Kesişen Milliyetçilik: Hindutva, Siyonizm ve Ortak Dışlayıcı Politikaları

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 1363 - 1393, 29.12.2025

Muhammed Karakuş

Öz

Bu makale, Hindutva ve Siyonizm gibi iki etno-dini milliyetçi ideolojiyi, ideolojik yakınlıklarını, yerleşimci-sömürgeci paralelliklerini ve ortak dışlayıcı politikalarını vurgulayarak karşılaştırmalı bir analiz sunmaktadır. Söylem analizi ve yerleşimci-sömürgeci teoriyi bir araya getiren ilişkisel karşılaştırmalı bir çerçeveye dayanan makale, Modi dönemindeki Hindutva'nın Siyonist stratejileri olan “iç düşmanlar” yaratmak, yerleşimci-sömürgeci genişlemeyi sürdürmek ve yerlilikle ilgili tarihsel anlatıları harekete geçirmeyi nasıl yansıttığını ele almaktadır. Başlıca bulgular arasında, tarihsel bağlamlarına rağmen, her iki hareketin de yayılmacı ve dışlayıcı politikalar peşinde olduğu, kendi Müslüman azınlıklarını marjinalleştirdiği ve eski uygarlık mitleri ve güvenlik söylemleri aracılığıyla hakimiyetini meşrulaştırdığı yer almaktadır. Bu kesişen milliyetçilikler, politika yayılımı ve azınlıkların artan marjinalleşmesi yoluyla, devam eden çatışmalar, adaletsizlik ve insan hakları ihlallerine kadar uzanan derin sosyo-politik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışma, milliyetçi ideolojilerin 21. yüzyılın küreselleşmiş bağlamında birbirlerinin dışlayıcı uygulamalarını pekiştirdiğini savunmaktadır.Çalışma, bu ideolojilerin siyasi, askeri ve toplumsal dinamikleri nasıl etkilediğini vurgularken, yerleşimci sömürgecilik uygulamaları ve ayrımcı çerçevelerle olan paralelliklere dikkat çekmektedir. Önemli uyum noktalarını ortaya koyarken, Hindutva ve Siyonizm’in kendine özgü tarihsel ve bağlamsal farklılıklarını vurgulayan karşı argümanlarla eleştirel bir şekilde ilgilenmektedir. Bu ideolojileri milliyetçilik ve küresel siyaset üzerine daha geniş tartışmaların içine yerleştirerek, 21. yüzyılda etno-milliyetçi hareketlerin değişen doğasını anlamaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu kapsamlı analiz, dışlayıcı politikaların risklerini aydınlatmakta ve çok etnikli, çeşitli toplumlar üzerindeki etkilerine dair eleştirel bir perspektif sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etno-Dini Milliyetçilik , Hindutva , Siyonizm , Azınlıkların Marjinalleştirilmesi , Yerleşimci Sömürgecilik

Intersecting Nationalisms: Hindutva, Zionism, and Their Shared Exclusionary Policies

Öz

This article offers a comparative analysis of Hindutva and Zionism, two ethno-religious nationalist ideologies, by highlighting their ideological convergence, settler-colonial parallels, and shared exclusionary policies. Informed by a relational comparative framework that brings together discourse analysis and settler-colonial theory, the article discusses how Modi-era Hindutva mirrors Zionist strategies: constructing "internal enemies," pursuing settler-colonial expansion, and mobilizing historical narratives of indigeneity. Among the primary findings are that, despite their historical contexts, both movements pursue expansionist and exclusionary politics, marginalize their respective Muslim minorities, and legitimize dominance through ancient civilization myths and security discourses. These intersecting nationalisms have profound socio-political implications through the channels of policy diffusion and increased marginalization of minorities to continued conflict, injustice, and human rights violations. This study argues that nationalist ideologies consolidate each other's exclusive practices within a globalized 21st-century context.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethno-Religious Nationalism , Hindutva , Zionism , Marginalization of Minorities , Settler Colonialism

Kaynakça

• Aljazeera. (2024). Why is India’s Citizenship Amendment Act so controversial? Retrieved March 12, 2024, from Al Jazeera Media Network website: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/12/why-is-indias-citizenship-amendment-act-so-controversial
• Amnesty International. (2024). India: Authorities must immediately stop unjust targeted demolition of Muslim properties. Retrieved from Amnesty International website: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/india-authorities-must-immediately-stop-unjust-targeted-demolition-of-muslim-properties/
• Anand, Dibyesh. (2011). Hindu nationalism in India and the politics of fear. 197.
• ANI. (2019). Cast vote in favour of BJP if you want to destroy Muslims: BJP leader. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from Yahoo News website: https://sg.news.yahoo.com/cast-vote-favour-bjp-want-destroy-muslims-bjp-075856082.html
• Apoorvanand. (2018). https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/5/3/how-indias-institutions-are-failing-muslims/. Retrieved June 2, 2024, from Aljazeera website: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/5/3/how-indias-institutions-are-failing-muslims/
• Badarin, E. (2021). Politics of Recognition, Elimination and Settler-Colonialism. Critical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/08969205211058452
• BBC. (2019, August 6). Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from BBC website: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49234708
• Bedi, R. (2024, May 4). Modi increases anti-Muslim rhetoric in ‘extremist’ bid to retain power. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from The Irish Times website: https://www.irishtimes.com/world/asia-pacific/2024/05/04/modis-increases-anti-muslim-rhetoric-in-extremist-bid-to-retain-power/
• Beinart, P. (2019). Debunking the myth that anti-Zionism is antisemitic. The Guardian.
• Bhattacharya, A. (2024). Forging a far-right friendship: How Israel became a model for Modi’s India. Green Left, (1406), 1–4.
• Blarel, N. (2015). The Evolution of India’s Israel Policy Continuity, Change, and Compromise Since 1922. In The Evolution of India’s Israel Policy (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450626.001.0001
• Charles, S. (2016). Our Promised Land: Faith and Militant Zionism in Israeli Settlements. In Journal of Church and State (Vol. 58). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csw039
• Choudhury, A. (2023). Unpacking the Hindutva Embrace of Israel. Retrieved May 24, 2024, from The Wire website: https://thewire.in/world/hindutva-israel-tweets-palestine-conflict
• Chowdhury, K. (2022, November 2). India’s Hindutva Proponents and Zionist Israel: Strange Bedfellows. Retrieved May 10, 2024, from The Diplomat website: https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/indias-hindutva-proponents-and-zionist-israel-strange-bedfellows/
• Dana, T., & Jarbawi, A. (2017). A Century of Settler Colonialism in Palestine: Zionism’s Entangled Project. Brown Journal of World Affairs, xxiv.
• Dar, Z. A., & Malik, F. A. (2024). Sky Is the Limit: Examining the Evolution of Indo-Israel Defence Relations. Advances in Sciences and Humanities 2024, Volume 10, Page 33, 10(3), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ASH.20241003.11
• Dhillon, A. (2022, June 13). Violent BJP rhetoric and bulldozing of homes show Indian Muslim dilemma. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/13/violent-bjp-rhetoric-and-bulldozing-of-homes-shows-indian-muslim-dilemma
• Dilshad, M. (2019). Darul Uloom a terror factory, it should be shut, says BJP MLA. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from Times of India website: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/darul-uloom-a-terror-factory-it-should-be-shut-says-bjp-mla/articleshow/68142518.cms
• Dolowitz, D. P., & Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance, 13(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/0952-1895.00121
• Duberstein, J. (2024). The Rise of Hindu Nationalism: A Catalyst for India’s Strategic Pivot towards Israel. Macalester Street Journal, 1(2), 6–27. https://doi.org/10.62543/MSJ.V1I2.43
• Essa, A. (2023). Hostile Homelands The New Alliance Between India and Israel (1st ed.). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.168341
• Forman, G., & Kedar, A. (Sandy). (2004). From Arab Land to ‘Israel Lands’: The Legal Dispossession of the Palestinians Displaced by Israel in the Wake of 1948. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22(6), 809–830. https://doi.org/10.1068/d402
• Frayer, L. (2019, April 23). India Is Changing Some Cities’ Names, And Muslims Fear Their Heritage Is Being Erased. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from NPR website: https://www.npr.org/2019/04/23/714108344/india-is-changing-some-cities-names-and-muslims-fear-their-heritage-is-being-era
• Frykenberg, R. E. (2008). Hindutva as a Political Religion: An Historical Perspective. In R. Griffin, R. Mallett, & J. Tortorice (Eds.), The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne (pp. 178–220). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230241633_10
• Garasic, M. D., & Keinan, S. (2015). Boycotting Israeli academia Is its implementation anti-Semitic? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 15(3), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229115571814
• Gopalan, A. (2023, October 28). Israel’s Brutality Is Stoking the Imagination of India’s Far Right . Retrieved May 23, 2024, from The American Prospect website: https://prospect.org/world/2023-11-28-israels-brutality-indias-far-right/
• Hall, I. (2015). The evolution of India’s Israel policy: continuity, change, and compromise since 1922. By Nicolas Blarel. International Affairs, 91(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12432
• HarwardLawReview. (2021). From Domicile to Dominion: India’s Settler Colonial Agenda in Kashmir. HarwardLawReview, 134(7), 2530–2531.
• Hazra, A. (2024, February 5). Diaspora’s Role in Spreading India’s Religious Nationalism Globally . Retrieved May 23, 2024, from Hindu Religion News website: https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/role-of-diaspora-in-furthering-indias-religious-nationalism-globally-2879797
• Honig, J. W., & Käihkö, I. (2023). An Exemplary Defeat: The West in Afghanistan, 2001–2021. Armed Forces and Society, 49(4), 989 – 1000. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X221101364
• HRW. (2021, April 27). A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from Human Rights Watch website: https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution
• Hughes, A. R. (2023, September 9). Will India be renamed Bharat? Here’s why some countries change their name. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from Euronews website: https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/09/09/will-india-be-renamed-bharat-heres-why-some-countries-change-their-name
• Hutton, C. (2019). Lost in the hall of mirrors: The linguistics of Aryan as a knowledge domain in colonial and postcolonial India. Language, Culture and Society. https://doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00002.hut
• Irwandi Siregar, H., Nurdin Malayu, O. A., & Nasution, A. (2024). The Impact of Colonialism on the Islamic Education System: Changes in Education Systems in Colonized Regions Such as Indonesia, India, and North Africa. Mauriduna: Journal of Islamic Studies, 5(2), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.37274/MAURIDUNA.V5I2.1201
• Jaffee, L. J. (2024). Anti-Zionism is not Antisemitism: The Centrality of Palestinian Liberation in the Struggle for Anti-Oppressive Education. Critical Education, 15(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.14288/CE.V15I1.186771
• Jaffrelot, C. (2009). Hindu nationalism: A reader. In Hindu Nationalism: A Reader.
• Jairam, P. (2024). Securing Identity via History. Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society. https://doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2023.150203
• Jha, D. N. (2014). Rethinking Hindu Identity. In Rethinking Hindu Identity. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315710907
• Kalhan, A. (2023). We Our Nationhood Defined. In Tipping Point. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003395669-1
• Kanbur, H. (2022). İsrail’in Filistinli Vatandaşlarina Yönelik Ayrimci Yasalari. İstanbul. Retrieved from https://www.insamer.com/tr/israilin-filistinli-vatandaslarina-yonelik-ayrimci-yasalari.html
• Kaul, N. (2021). Coloniality and/as Development in Kashmir: Econonationalism. Feminist Review, 128(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/01417789211016490
• Kaur, K. (2006). Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Indian Historical Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/037698360603300218
• Khan, M. A. M., & Lutful, R. B. (2021). Emerging hindu rashtra and its impact on Indian muslims. Religions, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090693
• Khan, M., Ishaq, M., & Din, I. (2024). Foreign Alliances: The Indo-Israel Defense Collaboration And Its Implications For Pakistan’s Security Paradigm. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(2), 1–11. Retrieved from https://ijciss.org/index.php/ijciss/article/view/604
• Kolås, Å. (2023). This World and the “Other”: Muslim Identity and Politics on the Indo-Bangladesh Border. Alternatives, 48(4), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/03043754231196587
• Kunnummal, A. (2025). Between Appeal to Citizenship and Biopolitical Fracture: Islamophobia and the New Politics of Muslim Citizenship in India. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.13169/ISLASTUDJ.8.2.0261
• Kuszewska, A. (2022). Selected root causes and the structure of human rights violations. Human Rights Violations in Kashmir, 13–46. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003196525-4
• Leidig, E. (2020). Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism. Patterns of Prejudice, 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861
• Li, M., Leidner, B., Hirschberger, G., & Park, J. (2023). From Threat to Challenge: Understanding the Impact of Historical Collective Trauma on Contemporary Intergroup Conflict. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(1), 190–209.
• Loewenstein, A. (2023). The Palestine Laboratory: How Israel Exports the Technology of Occupation Around the World (first). Cornwall: CPI Group.
• Luka, A. Y. (2021). Hindu-muslim relations in kashmir: A critical evaluation. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. https://doi.org/10.4102/HTS.V77I4.6227
• Lyer, A., & Mogul, R. (2024, February 15). ‘Erasing a part of history’ – What a double mosque demolition tells us about India ahead of crucial election. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from CNN website: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/15/india/india-mosque-demolitions-religious-divide-intl-hnk/index.html
• Madeira, A. I., & Correia, L. G. (2019). Colonial Education and Anticolonial Struggles. In The [Oxford] Handbook of the History of Education (pp. 412–426). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199340033.013.24
• Maizland, L. (2024, March 18). India’s Muslims: An Increasingly Marginalized Population. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from Council on Foreign Relations website: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/india-muslims-marginalized-population-bjp-modi#chapter-title-0-7
• Majeed, T. (2022). Embedded authoritarianism: the politics of poor press freedom in Indian Kashmir. Media, Culture \& Society, 44(3), 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211069973
• Malcolm, H. K. (2019). The BJP in Power: Indian Democracy and Religious Nationalism. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/04/the-bjp-in-power-indian-democracy-and-religious-nationalism?lang=en&center=middle-east
• Malji, A. (2021). People don’t want a mosque here: Destruction of minority religious sites as a strategy of nationalism. Journal of Religion and Violence. https://doi.org/10.5840/jrv202142086
• Malpani, M. (2024, July 21). ‘Akhand Bharat’ will happen one day, says M.P. CM. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from The Hindu website: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/akhand-bharat-will-happen-one-day-says-mp-cm/article67760103.ece
• Maung, Z. (2024). Palestinians as “Human Dust”: Israel’s Genocide and Its Anglo-American Imperialist Patrons. Retrieved June 2, 2024, from Peoples’ Charter for Southeast Asia website: https://forsea.co/israel-genocide-and-its-anglo-american-imperialist-patrons/
• MEMO. (2024, February 22). Israel Minister says ‘there is no such thing as a Palestinian people.’ Retrieved June 14, 2024, from Middle East Monitor website: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240222-israel-minister-says-there-is-no-such-thing-as-a-palestinian-people/
• Moaswes, A. (2024). Global Hindutva and the Palestinian Cause. ReOrient, 8(2), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.13169/REORIENT.8.2.0239
• Mohd, A. Bin, Researcher, A. /, Court, H., & Kashmir, J. &. (2022). Indo-Israel Defence Relationship: Implications on Pakistan’s Security Policies. IJFMR - International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.36948/IJFMR.2022.V04I05.888
• Morgan, D., & Csurgai, G. (2023). Islamophobia in India and its Impact on India’s Foreign Relations. Switzerland. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection
• Navot, S. (2008). Fighting Terrorism in the Political Arena: The Banning of Political Parties. Party Politics, 14(6), 745–762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093409
• Niaz, P. (2024). India university ‘bans’ the word Intifada after Hindutva intervention. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from Middle East Monitor website: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240305-india-university-bans-the-word-intifada-after-hindutva-intervention/
• Pandya, A. (2010). Muslim Indians Struggle for inclusion. Washington: The Henry L. Stimson Center.
• Petchesky, R. (2021). Zionism’s Twilight: Colonial Dreams, Racist Nightmares, Liberated Futures. In A Land With a People: Palestinians and Jews Confront Zionism (pp. 17–58). NYU Press.
• Pieal, J. N. (2023, October 6). India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/india-once-was-a-strong-ally-of-palestine-what-changed/
• Pollard, R. (2023, November 4). India’s Future Looks More Hardline Hindu Than Ever as States Lean to Modi. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from Bloomberg website: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-12-04/india-s-future-looks-more-hardline-hindu-than-ever-as-states-lean-to-modi
• Rashid, S. (2023). Hindutva and History. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4314177
• Ratti, M. (2022). Hindutva as Political Monotheism. South Asian Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2021.1972715
• Reuters. (2023). Israeli minister says “no such thing” as Palestinian people. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from Reuters website: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-minister-says-no-such-thing-palestinian-people-2023-03-20/
• Ronen, Y. (2015, April 27). Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2599465
• Roy, P. (2019). Benjamin Netanyahu’s state visit to India. Israel Affairs, 25(5), 788–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2019.1645968
• Ruiz Vieytez, E. J., Andrés, R. R., & Spektorowski, A. (2024). Anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and Anti-Zionism: Discrimination and Political Construction. Religions 2024, Vol. 15, Page 74, 15(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/REL15010074
• Sabina, B. (2024). Hindu and Hindutva Ideology in Indian Polity: Examining Modi’s Administration. Strategic Studies, 43(2), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.53532/SS.043.02.00301
• Sahgal, G. (2020). Hindutva Past and Present: From Secular Democracy to Hindu Rashtra. Feminist Dissent.
• Saito, N. T. (2020). Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law. In Ediberto Roman (Ed.), Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law (2nd ed.). Shelley L. Frisch trans., Markus Wiener Publishers. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814723944.001.0001
• Sen, A. (2024). Fascism in India Has Found a Role Model in Israel. Retrieved from Liberation.org website: https://liberation.org.in/liberation-2024-april/fascism-india-has-found-role-model-israel
• Sen, R. (2021). Farewell to arms: How rebels retire without getting killed. In Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529867.001.0001
• Sen, S. (2015). Fascism Without Fascists? A Comparative Look at Hindutva and Zionism. South Asia: Journal of South Asia Studies, 38(4), 690–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2015.1077924
• Shamsa Nawaz. (2017). Indian Efforts to Change the Demography of IOK. Strategic Studies, 37(2), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.53532/SS.037.02.00218
• Shani, G. (2021). Towards a Hindu Rashtra: Hindutva, religion, and nationalism in India. Religion, State and Society, 49(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2021.1947731
• Sultan, S. (2022). The obscure Kashmiris in the Kashmir conflict: Analysing the 1990 Kashmiri refugees. Cogent Arts and Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2049481
• Therwath, I. (2024, February). Hindu nationalism’s global networks. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from Le Monde diplomatique website: https://mondediplo.com/2023/02/11hindutva
• Wani, A. A., Khan, I. A., & Taseen, T. (2020). Article 370 and 35A: Origin, provisions, and the politics of contestation. Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir, 53–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56481-0_3
• Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240
• Zahra, S. T., & Liaqat, S. (2023). India-Israel Strategic Cooperation: Implications for Pakistan. Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH), 5(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.51872/PRJAH.VOL5.ISS1.233
• Žižek, S. (2023). The New Roots of Anti-Semitism. Project Syndicate.