Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022)

Ayşegül Baykul

doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832

Araştırma Makalesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1278 - 1304, 29.12.2025

Öz

This study examines energy efficiency in 42 European and Central Asian countries over the period 2011–2022, categorized as high-income and upper-middle-income according to the World Bank classification. The model incorporates capital, labor, primary energy, and electricity consumption as inputs, nominal GDP as the desired output, and CO₂ emissions as the undesirable output. The results indicate that while energy consumption has declined in high-income countries, it has increased in upper-middle-income ones. High-income economies are more efficient in terms of energy and emissions intensity, with an average inefficiency of 3.1%, compared to 5% in upper-middle-income countries. These findings highlight the income-related differences in energy efficiency policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Energy Efficiency , Production Function , DEA Analysis , Primary Energy , Electricity

Kaynakça

Ang, B. W. (2006). "Monitoring changes in economy-wide energy efficiency: From energy–GDP ratio to composite efficiency index". Energy Policy, 34(5), 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.011
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660
Apergis, N., Aye, G. C., Barros, C. P., Gupta, R., & Wanke, P. (2015). "Energy efficiency of selected OECD countries: A slacks based model with undesirable outputs". Energy Economics, 51, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.06.013
Bennedsen, M., Hillebrand, E., & Lykke, J. Z. (2024). Energy, economy, and emissions: A non-linear state space approach to projections. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.06600.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). "Measuring the efficiency of decision making units". European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Choi, Y., Zhang, N., & Zhou, P. (2012). "Efficiency and abatement costs of energy-related CO2 emissions in China: A slacks-based efficiency measure". Applied Energy, 98, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.032.
Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P., O'donnell, C. J., & Battese, G. E. (2005). "An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis". Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5493-6.
Cook, W. D., & Seiford, L. M. (2009). "Data envelopment analysis (DEA)–Thirty years on". European Journal of Operational Research, 192(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.01.032
Cook, W. D., & Zhu, J. (2006). "Modeling performance measurement: Applications and implementation issues in DEA". Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33183-7
Egilmez, G., & McAvoy, D. (2013). "Benchmarking road safety of US states: A DEA-based Malmquist productivity index approach". Accident Analysis & Prevention, 53, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.029,
Fancello, G., Carta, M., & Serra, P. (2020). "Data envelopment analysis for the assessment of road safety in urban road networks: A comparative study using CCR and BCC models". Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(3), 736-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.04.001
Fong, W., Sun, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022). "Examining the relationship between energy consumption and unfavorable CO2 emissions on sustainable development by going through various violated factors and stochastic disturbance–Based on a three-stage SBM-DEA model". Energies, 15(2), 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020569
González-Torres, M., Pérez-Lombard, L., Coronel, J. F., & Maestre, I. R. (2021). "A cross-country review on energy efficiency drivers". Applied Energy, 289, 116681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116681
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
Hu, J. L., & Wang, S. C. (2006). "Total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China". Energy Policy, 34(17), 3206-3217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.06.023
IEA (2021). Energy Efficiency 2021. International Energy Agency.
IEA (2023). "International Energy Agency". https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dfd9134f-12eb-4045-9789-9d6ab8d9fbf4/EnergyEfficiency2023.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:09.10.2024)
Iqbal, W., Altalbe, A., Fatima, A., Ali, A., & Hou, Y. (2019). "A DEA approach for assessing the energy, environmental and economic performance of top 20 industrial countries". Processes, 7(12), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120902
IPCC (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Khan, M., & Ozturk, I. (2021). "Examining the direct and indirect effects of financial development on CO2 emissions for 88 developing countries". Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112812
Kober, T., Schiffer, H. W., Densing, M., & Panos, E. (2020). "Global energy perspectives to 2060–WEC's world energy scenarios 2019". Energy Strategy Reviews, 31, 100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100523
Lin, B., & Sai, R. (2022). "Sustainable transitioning in Africa: A historical evaluation of energy productivity changes and determinants". Energy, 250, 123833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123833
Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). "Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017". Science of the Total Environment, 649, 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.229
Mardani, A., Zavadskas, E. K., Streimikiene, D., Jusoh, A., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2017). "A comprehensive review of data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach in energy efficiency". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1298-1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.030
Mavi, R. K., Fathi, A., Saen, R. F., & Mavi, N. K. (2019). "Eco-innovation in transportation industry: A double frontier common weights analysis with ideal point method for Malmquist productivity index". Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 147, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.002
Nikbakht, M., Hajiani, P., & Ghorbanpur, A. (2023). "Assessment of the total-factor energy efficiency and environmental performance of Persian Gulf countries: A two-stage analytical approach". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10560-10598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24697-3
Peneder, M. (2003). "Industrial structure and aggregate growth". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 14(4), 427-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(03)00034-0
Peters, G. P., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Fuss, S., Jackson, R. B., Korsbakken, J. I., Nakicenovic, N. (2017). "Key indicators to track current progress and future ambition of the Paris Agreement". Nature Climate Change, 7(2), 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3202
Rafiq, S., Salim, R., & Nielsen, I. (2016). "Urbanization, openness, emissions, and energy intensity: A study of increasingly urbanized emerging economies". Energy Economics, 56, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.009
Raupach, M. R., Marland, G., Ciais, P., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Klepper, G., & Field, C. B. (2007). "Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(24), 10288-10293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700609104
Raza, M. Y., & Lin, B. (2022). "Natural gas consumption, energy efficiency and low carbon transition in Pakistan". Energy, 240, 122497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122497
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71-S102.
Seiford, L. M., & Zhu, J. (2002). "Modeling undesirable factors in efficiency evaluation". European Journal of Operational Research, 142(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00293-4
Shen, X., & Lin, B. (2021). "Does industrial structure distortion impact the energy intensity in China?". Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25, 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc
Shu, T., Liao, X., Yang, S., & Yu, T. (2024). "Towards sustainability: Evaluating energy efficiency with a super-efficiency SBM-DEA model across 168 economies". Applied Energy, 376, 124254.
Simeonovski, K., Kaftandzieva, T., & Brock, G. (2021). "Energy efficiency management across EU countries: A DEA approach". Energies, 14(9), 2619.
Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
Sorrell, S. (2009). "Jevons' Paradox revisited: The evidence for backfire from improved energy efficiency". Energy Policy, 37(4), 1456–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.003
Stern, D. I. (2011). The role of energy in economic growth. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1219(1), 26-51.
Stern, D. I. (2012). "Modeling international trends in energy efficiency". Energy Economics, 34(6), 2200–2208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.03.009
Topcu, E., Altinoz, B., & Aslan, A. (2020). "Global evidence from the link between economic growth, natural resources, energy consumption, and gross capital formation". Resources Policy, 66, 101622.
Wang, C. N., Nguyen, H. P., & Chang, C. W. (2021). "Environmental efficiency evaluation in the top Asian economies: An application of DEA". Mathematics, 9(8), 889.
Wang, L. W., Le, K. D., & Nguyen, T. D. (2019). "Assessment of the energy efficiency improvement of twenty-five countries: A DEA approach". Energies, 12(8), 1535.
Wang, X., Lu, Y., Chen, C., Yi, X., & Cui, H. (2024). "Total-factor energy efficiency of ten major global energy-consuming countries". Journal of Environmental Sciences, 137, 41-52.
Wang, Z., Han, B., & Lu, M. (2016). "Measurement of energy rebound effect in households: Evidence from residential electricity consumption in Beijing, China". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 852-861.
Wu, L., Chen, Y., Feylizadeh, M. R., & Liu, W. (2018). "Estimation of China's macro-carbon rebound effect: Method of integrating Data Envelopment Analysis production model and sequential Malmquist-Luenberger index". Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 1431-1442.
Wu, T. H., Chen, Y. S., Shang, W., & Wu, J. T. (2018). "Measuring energy use and CO2 emission performances for APEC economies". Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 590-601.
Yu, B. (2020). "Industrial structure, technological innovation, and total-factor energy efficiency in China". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(8), 8371-8385.
Zhang, Y. J., Peng, H. R., & Su, B. (2017). "Energy rebound effect in China's Industry: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis". Energy Economics, 61, 199-208.
Zheng, Y., Xu, H., & Jia, R. (2022). Endogenous energy efficiency and rebound effect in the transportation sector: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 335, 130310.

Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1278 - 1304, 29.12.2025

Ayşegül Baykul

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2011–2022 döneminde 42 Avrupa ve Orta Asya ülkesinde enerji verimliliğini incelemekte olup, ülkeler Dünya Bankası sınıflamasına göre yüksek gelirli ve üst orta gelirli olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Modelde sermaye, işgücü, birincil enerji ve elektrik tüketimi girdi; nominal GSYH arzu edilen çıktı; CO₂ emisyonları ise arzu edilmeyen çıktı olarak kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, yüksek gelirli ülkelerde enerji tüketiminin azalırken, üst orta gelirli ülkelerde arttığını göstermektedir. Enerji ve emisyon yoğunluğu açısından yüksek gelirli ülkeler daha verimli olup, ortalama verimsizlik oranı %3,1 iken üst orta gelirli ülkelerde bu oran %5’tir. Bu sonuçlar, enerji verimliliği politikalarının gelir düzeyine bağlı olarak farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enerji verimliliği , Üretim Fonksiyonu , Veri Zarflama Analizi , Birincil Enerji Kullanımı , Elektrik Kullanımı

Kaynakça

Ang, B. W. (2006). "Monitoring changes in economy-wide energy efficiency: From energy–GDP ratio to composite efficiency index". Energy Policy, 34(5), 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.011
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660
Apergis, N., Aye, G. C., Barros, C. P., Gupta, R., & Wanke, P. (2015). "Energy efficiency of selected OECD countries: A slacks based model with undesirable outputs". Energy Economics, 51, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.06.013
Bennedsen, M., Hillebrand, E., & Lykke, J. Z. (2024). Energy, economy, and emissions: A non-linear state space approach to projections. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.06600.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). "Measuring the efficiency of decision making units". European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Choi, Y., Zhang, N., & Zhou, P. (2012). "Efficiency and abatement costs of energy-related CO2 emissions in China: A slacks-based efficiency measure". Applied Energy, 98, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.032.
Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P., O'donnell, C. J., & Battese, G. E. (2005). "An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis". Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5493-6.
Cook, W. D., & Seiford, L. M. (2009). "Data envelopment analysis (DEA)–Thirty years on". European Journal of Operational Research, 192(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.01.032
Cook, W. D., & Zhu, J. (2006). "Modeling performance measurement: Applications and implementation issues in DEA". Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33183-7
Egilmez, G., & McAvoy, D. (2013). "Benchmarking road safety of US states: A DEA-based Malmquist productivity index approach". Accident Analysis & Prevention, 53, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.029,
Fancello, G., Carta, M., & Serra, P. (2020). "Data envelopment analysis for the assessment of road safety in urban road networks: A comparative study using CCR and BCC models". Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(3), 736-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.04.001
Fong, W., Sun, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022). "Examining the relationship between energy consumption and unfavorable CO2 emissions on sustainable development by going through various violated factors and stochastic disturbance–Based on a three-stage SBM-DEA model". Energies, 15(2), 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020569
González-Torres, M., Pérez-Lombard, L., Coronel, J. F., & Maestre, I. R. (2021). "A cross-country review on energy efficiency drivers". Applied Energy, 289, 116681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116681
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
Hu, J. L., & Wang, S. C. (2006). "Total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China". Energy Policy, 34(17), 3206-3217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.06.023
IEA (2021). Energy Efficiency 2021. International Energy Agency.
IEA (2023). "International Energy Agency". https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dfd9134f-12eb-4045-9789-9d6ab8d9fbf4/EnergyEfficiency2023.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:09.10.2024)
Iqbal, W., Altalbe, A., Fatima, A., Ali, A., & Hou, Y. (2019). "A DEA approach for assessing the energy, environmental and economic performance of top 20 industrial countries". Processes, 7(12), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120902
IPCC (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Khan, M., & Ozturk, I. (2021). "Examining the direct and indirect effects of financial development on CO2 emissions for 88 developing countries". Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112812
Kober, T., Schiffer, H. W., Densing, M., & Panos, E. (2020). "Global energy perspectives to 2060–WEC's world energy scenarios 2019". Energy Strategy Reviews, 31, 100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100523
Lin, B., & Sai, R. (2022). "Sustainable transitioning in Africa: A historical evaluation of energy productivity changes and determinants". Energy, 250, 123833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123833
Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). "Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017". Science of the Total Environment, 649, 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.229
Mardani, A., Zavadskas, E. K., Streimikiene, D., Jusoh, A., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2017). "A comprehensive review of data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach in energy efficiency". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1298-1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.030
Mavi, R. K., Fathi, A., Saen, R. F., & Mavi, N. K. (2019). "Eco-innovation in transportation industry: A double frontier common weights analysis with ideal point method for Malmquist productivity index". Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 147, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.002
Nikbakht, M., Hajiani, P., & Ghorbanpur, A. (2023). "Assessment of the total-factor energy efficiency and environmental performance of Persian Gulf countries: A two-stage analytical approach". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10560-10598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24697-3
Peneder, M. (2003). "Industrial structure and aggregate growth". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 14(4), 427-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(03)00034-0
Peters, G. P., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Fuss, S., Jackson, R. B., Korsbakken, J. I., Nakicenovic, N. (2017). "Key indicators to track current progress and future ambition of the Paris Agreement". Nature Climate Change, 7(2), 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3202
Rafiq, S., Salim, R., & Nielsen, I. (2016). "Urbanization, openness, emissions, and energy intensity: A study of increasingly urbanized emerging economies". Energy Economics, 56, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.009
Raupach, M. R., Marland, G., Ciais, P., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Klepper, G., & Field, C. B. (2007). "Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(24), 10288-10293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700609104
Raza, M. Y., & Lin, B. (2022). "Natural gas consumption, energy efficiency and low carbon transition in Pakistan". Energy, 240, 122497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122497
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71-S102.
Seiford, L. M., & Zhu, J. (2002). "Modeling undesirable factors in efficiency evaluation". European Journal of Operational Research, 142(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00293-4
Shen, X., & Lin, B. (2021). "Does industrial structure distortion impact the energy intensity in China?". Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25, 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc
Shu, T., Liao, X., Yang, S., & Yu, T. (2024). "Towards sustainability: Evaluating energy efficiency with a super-efficiency SBM-DEA model across 168 economies". Applied Energy, 376, 124254.
Simeonovski, K., Kaftandzieva, T., & Brock, G. (2021). "Energy efficiency management across EU countries: A DEA approach". Energies, 14(9), 2619.
Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
Sorrell, S. (2009). "Jevons' Paradox revisited: The evidence for backfire from improved energy efficiency". Energy Policy, 37(4), 1456–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.003
Stern, D. I. (2011). The role of energy in economic growth. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1219(1), 26-51.
Stern, D. I. (2012). "Modeling international trends in energy efficiency". Energy Economics, 34(6), 2200–2208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.03.009
Topcu, E., Altinoz, B., & Aslan, A. (2020). "Global evidence from the link between economic growth, natural resources, energy consumption, and gross capital formation". Resources Policy, 66, 101622.
Wang, C. N., Nguyen, H. P., & Chang, C. W. (2021). "Environmental efficiency evaluation in the top Asian economies: An application of DEA". Mathematics, 9(8), 889.
Wang, L. W., Le, K. D., & Nguyen, T. D. (2019). "Assessment of the energy efficiency improvement of twenty-five countries: A DEA approach". Energies, 12(8), 1535.
Wang, X., Lu, Y., Chen, C., Yi, X., & Cui, H. (2024). "Total-factor energy efficiency of ten major global energy-consuming countries". Journal of Environmental Sciences, 137, 41-52.
Wang, Z., Han, B., & Lu, M. (2016). "Measurement of energy rebound effect in households: Evidence from residential electricity consumption in Beijing, China". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 852-861.
Wu, L., Chen, Y., Feylizadeh, M. R., & Liu, W. (2018). "Estimation of China's macro-carbon rebound effect: Method of integrating Data Envelopment Analysis production model and sequential Malmquist-Luenberger index". Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 1431-1442.
Wu, T. H., Chen, Y. S., Shang, W., & Wu, J. T. (2018). "Measuring energy use and CO2 emission performances for APEC economies". Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 590-601.
Yu, B. (2020). "Industrial structure, technological innovation, and total-factor energy efficiency in China". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(8), 8371-8385.
Zhang, Y. J., Peng, H. R., & Su, B. (2017). "Energy rebound effect in China's Industry: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis". Energy Economics, 61, 199-208.
Zheng, Y., Xu, H., & Jia, R. (2022). Endogenous energy efficiency and rebound effect in the transportation sector: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 335, 130310.

Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Ekonometrik ve İstatistiksel Yöntemler, Bölgesel Ekonomi
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Ayşegül Baykul 0000-0002-7581-9972
Gönderilme Tarihi	28 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi	28 Şubat 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi	29 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA	Baykul, A. (2025). Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(4), 1278-1304. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832
AMA	Baykul A. Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Aralık 2025;15(4):1278-1304. doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832
Chicago	Baykul, Ayşegül. “Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022)”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 15, sy. 4 (Aralık 2025): 1278-1304. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832.
EndNote	Baykul A (01 Aralık 2025) Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 15 4 1278–1304.
IEEE	A. Baykul, “Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022)”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 4, ss. 1278–1304, 2025, doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832.
ISNAD	Baykul, Ayşegül. “Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022)”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 15/4 (Aralık2025), 1278-1304. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832.
JAMA	Baykul A. Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;15:1278–1304.
MLA	Baykul, Ayşegül. “Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022)”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 4, 2025, ss. 1278-04, doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.1592832.
Vancouver	Baykul A. Avrupa ve Orta Asya Ülkelerinde Enerji Verimliliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Değerlendirilmesi: Gelir Grupları, Yapısal Değişim ve CO2 Emisyon Yoğunluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz (2011-2022). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;15(4):1278-304.

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