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DEMOKRASİYİ ULUSLARARASI HUKUKLA KORUNAN BİR HAK OLARAK YENİDEN GÖZDEN GEÇİRMEK: AFRİKA ASKERİ DARBELERİNİN GETİRDİĞİ ZORLUKLAR

Yıl 2023, , 1245 - 1274, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398

Öz

Afrika’da demokrasi iki geleneğin buluşmasıdır. Biri Batı ülkelerinden, diğeri özellikle Afrika’dan. 1990’lardan günümüze, Eritre hariç, Afrika’daki tüm devletler, adaylar arasında rekabetin olduğu çoğulcu bir seçim süreci oluşturmuştur. Darbelerden sorumlu gruplar komuta, karar alma ve yönetim merkezlerini hızla işgal ederek, öteki yöneticileri ve kişileri ülke yönetimine dahil ettiler ve böylelikle, bütün devlet otoritesini kontrol altına aldılar. Kıtanın büyüklüğüne ve durumların çeşitliliğine rağmen, Afrika’da gerçeklik aynı kalmaktadır. Uluslararası hukukun temel amacı, ülkeler arasında küresel barışı sürdürmektir. Ancak, tehdidin kaynağı ne olursa olsun, uluslararası hukukun uluslararası toplum üyelerinin iç barışına kayıtsız kalmasıyla, bu barışa ulaşılamaz. Bu çalışmanın amacı, uluslararası hukukta, demokratik olma zorunluluğunun olup olmadığını ve askeri darbelerin, bilhassa son dönemde Yaşanan Afrika darbelerinin, uluslararası hukukta bir yükümlülük oluşturup oluşturmadığını tartışmaktır.

Kaynakça

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  • Baldo, S. and Mailey, J. R. (2021). A Strategy for Revitalizing Sudan’s Democratic Transition. The Sentry-Briefing. https://thesentry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/StrategyRevitalizingSudan%E2%80%99sDemocraticTransition_TheSentry_Nov2021.pdf (Accessed: 10 February 2023).
  • Caniglia, M. and Murphy, T. (2021). Khartoum’s autocratic enabler: Russia in Sudan, The European Council on Foreign Relations Commentary. https://ecfr.eu/article/khartoums-autocratic-enabler-russia-in-sudan/ (Accessed: 18 July 2023).
  • Caporal, S. (2007). Coup d’Etat et Constitution. (Eds.) F. Rouvillois and C. Boutin, Le Coup d’État : recours à la force ou dernier mot du politique ?, Paris.
  • Carey, H. F. (1997). The UN Humanitarian Intervention in Haiti and the Development of a Human Rights Enforcement Regime. Journal of Haitian Studies, 3(4), 30–47.
  • Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America) Merits Judgment of 27 June 1986.
  • Christakis, T. (2009). La violation du droit interne en tant que menace contre la paix, in: SFDI, L’État de droit en droit international. Paris: Pedone.
  • Combacau, J. and Sur, S. (2016). Droit international public (12th ed.). Paris: LGDJ.
  • Constantineau, A. (1910). A treatise on the de facto doctrine in its relation to public officers and public corporations. Toronto: The Lawyers Cooperative Pub.
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  • Cullen, A. and Wheatley, S. (2013). The Human Rights of Individuals in De Facto Regimes under the European Convention on Human Rights. Human Rights Law Review, 13(4), 2013, 691-728.
  • D’aspremont, J. (2008). L’État non démocratique en droit international. Paris: Pedone.
  • D’aspremont, J. (2009). La licéité des coups d'Etat en droit international. Paris: Pedone.
  • Dawit, G. (2022). AU Members Condemn Coup Surge in Africa. VOA News. https://www.voanews.com/a/au-members-condemn-coup-surge-in-africa/6429874.html (Accessed: 9 February 2023).
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  • Duzor, M. (2022). Rising incidents of coups in Africa—Why the new upsurge?. Cocorioko-Voa. https://cocorioko.net/coups-in-africa-article-culled-from-the-voa/ (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
  • ECOWAS (2018). ECOWAS took a number of initiatives that were against junta in various military coups that affected this part of Africa. Final Communique 54th ECOWAS Summit.
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  • Galván, M. L. S. (2011). Interpretation of Article 39 of the UN Charter (Threat to the Peace) by the Security Council: Is the Security Council a Legislator for the Entire International Community?. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. 1(11). pp. 147-185.
  • Gowan, R. and Pradhan, A. (2022). Why the UN Security Council Stumbles in Responding to Coups.
  • International Crisis Group-Commentary. https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/why-un-security-council-stumbles-responding-coups (Accessed: 21 June 2023).
  • Guzman, A. T. and Meyer, T. L. (2010). International Soft Law. Journal of Legal Analysis. 2(1), pp. 171-225.
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  • Icelandic Human Rights Centre (2022). The Role of States. https://www.humanrights.is/en/human-rights-education-project/human-rights-concepts-ideas-and-fora/human-rights-actors/the-role-of-states (Accessed: 17 July 2023)
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  • Kahombo, B. (2017). Putschists behind Bars?. Völkerrechtsblog. https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/putschists-behind-bars/ (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
  • Kamto, M. (2013). Droit international de la gouvernance, Paris: Pedone.
  • Klein, P. (1993). Le droit aux élections libres en droit international: mythes ou réalités. in À la recherche du nouvel ordre Mondial. Bruxelles: Association Droit des gens.
  • Lautenbach, G. (2013). The Concept of the Rule of Law and the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford U.P.
  • Mansilla, M. J. G. (2004). Separation of Powers Crisis: The Case of Argentina. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law. 32(1), 305-391.
  • McCann, K. (2015). Breaking news: Burundian ‘coup d’état’. Reliefweb. https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/breaking-burundian-coup-detat/?location=burundi&theme= (Accessed: 22 February 2023).
  • Miklaucic, M. (Ed). (2017). The Struggle for Security in Africa. Washington: Prism.
  • Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933.
  • Ndubuisi, C. A. (2016). The African Union Non-Indifference Stance: Lessons from Sudan and Libya. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review. 6(2), 1–22.
  • New African (2022). What is behind the spate of coups in West Africa?. https://newafricanmagazine.com/28086/ (Accessed: 20 March 2023).
  • Nichols, M. (2022). 'An epidemic' of coups, U.N. chief laments, urging Security Council to act. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/an-epidemic-coups-un-chief-laments-urging-security-council-act-2021-10-26/ (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
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  • Rousseau, J. J. (2004). The Social Contract. London: Penguin Books.
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REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS

Yıl 2023, , 1245 - 1274, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398

Öz

In Africa, democracy is the meeting of two streams of traditions: one from Western countries, the other specifically African. Since the 1990s, all the States of this continent have established a pluralist electoral process with competition between candidates, with the exception of Eritrea. However, this era again witnessed multiple coups than before. The groups responsible for the coups quickly occupied the centres of command, decision-making and administration, replacing the previous chief executives and the most senior officials with people of their choice. They ended up controlling the entire state authority. Despite the size of the continent and the multiplicity of situations, the reality remains the same in Africa. Until today coups are still happening. The principal aim of international law is to sustain global peace between countries. However, this peace cannot be reached when international law is indifferent to the domestic peace of members of international community regardless of the origin of the threat. The aim of this research is to analyse whether there is an obligation under the international law to be democratic and whether military coups especially the recent African coups can establish an obligation under international law.

Kaynakça

  • ACHPR/Res.548 (LXXIII)(2022).
  • African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981). https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36390-treaty-0011_ african_charter_on_human_and_peoples_rights_e.pdf (Accessed:20 March 2023).
  • African Union (2022). Closing Remarks by H.E AMB. Bankole Adeoye Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security African Union Commission. https://au.int/en/speeches/20220317/closing-remarks-he-amb-bankole-adeoye-commissioner-political-affairs-peace-and (Accessed: 18 July 2023).
  • Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (2022). Tunisia: From the July 2021 Coup to the July 2022 Constitutional Referendum. Al Daayen, Qatar: Policy Report. https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/Lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/tunisia-from-the-july-revolution-to-the-constitution-referendum.pdf (Accessed: 20 March 2023).
  • Baldo, S. and Mailey, J. R. (2021). A Strategy for Revitalizing Sudan’s Democratic Transition. The Sentry-Briefing. https://thesentry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/StrategyRevitalizingSudan%E2%80%99sDemocraticTransition_TheSentry_Nov2021.pdf (Accessed: 10 February 2023).
  • Caniglia, M. and Murphy, T. (2021). Khartoum’s autocratic enabler: Russia in Sudan, The European Council on Foreign Relations Commentary. https://ecfr.eu/article/khartoums-autocratic-enabler-russia-in-sudan/ (Accessed: 18 July 2023).
  • Caporal, S. (2007). Coup d’Etat et Constitution. (Eds.) F. Rouvillois and C. Boutin, Le Coup d’État : recours à la force ou dernier mot du politique ?, Paris.
  • Carey, H. F. (1997). The UN Humanitarian Intervention in Haiti and the Development of a Human Rights Enforcement Regime. Journal of Haitian Studies, 3(4), 30–47.
  • Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America) Merits Judgment of 27 June 1986.
  • Christakis, T. (2009). La violation du droit interne en tant que menace contre la paix, in: SFDI, L’État de droit en droit international. Paris: Pedone.
  • Combacau, J. and Sur, S. (2016). Droit international public (12th ed.). Paris: LGDJ.
  • Constantineau, A. (1910). A treatise on the de facto doctrine in its relation to public officers and public corporations. Toronto: The Lawyers Cooperative Pub.
  • Crisis Group Africa (2022). Eight Priorities for the African Union in 2022. Briefing N°177, Nairobi/Brussels, https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/b177-eight-priorities-for-the-au-2022.pdf (Accessed: 23 February 2023).
  • Cullen, A. and Wheatley, S. (2013). The Human Rights of Individuals in De Facto Regimes under the European Convention on Human Rights. Human Rights Law Review, 13(4), 2013, 691-728.
  • D’aspremont, J. (2008). L’État non démocratique en droit international. Paris: Pedone.
  • D’aspremont, J. (2009). La licéité des coups d'Etat en droit international. Paris: Pedone.
  • Dawit, G. (2022). AU Members Condemn Coup Surge in Africa. VOA News. https://www.voanews.com/a/au-members-condemn-coup-surge-in-africa/6429874.html (Accessed: 9 February 2023).
  • Declaration of Lomé (12 July. 2000), AHG/Decl. 2 (XXXVI).
  • Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1970).
  • Della, V. D. (1988). Government by Decree: The Craxi Government and the Use of Decree Legislation in the Italian Parliament. Italian Politics, 2(1), pp. 8–24.
  • Dion, E. (2021). After Two Coups, Mali Needs Regional Support to Bolster Democracy. United States Institutes for Peace-Analysis and Commentary. https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/after-two-coups-mali-needs-regional-support-bolster-democracy (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
  • Duzor, M. (2022). Rising incidents of coups in Africa—Why the new upsurge?. Cocorioko-Voa. https://cocorioko.net/coups-in-africa-article-culled-from-the-voa/ (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
  • ECOWAS (2018). ECOWAS took a number of initiatives that were against junta in various military coups that affected this part of Africa. Final Communique 54th ECOWAS Summit.
  • European Convention on Human Rights, Rome, 4.XI.1950.
  • Feldman, L. C. (2008). Judging Necessity: Democracy and Extra-Legalism. Political Theory, 36(4), pp. 550–77.
  • Fund for Peace (2021). Fragile State Index. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/fund.for.peace/viz/fsi-2021-rankings/DashboardRankings (Accessed: 24 March 2023).
  • Galván, M. L. S. (2011). Interpretation of Article 39 of the UN Charter (Threat to the Peace) by the Security Council: Is the Security Council a Legislator for the Entire International Community?. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. 1(11). pp. 147-185.
  • Gowan, R. and Pradhan, A. (2022). Why the UN Security Council Stumbles in Responding to Coups.
  • International Crisis Group-Commentary. https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/why-un-security-council-stumbles-responding-coups (Accessed: 21 June 2023).
  • Guzman, A. T. and Meyer, T. L. (2010). International Soft Law. Journal of Legal Analysis. 2(1), pp. 171-225.
  • Hobbes, T. (2008). Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Icelandic Human Rights Centre (2022). The Role of States. https://www.humanrights.is/en/human-rights-education-project/human-rights-concepts-ideas-and-fora/human-rights-actors/the-role-of-states (Accessed: 17 July 2023)
  • Inter-American Democratic Charter, adopted by the General Assembly at its special session held in Lima, Peru, on September 11, 2001.
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
  • Kaberuka, D. (2022). Africa Can Avoid Another Lost Decade. The Pan African Review. https://panafricanreview.rw/africa-can-avoid-another-lost-decade/ (Accessed: 22 June 2023).
  • Kahombo, B. (2017). Putschists behind Bars?. Völkerrechtsblog. https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/putschists-behind-bars/ (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
  • Kamto, M. (2013). Droit international de la gouvernance, Paris: Pedone.
  • Klein, P. (1993). Le droit aux élections libres en droit international: mythes ou réalités. in À la recherche du nouvel ordre Mondial. Bruxelles: Association Droit des gens.
  • Lautenbach, G. (2013). The Concept of the Rule of Law and the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford U.P.
  • Mansilla, M. J. G. (2004). Separation of Powers Crisis: The Case of Argentina. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law. 32(1), 305-391.
  • McCann, K. (2015). Breaking news: Burundian ‘coup d’état’. Reliefweb. https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/breaking-burundian-coup-detat/?location=burundi&theme= (Accessed: 22 February 2023).
  • Miklaucic, M. (Ed). (2017). The Struggle for Security in Africa. Washington: Prism.
  • Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933.
  • Ndubuisi, C. A. (2016). The African Union Non-Indifference Stance: Lessons from Sudan and Libya. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review. 6(2), 1–22.
  • New African (2022). What is behind the spate of coups in West Africa?. https://newafricanmagazine.com/28086/ (Accessed: 20 March 2023).
  • Nichols, M. (2022). 'An epidemic' of coups, U.N. chief laments, urging Security Council to act. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/an-epidemic-coups-un-chief-laments-urging-security-council-act-2021-10-26/ (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
  • Orakhelashvili, A. (2011). Essence and Definition of Collective Security. Collective Security. Oxford Academic), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579846.003.0002 (Accessed 7 August 2023).
  • Pellet, A. (1993). The activity of the Arbitration Commission of the European Peace Conference in Yugoslavia. French Directory of International Law. (38), 286-303.
  • Powell, M. J. (2012). Coups and Conflict: The Paradox of Coup-Proofing. (Theses and Dissertations). Kentucky: University of Kentucky.
  • Powell, M. J. and Thyne L. C. (2011). Global instances of coups from 1950 to 2010: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 48(2), 249-259. Powell, M. J., Lasley, T. and Schiel, R. (1016). Combating Coups d’état in Africa 1950–2014. Studies in Comparative International Development, (51), 482–502.
  • Project on Middle East Democracy (2023). Sisi’s Egypt: Ten Years Since the Coup. https://pomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Event-Transcript-Sisis-Egypt-Ten-Years-Since-the-Coup.pdf (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
  • Rousseau, J. J. (2004). The Social Contract. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sakane, K. (2022). Era of Coups” in Africa (Part 1): The Emergence of Russia and China amid the Decline of the West. International Information Network Analysis. https://www.spf.org/iina/en/articles/sakane_01.html (Accessed: 18 July 2023).
  • Security Council Press Statement on Situation in Burkina Faso, UNSC 2022 https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc15057.doc.htm (Accessed: 7 July 2023).
  • Shen, J. (2001). Non-Intervention as a Jus Cogens Principle and Humanitarian Intervention, (Ed.) Mortimer N. Sellers. International Legal Theory, 7(1), 1-45.
  • Siegle, J. (2021). Africa’s Coups and the Role of External Actors. African Center for Strategic Studies. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/africas-coups-and-the-role-of-external-actors/ (Accessed: 12 July 2022).
  • Souames, F. (2019). Algeria’s bloodless coup. https://africasacountry.com/2019/03/algerias-bloodless-coup (Accessed: 22 February 2023).
  • Soyinka, A. (2021). Chad’s ‘covert coup’ and the implications for democratic governance in Africa. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/chads-covert-coup-and-the-implications-for-democratic-governance-in-africa-159725 (Accessed:25 July 2023).
  • State v. Carroll, 38 Conn. 449 9 Am.Rep. 409 (1871).
  • Statement by the President of the Security Council of 11 July 1997, S/PRST/1997/36.
  • Statement by the President of the Security Council of 15 October 2020, S/PRST/2020/10.
  • Statement by the President of the Security Council of 27 May 1997, S/PRST/1997/29.
  • Stronski, P. (2023). Russia’s Growing Footprint in Africa’s Sahel Region. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/28/russia-s-growing-footprint-in-africa-s-sahel-region-pub-89135 (Accessed: 12 May 2023).
  • Tendi, B. M. (2020). The motivations and dynamics of Zimbabwe’s 2017 military coup. African Affairs, 119(474), 39–67.
  • The Africa Report (2021). Guinea Coup – the Fall of Alpha Condé, the in-Depth collection 2021. https://www.theafricareport.com/in-depth/guinea-coup-the-fall-of-alpha-conde/ (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
  • The Charter of the United Nations (1945). https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
  • The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe/RES/(93(26).
  • The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (2014). Press statement of the 432nd meeting of the PSC on 'Unconstitutional changes of Governments and popular uprisings in Africa'. https://www.peaceau.org/en/article/press-statement-of-the-432nd-meeting-on-unconstitutional-changes-of-governments-and-popular-uprisings-in-africa (Accessed: 24 March 2023).
  • The Security Council Report, The Security Council and Unconstitutional Changes of Government in Africa, July 2022 Monthly Forecast, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2022-07/in-hindsight-the-security-council-and-unconstitutional-changes-of-government-in-africa.php (Accessed: 8 July 2023).
  • The Sentry (2023). Architects of Terror: The Wagner Group’s Blueprint for State Capture In the Central African Republic. https://thesentry.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/ArchitectsTerror-TheSentry-June2023.pdf (Accessed: 23 July 2023).
  • The Statute of the Council of Europe (1949). https://rm.coe.int/1680306052 (Accessed: 23 July 2023).
  • TRT World and Agencies (2022). African Union unequivocally condemns recent 'wave' of military coups. https://www.trtworld.com/africa/african-union-unequivocally-condemns-recent-wave-of-military-coups-54467 (Accessed: 9 July 2023).
  • Tunkin, G. I. (1961). Remarks on the Juridical Nature of Customary Norms of International Law. California Law Review, 49(3), 419–430.
  • UNGA/RES/12463(2022).
  • UNGA/RES/2131(XX)(1965).
  • UNGA/RES/2625(XXV)(1970).
  • UNGA/RES/43/157(1988).
  • United Nations General Assembly, Agenda item 107: The inadmissibility of intervention in the domestic affairs of States and the protection of their independence and sovereignty, Twentieth Session Official Records, 8 December I965. https://legal.un.org/avl/Documents/Scans/AC%201%20SR.1402.pdf (accessed: 17 July 2023).
  • United States v Netherlands, Award, (1928) II RIAA 829, ICGJ 392 (PCA 1928), 4th April 1928, Permanent Court of Arbitration [PCA].
  • UNOWAS (2017). Electoral assistance provided by the UN is the outcome of the mobilization of the whole system https://reliefweb.int/report/world/electoral-assistance-provided-un-outcome-mobilization-whole-system?gclid=CjwKCAjww7KmBhAyEiwA5-PUShkpBP3AGdvbmFgO_jnJZbJSbd-x4s7ZHrenOdGG_KrblI6IrvvBJxoCYe0QAvD_BwE (Accessed: 13 July 2023).
  • UNSC/RES/2590(2021).
  • UNSC/RES/841(1993).
  • UNSC/RES/875(1993).
  • UNSC/RES/917(1994).
  • UNSC/RES/940(1994).
  • Walker, C. J. Toward Democratic Consolidation? The Argentine Supreme Court, Judicial Independence, and the Rule of Law. Florida Journal of International Law, 18(3), 745-806.
  • Washington Protocol (1997). Washington Protocol adopted on December 14, 1992 during the Sixteenth Extraordinary Session of the OAS General Assembly and entered into force on September 25, 1997.
  • Yerkes, S. E. (2022). The End of the Tunisia Model: The Country’s Democracy Has Died—but May Yet Be Reborn. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tunisia/end-tunisia-model (Accessed: 22 February 2023).
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Jacques Kabano 0000-0002-0248-9204

Adem Özer 0000-0002-6443-1032

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Kabano, J., & Özer, A. (2023). REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(3), 1245-1274. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398
AMA Kabano J, Özer A. REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Ekim 2023;13(3):1245-1274. doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398
Chicago Kabano, Jacques, ve Adem Özer. “REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13, sy. 3 (Ekim 2023): 1245-74. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398.
EndNote Kabano J, Özer A (01 Ekim 2023) REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13 3 1245–1274.
IEEE J. Kabano ve A. Özer, “REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, ss. 1245–1274, 2023, doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398.
ISNAD Kabano, Jacques - Özer, Adem. “REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13/3 (Ekim 2023), 1245-1274. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398.
JAMA Kabano J, Özer A. REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;13:1245–1274.
MLA Kabano, Jacques ve Adem Özer. “REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 1245-74, doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1349398.
Vancouver Kabano J, Özer A. REVISITING DEMOCRACY AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW: CHALLENGES BROUGHT BY AFRICAN MILITARY COUPS. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;13(3):1245-74.