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Birinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesinde Reuters ve İmparatorluk Yönetimleri: Bir Örnek Çalışma

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 129 - 144, 06.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.656119

Öz

Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde, Havas, Wolff’s ve Reuters ajansları birçok farklı devletle gizli anlaşmalar imzalamıştır ve her birine farklı vaatlerde bulunmuştur. Bu ajanslar habere bir meta gibi davranmış ve kendilerine ödenek sağlayan tüm hükümetler ile anlaşma yapmıştır. Ajanslar, devlet yöneticilerini kendileriyle anlaşma yapmaya ikna etmek için mevcut siyasi durumdan ve imparatorluklar arasındaki gerilimden faydalanmışlardır. Bu şekilde Wolff’s, Havas ve Reuters’e karşı güçlenirken, Havas iç pazarda rakiplerine karşı üstünlük sağlamış ve Rus İmparatorluğu’ndan on yıldan uzun bir süre ödenek almıştır. Reuters ise bu yöntemle, Japon ve Britanya imparatorluklarıyla gizli anlaşmalar imzalamıştır. Ayrıca, Mısır hükümeti tarafından kendisine elli yıldan daha uzun bir süre para yardımı yapılmıştır. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısından Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar Avrupa’nın ilk ve en büyük üç haber ajansı Havas, Wolff’s ve Reuters, kazançlarını arttırmak için hükümetlerle anlaşma yapma politikası gütmüşlerdir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak

Proje Numarası

2214/A

Kaynakça

  • Archival Documents
  • Churchill Archive: CHAR 13/1/37–39, 29 Nov. 1911–30 Nov. 1911.
  • Reuters Archive, RA: 1/8714059 LN 238, 1/8911601 LN 462.
  • The United Kingdom National Archives, NA: HD 3/97, HD 3/109.
  • Secondary Sources
  • Basse, Dieter, Wolff’s Telegraphisches Bureau 1849 bis 1933. München: K.G. Saur, 1991.
  • Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, The International News Agencies. London: Constable, 1980.
  • Boyd-Barrett, Oliver and Terhi Rantanen, “The Globalization of News.” In The Globalization of News. Edited by Oliver Boyd-Barrett and Terhi Rantanen. London: Sage Publications, 1998.
  • Collins, Henry M., From Pigeon Post to Wireless. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1925.
  • Fenby, Jonathan, The International News Services: A Twentieth Century Fund Report. New York: Schocken Books, 1986.
  • Frédérix, Pierre, Un Siècle de Chasse aux Nouvelles de l’Agence d’Information Havas a L’Agence France-Presse (1837-1957). Paris: Flammarion, 1959.
  • Jones, Roderick, A Life in Reuters (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1951).
  • Keyserlingk, Robert, Media Manipulation: The Press and Bismarck in Imperial Germany. Montreal: International Publishers Representatives, 1977.
  • Koloğlu, Orhan, Havas-Reuter’den Anadolu Ajansı’na, Osmanlı’da Basın Teknikleri ve Araçları. Ankara: Çağdaş Gazeteciler Derneği Yayınları, 1994.
  • , Osmanlı Döneminde Basın Teknikleri ve Araçları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yayınları, 2010.
  • Lefebure, Antoine, Havas: Les Arcanes du Pouvoir. Grasset: Paris, 1992.
  • Miller, Gregory D., The Shadow of the Past: Reputation and the Military Alliances Before the First World War. New York: Cornell University Press, 2012.
  • Nalbach, Alexander Scott, “’Poisoned at the Source?’ Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century,” Business History Review, vol. 77, no.4 (Winter 2003).
  • , The Ring Combination: Information, Power and the World News Agency Cartel. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999.
  • Packer, Ian, Liberal Government and Politics, 1905-15. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Paine, S.C.M., The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Palmer, Michel B., “Crieurs et Diffuseurs de Journaux: Perspectives Françaises et Britanniques, 1860-1900.” In La distribution et la Diffusion de la Presse, du XVIIIe Siècle au IIIe Millénaire, edited by Gilles Feyel. Paris: Editions Panthéon-Assas, 2002.
  • , Des Petits Journaux aux Grandes Agences: Naissance du Journalisme Moderne (1863-1914). Paris: Aubier, 1983.
  • , “L’agence Havas, Reuters et Bismarck: L’échec de la Triple Alliance Télégraphique (1887-1889).” Revue d’histoire diplomatique, vol. 90, 1976.
  • Read, Donald, The Power of News: The History of Reuters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Rantanen, Terhi, Foreign News in Imperial Russia: The Relationship between International and Russian News Agencies, 1856-1914. Helsinki: Federation of Finnish Scientific Societies, 1990.
  • Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan, The International Distribution of News. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Storey, Graham, Reuters’ Century, 1851-1951. London: Max Parrish, 1951.
  • Taylor, Alan J., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954.
  • Totman, Conrad, A History of Japan. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
  • Zagare, Frank C., “The Moroccan Crisis of 1905-1906: An Analytic Narrative.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, vol. 21, Issue 3 (August 2015).

Reuters and the Goverments before The World War I: A Case Study

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 129 - 144, 06.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.656119

Öz

Before the World War I, Havas, Wolff’s, and Reuters agencies signed confidential agreements with several governments, promising to serve them in various ways. These agencies concluded contracts with any government that was willing to subsidize them, treated news as an ordinary commodity. To convince statesmen to sign agreements with them, the agencies took advantage of world politics and tensions between empires. By this way, Wolff’s overcame its vulnerability to Havas and Reuters while Havas defied competition in its home market and secured a large subsidy from the Russian Empire for more than a decade. Likewise, Reuters signed confidential agreements with the Japanese and the British empires and was subsidized by the Egyptian government for more than five decades. From the second half of the nineteenth century, until the World War I, the policy of the first and major news agencies of Europe, Havas, Wolff’s, and Reuters was to maximize their profits by signing contracts with governments.

Proje Numarası

2214/A

Kaynakça

  • Archival Documents
  • Churchill Archive: CHAR 13/1/37–39, 29 Nov. 1911–30 Nov. 1911.
  • Reuters Archive, RA: 1/8714059 LN 238, 1/8911601 LN 462.
  • The United Kingdom National Archives, NA: HD 3/97, HD 3/109.
  • Secondary Sources
  • Basse, Dieter, Wolff’s Telegraphisches Bureau 1849 bis 1933. München: K.G. Saur, 1991.
  • Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, The International News Agencies. London: Constable, 1980.
  • Boyd-Barrett, Oliver and Terhi Rantanen, “The Globalization of News.” In The Globalization of News. Edited by Oliver Boyd-Barrett and Terhi Rantanen. London: Sage Publications, 1998.
  • Collins, Henry M., From Pigeon Post to Wireless. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1925.
  • Fenby, Jonathan, The International News Services: A Twentieth Century Fund Report. New York: Schocken Books, 1986.
  • Frédérix, Pierre, Un Siècle de Chasse aux Nouvelles de l’Agence d’Information Havas a L’Agence France-Presse (1837-1957). Paris: Flammarion, 1959.
  • Jones, Roderick, A Life in Reuters (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1951).
  • Keyserlingk, Robert, Media Manipulation: The Press and Bismarck in Imperial Germany. Montreal: International Publishers Representatives, 1977.
  • Koloğlu, Orhan, Havas-Reuter’den Anadolu Ajansı’na, Osmanlı’da Basın Teknikleri ve Araçları. Ankara: Çağdaş Gazeteciler Derneği Yayınları, 1994.
  • , Osmanlı Döneminde Basın Teknikleri ve Araçları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yayınları, 2010.
  • Lefebure, Antoine, Havas: Les Arcanes du Pouvoir. Grasset: Paris, 1992.
  • Miller, Gregory D., The Shadow of the Past: Reputation and the Military Alliances Before the First World War. New York: Cornell University Press, 2012.
  • Nalbach, Alexander Scott, “’Poisoned at the Source?’ Telegraphic News Services and Big Business in the Nineteenth Century,” Business History Review, vol. 77, no.4 (Winter 2003).
  • , The Ring Combination: Information, Power and the World News Agency Cartel. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999.
  • Packer, Ian, Liberal Government and Politics, 1905-15. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Paine, S.C.M., The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Palmer, Michel B., “Crieurs et Diffuseurs de Journaux: Perspectives Françaises et Britanniques, 1860-1900.” In La distribution et la Diffusion de la Presse, du XVIIIe Siècle au IIIe Millénaire, edited by Gilles Feyel. Paris: Editions Panthéon-Assas, 2002.
  • , Des Petits Journaux aux Grandes Agences: Naissance du Journalisme Moderne (1863-1914). Paris: Aubier, 1983.
  • , “L’agence Havas, Reuters et Bismarck: L’échec de la Triple Alliance Télégraphique (1887-1889).” Revue d’histoire diplomatique, vol. 90, 1976.
  • Read, Donald, The Power of News: The History of Reuters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Rantanen, Terhi, Foreign News in Imperial Russia: The Relationship between International and Russian News Agencies, 1856-1914. Helsinki: Federation of Finnish Scientific Societies, 1990.
  • Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan, The International Distribution of News. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Storey, Graham, Reuters’ Century, 1851-1951. London: Max Parrish, 1951.
  • Taylor, Alan J., The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954.
  • Totman, Conrad, A History of Japan. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
  • Zagare, Frank C., “The Moroccan Crisis of 1905-1906: An Analytic Narrative.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, vol. 21, Issue 3 (August 2015).
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ceren Uçan 0000-0002-8003-0466

Proje Numarası 2214/A
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Uçan, Ceren. “Reuters and the Goverments before The World War I: A Case Study”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Aralık 2019): 129-44. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.656119.