OSMANLIDA İLK PROTESTAN MİSYONERLER: QUAKERLAR

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 27.07.2023

Arus Yumul

https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1333518

Cited By: 1

Öz

İlk Protestan misyonerlerinin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na gelişi on dokuzuncu yüzyıla tarihlense de ilk misyonerlerin geliş tarihi en geç on yedinci yüzyıldır. On yedinci yüzyıl İngiltere’sinin kaotik siyasi ve dini atmosferinde ortaya çıkan ve George Fox tarafından kurulan binyılcı muhalif Hıristiyan hareketlerinden, Dostların Dini Derneği veya Quakerler, İngiliz Protestanlığının ilk geniş çaplı misyonerlik hareketiydi. Dinleri, dilleri ırkları, milliyetleri ne olursa olsun Tanrı’nın her insanda var olduğuna dair “İç Işık” öğretisiyle yola çıkan misyonerler herkesi içindeki ışığa döndürmeyi amaçlıyorlardı. Aynı maksatla Osmanlı topraklarına da gelen misyonerler, Quaker mesajını sadece Müslüman ve Gayrimüslimlere değil aynı zamanda Osmanlı sultanına da ulaştırmaya çalıştılar. Misyonerlik çabalarında herhangi bir başarı kaydedememelerine rağmen Quakerlar genellikle ülkeden görevlerini yerine getirmiş olmanın verdiği huzurla ayrıldılar. Bu makale, Sultan VI. Mehmet’le bizzat görüşüp mesajını iletmeyi başaran Mary Fisher’dan aynı amaçla yola çıkan ancak amaçlarına ulaşamayan Quakerlara, imparatorluğa daha mütevazı amaçlarla gelen misyonerlere kadar birinci nesil Quakerların Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na yönelik faaliyetlerinin bir dökümünü yapmakta; Quaker misyonerlerinin hem yerli halk ve yetkililer ile ilişkilerini, hem de ülkede faaliyet gösteren İngiliz tüccar, konsolos ve elçilerle yaşadıkları gerilimli, çatışmalı ilişkiyi ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Quakerlar, Misyonerlik, Osmanlı, Binyılcılık, Mesihçilik

The First Protestant Missionaries in the Ottoman Empire: the Quakers

Öz

Although the arrival of the first Protestant missionaries to the Ottoman Empire is dated to the nineteenth century, the date of the arrival of the first missionaries is, in fact, the seventeenth century at the latest. Founded by George Fox, the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers –one of the millennialist dissident Christian movements that emerged in the chaotic political and religious atmosphere of seventeenth-century England- was the earliest large-scale missionary movement of Protestantism. Missionaries, who set out with the “Inner Light” doctrine that God exists in every human being irrespective of religion, language, race, or nationality, aimed to awaken everyone to the light within them. With this purpose in mind, missionaries who came to Ottoman lands attempted to convey their message not only to Muslims and non-Muslims, but also to the sultan. Although they did not succeed in their efforts, they often left the country with the satisfaction of having fulfilled their duties. This article gives an inventory of first-generation Quakers’ activities towards Ottomans, from Mary Fisher who managed to personally meet Sultan Mehmet IV, to the Quakers who set out with the same purpose but could not accomplish their goal, to the missionaries who came to the empire with more modest purposes. It deals with the relations of Quaker missionaries with the local people and officials, as well as their tense and conflictual relation with British merchants, consuls and ambassadors operating in the country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Quakers, Missionary, Ottoman, Millenarianism, Messianism

Kaynakça

• Arpee Leon , The Armenian Awakening: A History of the Armenian Church, Chicago 1909. Barclay, John, Letters of Early Friends, Londra, 1841, son erişim tarihi: 28. 09. 2021, h t t p s : / / w w w . fr i e n d s l i b r a r y . c o m / j o h n - b a r c l a y / l e t t e r s - o f- e a r l y - fr i e n d s /
• Barclay, Robert, An Apology fort he True Christian Divinity: Being an Explanation and Vindication of the Principles and Doctrines of the People called Quakers, Birmingham 1765.
• Baker, Daniel, A Clear Voice of Truth Sounded Forth, and as an Ensign Lifted Up and Displayed in Answer to the Proceedings of the Christians by Name in Asia, by Way of Controversie and Expostulation, Londra 1662, son erişim tarihi: 30.09.2022, (https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A29602.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext)
• Bauman, Richard, Let Yout Words be Few: Symbolism of Speaking and Silence Among Seventeenth- Century Qıakers, Cambridge 1983.
• Bentley, Jerry, H., Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times, Oxford 1993.
• Besse, Joseph, A Collection of the Sufferings of the People Called Quakers, C 2, Londra 1753. Bickley, A.C.George Fox and the Early Quakers, Londra 1884.
• Birch, Thomas, (ed.) A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe, C 7, Londra 1742. Bishop, George, New England Judged by the Spirit of the Lord, Londra 1703.
• Brailsford, Mabel Rihmond, Quaker Women: 1650-1690, Londra 1915.
• Braithwaite, William C., The Beginnings of Quakerism, Londra 1912.
• Carroll, Kenneth L., John Perrot: Early Quaker Schismatic, Londra 1971.
• Croese, Gerardus, The General History of the Quakers: Containing the Lives, Tenents, Sufferings,
• Tryals, Speeches and Lettters of the most Eminent Quakers, Both Men and Women: From the First Rise of that Sect Down to this Present Time, Londra 1696, son erişim tarihi: 28 Eylül 2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A35020.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Dandelion, Pink The Quakers: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford 2008
• Dewsbery, William, The Faithful Testimony of that Antient Servant of the Lord, and Minister of the Everlasting Gospel William Dewsberry: his Books, Epistles and Writings, Collected and Printed for Future Service Londra 1689, son erişim tarihi: 29 .09.2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A35837.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Fox, George, To the Turk, and All that are Under his Supream, To Read this Over which Concerns their Salvation, Londra 1660, son erişim tarihi: 2.09.2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B23173.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Fox, George, To the Great Turk and his King at Argiers with a Postscript of George Pattison’s Taking the Turks and setting them on Their Own Shoar, Londra 1680, son erişim tarihi: 2.09.2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A40298.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Fox, George, A Journal or A Historical Account of the Life, Travels Sufferings, Christian Experiences and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry, of that Ancient, Eminent and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, George Fox, C 1, Londra 1694, son erişim tarihi: 3.10.2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A40209.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Fox, George, A Collection of Many Select and Christian Epistles Letters and Testimonies Written on Sundry Occasions, New York 1831.
• Fox, George, Narrative Papers of George Fox, Unpublished or Uncollected, (ed. Henry J. Cadbury) Richmond, In. 1972.
• Goldish,Matt, The Sabbatean Prophets, Cambridge, Mass. 2004.
• Hubberthorn, Richard, A Collection of the Several Books and Writings of that Faithful Servant of God, Londra 1663, son erişim tarihi: 16 Eylül 2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A44832.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Juterczenka, Sünne, “Charting the ‘Progress of Truth’: Quaker Missions and the Topography of Dissent in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe”, British Protestant Missions and the Conversion of Europe, 1600-1900, (ed. Simone Maghenzani- Stefano Villani), Londra 2021, s. 79-101.
• Jütte, Daniel, “The Jewish Consuls in the Mediterranean and the Holy Roman Empire during the Early Modern Period: A Study in Economic and Diplomatic Networks (1500-1800)”, Cosmopolitan Networks in Commerce and Society 1660-1914, (ed. Andreas Gestrich & Margrit Schulte Beerbühl), Londra 2011, s. 153-186.
• Kelly, William Ashford, “John Philley in Turkey”, The Journal of the Friends’ Historical Society, 52/2, 1969, s. 131-134.
• Kocabaşoğlu, Uygur, Anadolu’daki Amerika: 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndakiAmerikan Misyoner Okulları, İstanbul 1989.
• Larson, Rebecca, Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching the Propheeying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700-1755, Chapel Hill 1999.
• Malcolm Neil “Comenius, the Conversion of the Turks, and the Muslim-Christian Debate on the Corruption of Scripture”, Church History and Religious Culture, 87/4, 2007, s. 477-508.
• Malson-Huddle, Elzabeth “Biddle Hester” The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature, C 1,. (ed. Garrett A. Sullivan, Jr-Alan Stewart), Oxford 2012, s.76-77.
• Marriott, Brandon John,Blurring Boundaries: The Transmission of Millennial Information Across the Seventeenth-Century Judeo-Christian Frontier, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Simon Fraser Üniversitesi, 2008.
• Marriott, Brandon,The Birth Pangs of a Messiah: Transnational Networks and Cross-Religious Exchange in the Age of Sabbatai Sevi, Oxford Üniversitesi Doktora tezi, 2012.
• Meggitt, Justin J, Early Quakers and Islam: Slavery, Apocalyptic and Christian-Muslim Encounters in the Seventeenth Century Eugene, Oregon 2016.
• Michael McKeon “Sabbatai Sevi in England”, AJS Review, 2, 1977, s.131-169.
• Nabil Matar, “Some Notes on George Fox and Islam” The Journal of Friends Historical Society, 55(1989), s. 271-276.
• Nabil Matar, Islam in Britain 1558-1685, Cambridge 1998.
• Neudeckerr Hannah “Two Hitherto Little Studied Turkish Translations by Wojciech Bobowski alias Albertus Bobovius”, Oriens, 45, (2007), 330-363. s322.
• North, Roger, The Life of the Honourable Sir Dudley North, Londra 1774.
• Palmieri, Brooke Sylvia, “Truth and Suffering in the Quaker Archives”, Archivess &Information in the Early Modern World, (ed. Kate Peters, Alexandria Washam ve Liesbeth Corens) , Oxford 2018, s. 239-262.
• Pawlina, Agata “The Pole who Translated the Bible for the Turks: Wojchiech Bobowski’s Bible Translation into Ottoman-Turkish”, The Polish Journal of Biblical Research, 15/2, 2016, s. 31-37. s34.
• Popkin, Richard, “Seventeenth-Century Millenarianism” Apocalypse Theory and the Ends of the World, (ed. Malcolm Bull), Oxford: 1995, s. 112-134.
• Randolph, Bernard, The Present State of the Islands in the Archipelago, or Arches, Seas of Constantinople and Gulph of Smyrna with the Islands of Candia and Rhodes, Oxford, 1687, son erişim tarihi: 4.09.2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A70955.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Report on the Manuscripts of Allan George Finch, C 1, Londra 1913.
• Robinson, George, “An Additional Account of George Robinson’s”, A True Account of the Great Tryals and Cruel Suffeings Undergone by Those Two Faithful Servants of God, Katherine Evans and Sarah Cheevers in the Time ofTheir Above Three Years and a Halfs Confinement in the Island of Malta. Also how God at Last his Almighty Power Effected their Deliverance and Brought Them Back into the Land of Their Nativity. To Which is Added, a Short Relation from George Robinson, of the Sufferings that Befel Him in His Journey to Jerusalem; and How God Saved him From the Hands of Cruelty When the Sentence of Death was Passed against Him, (ed. Daniel Baker), Londra, 1663, son erişim tarihi: 18 Eylül 2022, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A63318.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
• Rycault, Paul The History of the Turkish Empire from the Year 1640 to the Year 1677, Londra 1679.
• Scholem, Gershom ,Sabbbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, (çev. R. J. Zwi Werblowsky), Princeton, 1973.
• Sezer, Ayten “Osmanlı Döneminde Misyonerlik Faaliyetleri,” Osmanlı II, (ed.) Güler Eren, Ankara 1999, s. 181-192, son erişim tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2023, https://ait.hacettepe.edu.tr/akademik/arsiv/misy.htm#_ftn1
• Telci, Cahit, “XVin. Yüzyılın ilk Yarısında Bir Hubmesihi: Bosnavi İbrahim Efendi”, Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 2/2, (1997), 91-101.
• Underwood, T. L. “Early Quaker Eschatology”, Puritans, the Millenium and the Future of the Israel: Puritan Eschatology 1600 to 1660, (ed. Peter Toon), Cambridge 1970, s. 91-103.
• “Visit of Mary Fisher to the Sultan Mohammed IV at Adrionaple, 1658”, The Knickerbocker, 43/2, (Şubat,1854), s. 159-164.
• Vlasblom, David, “Islam in Early Modern Quaker Experience and Writing”, Quaker History, 100/1, (Bahar 2011), s. 1-21.
• Watkins, Susan Wareham, “Hat Honour, Self Identity and Commitment in Early Quakerism”, Quaker History, 103/1, (Bahar 2014), s. 1-16.
• Watts,Michael, R., The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution, C1, Oxford 1985.
• Whiting, John, Persecution Exposed, in Some Memoirs Relating to the Sufferings of John Whiting, and Many Others of the People called Quakers, Londra 1791.