July 2011.
3. Allan, C. (1998). Stabilising the non-standard workforce: managing labour utilisation in private hospitals. Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 8(3), 61-76.
4. Aziz-Ur-Rehman, M. and Siddiqui, D.A. (2019). Relationship between flexible working arrangements and job satisfaction mediated by work-life balance: evidence from public sector universities employees of Pakistan, International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(1), 1-38.
5. Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595.
6. Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. (1986). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship Between Affect and Employee "Citizenship". The Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595.
7. Bolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors? Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 82-98.
8. Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740-748.

9. Booth, A. L., & van Ours, J. C. (2007). Job Satisfaction And Family Happiness: The Part-Time Work Problem. (CentER Discussion Paper; Vol. 2007-69). Microeconomics.
10. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99–109.
11. Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 710-725.
12. Budur, T., & Poturak, M. (2021). Transformational leadership and its impact on customer satisfaction: Measuring mediating effects of organizational citizenship behaviors. Middle East Journal of Management, 8(1), 67-91.
13. Çelik, M. (2007). Örgüt kültürü ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı: Bir uygulama [Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
14. Chen, Y., & Fulmer, I. S. (2018). Fine‐tuning what we know about employees' experience with flexible work arrangements and their job attitudes. Human Resource Management, 57(1), 381-395.
15. Çiçekoğlu, H. (2019). Presenteeism (işte var olamama), duygusal emek ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışının performans üzerine etkileri: eğitim çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
16. Da, S., Zhu, Z., Cen, H., Gong, X., Siu, O. L., & Zhang, X. (2021). Psychological Capital, Positive Affect, and Organizational Outcomes: A Three Wave Cross-Lagged Study. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 15, 1-13. de Leeuw, F. (2021). Remote Working and Organisational Commitment: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tilburg University.
17. De Vries, H., Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2019). The benefits of teleworking in the public sector: reality or rhetoric?. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(4), 570-593.
18. Efah, E. (2020). Prediction of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior in a nonprofit organization. Grand Canyon University.
19. Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit‐level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
20. Ertan, E. (2020). Konaklama işletmeleri çalışanlarının pozitif psikolojik sermayeleri ile örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma [Doktora Tezi, Kafkas Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
21. Fletcher, L. (2015). Can perceptions of flexible work arrangements boost engagement and desirable employee behaviour. In CIPD Applied Research Conference.
22. Gallie, D., Gebel, M., Giesecke, J., Halldén, K., Van der Meer, P., & Wielers, R. (2016). Quality of work and job satisfaction: Comparing female part-time work in four European countries. International Review of Sociology, 26(3), 457-481.
23. Ganesh, M. P., & Gupta, M. (2010). Impact of virtualness and task interdependence on extra‐role performance in software development teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 16(3/4), 169-186.
24. Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S., & Rycx, F. (2014). Part-time work, wages, and productivity: Evidence from Belgian matched panel data. ILR Review, 67(3), 926-954.
25. Harpaz, I. (2002). Advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for the individual, organization and society. Work study, 51(2), 74-80.
26. Hatmı, K., Esmaeılı, M. R., & Sajadı, S. H. (2017). Predict organizational citizenship behavior of the staff based on the factors of the psychological capital and staff of Ministry of Sport and Youth. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 19(2), 162-168.
27. Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Rab, S., & Suman, R. (2021). Upgrading the manufacturing sector via applications of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Sensors International, 2, 100129.
28. Johansson, E., & Hart, R. (2023). The outcomes of organizational citizenship behaviors in part-time and temporary working university students. Behavioral Sciences, 13(8), 697.
29. Kane, L. M. (2014). Telework and organizational citizenship behaviors: The underexplored roles of social identity and professional isolation. City University of New York.
30. Krajcsák, Z., & Kozák, A. (2022). The moderating role of remote work in the relationship between organizational culture and OCB: case studies from the financial sector. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 19(2), 300-315.
31. Lee, C. (1995). Prosocial organizational behaviors: The roles of workplace justice, achievement striving, and pay satisfaction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10, 197-206.
32. Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131.
33. Lee, S. B., Shin, Y., Jeon, Y., & Kim, S. (2022). Factors affecting social isolation among the young adults in South Korea: A cross-sectional analysis. Frontiers in public health, 10, 979136.
34. Love, A., & Kim, S. (2019). Organizational citizenship behavior in sport: A perspective from athletes. Journal of Sport Management, 33(1), 25-36.
35. Lim, V. K., & Teo, T. S. (2000). To work or not to work at home‐An empirical investigation of factors affecting attitudes towards teleworking. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(6), 560-586.
36. Liu, P., Begley, M., Michowski, W., Inuzuka, H., Ginzberg, M., Gao, D., ... & Wei, W. (2014). Cell-cycle-regulated activation of Akt kinase by phosphorylation at its carboxyl terminus. Nature, 508(7497), 541-545.
37. Neirotti, P., Raguseo, E., & Gastaldi, L. (2019). Designing flexible work practices for job satisfaction: The relation between job characteristics and work disaggregation in different types of work arrangements. New Technology, Work and Employment, 34(2), 116-138.
38. Nuryanto, U., Basrowi, B., & Quraysin, I. (2024). Big data and IoT adoption in shaping organizational citizenship behavior: The role of innovation organizational predictor in the chemical manufacturing industry. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 8(1), 225-268.
39. Meymand, M. M., Tabaeyan, E. S., Azizi, I., & Shadmand, S. (2017). The impact of psychological climate on organizational citizenship behavior: The mediator role of psychological empowerment. IJISET-International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 4(10).
40. Müller, P. (2014). Part-Time Work and Employee Satisfaction, Munich, GRIN Verlag. International Human Resource Management .
41. Millward, L. J., Haslam, S. A., & Postmes, T. (2007). Putting employees in their place: The impact of hot desking on organizational and team identification. Organization Science, 18(4), 547-559.
42. Moitra, D. (2001). India’s software industry. IEEE Software, 18(1), 77-80.
43. Morf, M. (2021). Analysis of the Well-Being of Part-Time Workers in Switzerland. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Lucerne].
44. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Sage Publications.
45. Öztürk, E. B. (2020). Esnek çalışmanın iş tatmini ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Telekomünikasyon sektöründe çalışanlar üzerinde bir araştırma [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
46. Özbek, C. Çalışanların duygusal zekâsı ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışının çalışan performansı üzerindeki etkisi-perakende sektöründe deneysel bir uygulama [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Beykent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
47. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
48. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122.
49. Ryan, J. J. (2001). Moral reasoning as a determinant of organizational citizenship behaviors: A study in the public accounting profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 33, 233-244.
50. Schall, M. A. (2019). The relationship between remote work and job satisfaction: The mediating roles of perceived autonomy, work-family conflict, and telecommuting intensity [Master’s thesis, San Jose State University]
51. Shittu, O. & Omar, O. (2006). Retail employment: An evaluation of supermarket part-time work in London, UK. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 9(2), 93-98.
52. Shukla, A., & Singh, S. (2013). Psychological capital & citizenship behavior: Evidence from telecom sector in India. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 49(1), 97-110.
53. Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
54. Stamper, C. L., Masterson, S. S., & Knapp, J. (2009). A typology of organizational membership: Understanding different membership relationships through the lens of social exchange. Management and Organization Review, 5(3), 303-328.
55. Stamper, C. L., & Van Dyne, L. (2003). Organizational citizenship: A comparison between part-time and full-time service employees. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(1), 33-42.
56. Stamper, C. L., & Dyne, L. V. (2001). Work status and organizational citizenship behavior: A field study of restaurant employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 22(5), 517-536.
57. Taboroši, S., Strukan, E., Poštin, J., Konjikušić, M., & Nikolić, M. (2020). Organizational commitment and trust at work by remote employees. Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness (JEMC), 10(1), 48-60.
58. Tonkin, T. H. (2013). Authentic versus transformational leadership: Assessing their effectiveness on organizational citizenship behavior of followers. International Journal of Business & Public Administration, 10(1), 1-14.
59. Turnipseed, D. (1996). Organization citizenship behaviour: An examination of the influence of the workplace. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(2), 42-47.
60. Uça, 2020 https://www.dunya.com/ekonomi/garciaya-mektup-haberi-411349 Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2024 Uslu, O. (2021). Hawthorne Araştırmaları. Deney ve Gözlem Temelli Psikolojik Çalışmaların Örgütsel Davranışa Katkıları, içinde (1-27), Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
61. Ünlü Köse, E. (2019). İzlenim yönetimi taktiklerinin görev performansına etkisi: Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışının rolü [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü].
62. Wheatley, D. (2017). Employee satisfaction and use of flexible working arrangements. Work, employment and society, 31(4), 567-585.
63. Worku, M. A., & Debela, K. L. (2024). A systematic literature review on organizational citizenship behavior: Conceptualization, antecedents, and future research directions. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2350804.
64. Wooden, 2023 https://wol.iza.org/opinions/working-from-home-during-covid-and-womens-job-satisfaction Erişim Tarihi: 06.09.2023.
65. Van Dyne, L., Kossek, E., & Lobel, S. (2007). Less need to be there: Cross-level effects of work practices that support work-life flexibility and enhance group processes and group-level OCB. Human Relations, 60(8), 1123-1154.
66. Zhang, Y., Liao, J., & Zhao, J. (2011). Research on the organizational citizenship behavior continuum and its consequences. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 5(3), 364-379.
67. Fortune https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ (Erişim: 09.01.2025)
68. Marketing Scoop, 2024 https://www.marketingscoop.com/consumer/does-walmart-hire-part-time/#google_vignette (Erişim: 10.01.2025)
69. BBC, 2024 https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cden9y37e6ro) (Erişim: 04.01.2025)
70. Statistics Netherlands, 2024 https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2024/11/over-half-of-dutch-people-work-from-home-sometimes (Erişim: 03.01.2025)
71. Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsa_ehomp__custom_12158505/default/table?lang=en (Erişim: 04.01.2025)
72. Statistics Netherlands, https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-netherlands-in-numbers-2022/who-are-most-likely-to-work-part-time/?utm_source=chatgpt.com (Erişim: 05.01.2025)
73. The Holland Times, 2024 https://www.hollandtimes.nl/2024-edition-june/breaking-the-part-time-habit-in-the-netherlands-a-decade-long-e75-million-initiative/ (Erişim: 03.01.2025)
74. Entrepreneur, 2024 https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/walmart-employees-push-back-against-return-to-office-mandate/477986 (Erişim: 03.01.2025)
75. Eurostat https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TPS00159/default/table?lang=en (Erişim: 03.01.2025)
76. Industrial Relations and Labour Law News, 2022 https://industrialrelationsnews.ioe-emp.org/industrial-relations-and-labour-law-july-2022/news/article/netherlands-new-bill-on-remote-work (Erişim: 05.01.2025)