HAYAT ÖYKÜLERİNİN HİKÂYELERİ: ROMA’DAN ANTİK ERMENİ LİTERATÜRÜNE BİYOGRAFİ GELENEĞİ

Öz

Antik literatürde biyografi denildiğinde akla gelen ilk Plutarchus’un Paralel Yaşamlar adlı eseridir, ancak bu türün en eski örneği o değildir. Çok daha sonra, kilise tarihçisi Eusebius’un İmparator Constantinus’un onuruna yazdığı biyografik bir panegyrik olan Vita Constantini ve Athanasius’un Vita Antonii’si bu ünü miras almıştır. Bununla birlikte, daha doğuda, Ermeni literatüründe kısmen gizlenmiş ve antik yazarlar tarafından göz ardı edilmiş olsa da, patristik ve anonim bir Ermeni biyografi geleneği de vardır. Şaşırtıcı bir şekilde, ilk yazılı Ermenice metnin bir biyografi olma ihtimaline kardeşın mevcut literatür Doğu ve Batı arasındaki literatür aktarımına yeterli ilgiyi göstermemiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma Ermeni literatürünün biyografi geleneğindeki Romalı seleflerinden, özellikle de Yunanca yazanlardan ne ölçüde etkilendiği ve bu geleneğin Ermeni literatüründe nasıl şekillendiğini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyografi Geleneği
• Ermeni literatürü
• Vita
• Varkʿ Maštocʿ.

THE STORIES OF LIVES: BIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION FROM “ROMAN” TO ARMENIAN LITERATURE

Öz

The first touchstone that comes to mind when considering the tradition of biographical writing in ancient literature is Plutarch’s Parallel Lives, although he was not the earliest example of this method. Much later, came the Vita Constantini, a panegyric written by the church historian Eusebius in honour of the Emperor Constantine, and Athanasius’ Vita Antonii. Moreover, further east, a patristic and encomiastic Armenian biographical tradition exists, albeit partly obscured in Armenian literature and overlooked by ancient authors. Surprisingly, existing literature has not dedicated sufficient attention to the transmission of literature between the East and West, despite the likelihood that the first written Armenian text was a biography. Therefore, this study will discuss the extent to which Armenian literature was influenced by its Roman predecessors in the biographical tradition, especially those who wrote in Greek, and how this tradition was shaped in Armenian literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biographical Tradition
• Armenian Literature
• Vita
• Varkʿ Maštocʿ

Kaynakça

1. Ancient Sources
2. Agatʿangełos = Agatʿangełos, Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ, (Eds. G. Tēr-Mkrtčʿean and S. Kanayeancʿ), Tiflis 1909; English trans. Thomson, W. Robert, Agathangelos, History of the Armenians, Albany 1976.
3. Ammianus Marcellinus = Ammianus Marcellinus, History, Volume III: Books 27-31. Excerpta Valesiana, (Trans. J.C. Rolfe), London 1939.
4. Anania Širakacʿi = Anania Širakacʿi, “Inkʿnakensagrutʿiwn (Autobiography)”, in Matenagrutiun, (Ed. S. G. Abrahamian and G. B. Petrosian), Erevan 1979.
5. Buzandaran = Buzandaran, Pʿawstosi Buzandacʿwoy Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ, (Ed. Kʿ. Patkanean), St Petersburg 1883; English trans. Garsoïan, G. Nina, The Epic Histories Attributed to Pʿawstos Buzand (Buzandaran Patmutʿiwnkʿ), Cambridge 1989.
6. Ełišē = Ełišēi vasn Vardanay ew Hayocʿ Paterazmin, (Ed. E. Tēr Minasyan), Erevan 1957; English trans. Thomson, W. Robert, Eḷishē, History of Vardan and the Armenian War, Cambridge 1982.
7. Eusebius, HE, = Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History Volume I: Books 1–5, (Trans. K. Lake), Cambridge 1926.
8. Łazar Pʿarpecʿi = Łazar Pʿarpecʿi Patmut’iwn Hayoc’ ew T’ułt’ aṙ Vahan Mamikonean, (Eds. G. Tēr-Mkrtč’ean and S. Malxasean), Tiflis 1904; English trans., Thomson, W. Robert, The History of Łazar P’arpec’i, Atlanta 1991.

9. Life of St. Nino, (Trans. Margery Wardrop and James O. Wardrop), New Jersey 1903, pp. 1-88; Movsēs Xorenacʿi = Movsēs Xorenacʿi, Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ, (Eds. M. Abełean and S. Yarutʿiwnean), Tiflis 1913; English trans. Thomson, W. Robert, Moses Khorenats’i, History of the Armenians, Cambridge 1978.
10. Origenes, In Numeros Homilia = Origen, In Numeros Homiliae, (Ed. W. A. Baehrens), Patrologia Graeca, XII, Leipzig 1921.
11. Varkʿ Maštocʿ = Koryun, Varkʿ Maštocʿi, in; Matenagirkʿ Hayocʿ, (Ed. Zawēn Ekawean), vol. I, Antʿilias 2003, pp. 225-272; English trans., Terian, Abraham, The Life of Mashtotsʿ by His Disciple Koriwn, Oxford 2023.
12. Vita Antonii = Ellershaw, H., “Life of Antony, Select Writings of Athanasius”, in Library of Nicene and post Nicene Fathers, II/4, New York 1924, pp. 195-221.
13. Vita Constantini = Eusebius, Life of Constantine, (Trans. Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall), Oxford 1999.
14. Vita Gregorii Thaumaturgi = Gregory of Nyssa, De Vita Gregorii Thaumaturgi, (Ed. Gunther Heil), in Gregorii Nysseni Sermones, II, (Ed. Friedhelm Mann), vol. X.1, Leiden, 1990, pp. 3-57.
15. Vita Nersēsi = Vita Nersēs, Généalogie de la Famille de Saint Grégoire Illuminateur de l’Arménie et Vie de Saint Nerses Patriarche des Arméniens, in Collection des Histories Anciens et Modernes de l’Arménie, II, (Trans. Victor Langlois), Paris 1869, pp. 21-44.
16. Vita Severi = Zacharias Rhetor, Vita Severi, (Ed. M. A. Kugener), Patrologia Orientalis, I, Paris 1903.
17. Modern Literature
18. Arlen, S. Jesse, “Armenian”, in Eastern Christianity: A Reader, (Ed. J. Edward Walters), Michigan 2021, pp. 143-199.
19. Berberian, Haig, “Autobiographie d’Anania Širakacʿi”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, N.S. I, (1964), pp. 189-194.
20. Bíró, Margit, “Shushanikʿs Georgian Vita”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XXXVIII-1/2, (1984), pp. 187-200.
21. Blanchardi J. Monica, vd., “The Armenian Version of the "Life of Evagrius of Pontus”, St Nersess Theological Review, V/6, (2000-2001), pp. 25-37.
22. Brown, Peter, “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity”, The Journal of Roman Studies, LXI, (1971), pp. 80-101.
23. Cameron, Averil, “Eusebius’ Vita Constantini and the Construction of Constantine”, in Portraits: Biographical Representation in the Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire, (Eds. S. Swain and M. Edwards), Oxford, 1997, pp. 145-174.
24. Conybeare, C. Frederick, “Ananias of Sirak,”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, XI, (1897), pp. 572-584.
25. Cowe, Peter, “Armenian Biography in Late Antiquity”, in The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Biography, (Ed. Koen De Temmerman), Oxford 2020, pp. 430-446.
26. Cowe, Peter, “Armenian Hagiography”, in Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography, (Ed. S. Efthymiadis), vol. 1, Aldershot 2011, pp. 299-322.
27. Debié, Muriel, “Syriac Biography”, in The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Biography, (Ed. Koen De Temmerman), Oxford 2020, pp. 401-416.
28. Delehaye, Hippolyte, Les Passions des Martyrs et Genres Littéraires, Brussels 1921.
29. Drijvers, J. W. Han, “The Man of God of Edessa, Bishop Rabbula, and the Urban Poor: Church and Society in the Fifth Century”, Journal of Early Christian Studies, IV/2, (1996), pp. 235-248.
30. Garsoïan, G. Nina, The Epic Histories Attributed to Pʿawstos Buzand, Cambridge 1989.
31. Hägg, Tomas, The Art of Biography in Antiquity, Cambridge 2012.
32. Hairapetian, Srbouhi, History of Armenian Literature, New York 1995.
33. Harmless, William, Desert Christians, Oxford 2004.
34. Horn, B. Cornelia, “The Lives and Literary Roles of Children in Advancing Conversion to Christianity: Hagiography from the Caucasus in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages”, Church History, LXXVI/2, (2007), pp. 262-297.
35. Inglisian, Vahan, “Die Armenische Literatur”, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, I/vii, Armenisch und Kaukasische Sprachen, Leiden 1963.
36. Keenan, M. E. Sister, “Life of St. Anthony by St. Athanasius”, in Early Christian Biographies, The Fathers of the Church, XV, (Ed. R. J. Deferrari), Washington, 1952, pp. 127-216.
37. Leloir, Louis, Saint Ephrem, Commentaire de l’Évangile Concordant, Version Arménienne, Louvain 1953.
38. Lent, F. Frederick, “The Life of St. Simeon Stylites: A Translation of the Syriac Text in Bedjan’s Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum, vol. IV”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, XXXV, (1915), pp. 103-198.
39. Mahé, Jean-Pierre, “Une Légitimation Scripturaire de l’Hagiographie: La Préface de Koriwn (443) à la Vie de Maštocʿ, Inventeur de l’Alphabet Arménien”, in De Tertullien aux Mozarabes: Mélanges Offerts à Jacques Fontaine, à l’Occasion de Son 70e Anniversaire, par ses élèves, Amis et Collègues, (Ed. Louis Holtz et Jean-Claude Fredouille), I, Paris 1992, pp. 29-43.
40. Maksoudian, Krikor, The Passion of Saint Shushanik: A New Translation of the Principal and Lesser Texts, New York 1999.
41. Mathews, G. Edward, “Early Armenian and Syrian Contact: Reflections on Koriwn’s Life of Maštocʿ”, Saint Nersess Theological Review, VII, (2002), pp. 5-19.
42. McCollum, C. Adam, “Greek Literature in the Christian East: Translations into Syriac, Georgian, and Armenian”, Intellectual History of the Islamicate World, III, (2015), pp. 15-65.
43. McCollum, C. Adam, “Greek Literature in the Christian East: Translations into Syriac, Georgian, and Armenian”, Intellectual History of the Islamicate World, III, (2015), pp. 15-65.
44. Mitchell, Stephen, “The Life and Lives of Gregory Thaumaturgus.” in Portraits of Spiritual Authority: Religious Power in Early Christianity, Byzantium and the Christian Orient, (Ed. Jan Willem Drijvers and John W. Watt), Leiden 1999, pp. 97-138.
45. Movsisyan, Artak, The Writing Culture of Pre-Christian Armenia, (Trans. Varditer Grigoryan and Mary Grigoryan), Yerevan 2006.
46. Muradyan, M. Paruyr, Surb Šušaniki Vkayabanutʿiwnǝ (The Martyrdom of Saint Šušanik), Yerevan 1996.
47. Pogossian, Zaroui, “Jews in Armenian Apocalyptic Traditions of the 12th Century: A Fictional Community or New Encounters?”, in Peoples of the Apocalypse, (Eds. W. Brandes, F. Schmieder and R. Voß), Berlin 2016, pp. 147-192.
48. Pogossian, Zaroui, “Women at the Beginning of Christianity in Armenia”, Orientalia Christiana Periodica, XIX, (2003), pp. 355-380. Rapp, H. Stephen, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts, Lovanii 2003.
49. Rewa, P. Michael, “Early Christian Life-Writing: Panegyric and Hagiography”, Biography, II/1, (1979), pp. 60-82.
50. Shirinian, M. Erna, “Notes on Some Syntactic, Lexicological and Morphological Particularities of the Armenian Translation of Socrates Scholasticus’ Ecclesiastical History (the Longer Socrates)”, Le Muséon, CXIII, (1995), pp. 79-84.
51. Sopʿerkʿ Haykakan, (Ed. Łevond Ališan), Paris 1853-1854.
52. Terian, Abraham, “Koriwn’s Life of Mashtotsʿ as an Encomium”, Journal of Society for Armenian Studies, III, (1987), pp. 1-14.
53. Terian, Abraham, “The Hellenizing School: Its Time, Place, and Scope of Activities Reconsidered”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, (Ed. Nina G. Garsoian, Thomas F. Mathews and Robert W. Thomson), Washington 1982, pp. 175-186.
54. Terian, Abraham, Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics on Saint Gregory, Crestwood 2005.
55. Terian, Abraham, The Life of Mashtotsʿ by His Disciple Koriwn, Oxford 2023.
56. Thomson, W. Robert, “Armenian Literary Culture through the Eleventh Century”, in The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, (Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian), vol. I, New York 1997, pp. 199-239.
57. Thomson, W. Robert, “Mission, Conversion, and Christianization: The Armenian Example”, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, XII/XIII, (1988/1989), pp. 28-45.
58. Thomson, W. Robert, “The Armenian Versions of the “Life of Silvester”, Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies, XIV, (2005), pp. 55-139.
59. Thomson, W. Robert, “The Concept of “History” in Medieval Armenian Historians”, in Eastern Approaches to Byzantium: Papers from the Thirty-third Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, March 1999, (Ed. Antony Eastmond), Aldershot 2001, pp. 89-100.
60. Thomson, W. Robert, Moses Khorenatsʿi, History of the Armenians, London 1978.
61. Van Esbroeck, Michel “Témoignages Littéraires sur les Sépultures de Saint Grégoire l’Illuminateur”, Analecta Bollandiana, LXXXIX, (1971), pp. 387-418.
62. Varkʿ Srbotsʿ Harantsʿ ew Kʿaghakʿavarutʿiwnkʿ Notsʿin [Lives and Deeds of the Holy Fathers], (Ed. Łevond Ališan), Venice, 1855.
63. Winkler, Gabriele, “Our Present Knowledge of the History of Agatʿangelos and its Oriental Versions”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, XVI, (1980), pp. 125-141.
64. Winkler, Gabriele, Koriwns Biographie des Mesrop Maštocʿ: Übersetzung und Kommentar, Roma 1994.
65. Wiśniewski, Robert, “Clerical Hagiography in Late Antiquity”, in The Hagiographical Experiment: Developing Discourses of Sainthood, (Eds. Christa Gray and James Corke-Webster), Leiden 2020, pp. 93-118.