BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Imaging in endodontics: an overview of conventional and alternative advanced imaging techniques

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 55 - 64, 30.01.2014

Birsay Gümrü Bilge Tarçın

Öz

Diagnosis, treatment planning and outcome assessment in endodontics depend to a large extent on radiographic examinations. Periapical radiographs, either captured on x-ray film or digital sensors, used for the management of endodontic problems provide limited information because of the combination of their two-dimensional nature, geometric distortion, anatomical noise, and temporal perspective. This review provides a summary of the limitations of periapical radiographs and the relevance of alternative advanced imaging techniques which are suggested as adjuncts to conventional radiographs in endodontic practice. Advantages and disadvantages of these imaging techniques are also briefly discussed.


Key words: Computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, endodontics, magnetic resonance imaging, periapical radiograph, ultrasound

Anahtar Kelimeler

Computed tomography cone beam computed tomography endodontics magnetic resonance imaging periapical radiograph ultrasound

Kaynakça

  • Jacobsohn PH, Fedran RJ. Making darkness visible: the discovery of x-ray and its introduction to dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126:1359-1367.
  • Langland OE, Langlais RP. Early pioneers of oral andmaxillofacial radiology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.1995;80:496-511.
  • Deepak BS, Subash TS, Narmatha VJ, Anamika T, Snehil TK, Nandini DB. Imaging techniques in endodontics: an overview. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2012;2:13.
  • Gröndahl HG, Huumonen S. Radiographic manifestations of periapical inflammatory lesions. Endod Topics. 2004;8: 55-67.
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Whaites E, Pitt Ford T. New dimensions in endodontic imaging: part 1. Conventional and alternative radiographic systems. Int Endod J. 2009;42: 447-462.
  • Cotti E, Campisi G. Advanced radiographic techniques for the detection of lesions in bone. Endod Topics. 2004;7: 52-72.
  • Whaites E. Chapter 8. Periapical radiography. Essentials of Dental Radiology and Radiography.3th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2003. p. 75-100.
  • Whaites E.Chapter 17. Alternative and specialized imaging modalities. Essentials of Dental Radiology and Radiography. 3th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2003. p. 191-208.
  • Velvart P, Hecker H, Tillinger G. Detection of the apical lesion and the mandibular canal in conventional radiography and computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92: 682-688.
  • Low KM, Dula K, Bürgin W, von Arx T. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam tomography in posterior maxillary teeth referred for apical surgery. J Endod. 2008;34: 557-562.
  • Glickman GN, Vogt MW. Chapter 5. Preparation for treatment. In: Hargreaves KM, Cohen S, eds. Pathways of the Pulp. 10th ed. St. Louis, MI: Mosby Elsevier; 2011. p. 88-123.
  • Barton DJ, Clark SJ, Eleazer PD, Scheetz JP, Farman AG. Tunedaperture computed tomography versus parallax analog and digital radiographic images in detecting second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary first molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96, 223-228.
  • Forsberg J, Halse A. Radiographic simulation of a periapical lesion comparing the paralleling and the bisecting-angle techniques. Int Endod J.1994;27: 133-138.
  • Vande Voorde HE, Bjorndahl AM. Estimating endodontic ‘‘working length’’ with paralleling radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1969;27: 106-110.
  • White SC, Pharoah MJ. Chapter 13. Advanced Imaging. Oral Radiology. Principles and Interpretation. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 200 p. 207-224. Bender IB, Seltzer S. Roentgenographic and direct observation of experimental lesions in bone: I. J Am Dent Assoc.1961;62: 152-160.
  • Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endod Topics.2002;1: 3-25.
  • Goldman M, Pearson AH, Darzenta N. Endodontic success--who’s reading the radiograph? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33: 432-4
  • Goldman M, Pearson AH, Darzenta N. Reliability of radiographic interpretations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;38: 287-293.
  • Brynolf I. A histological and roentenological study of the periapical region of human upper incisors. Odontologisk Revy. 1967;18 (Suppl. 11): 1-176.
  • Schwartz SF, Foster JK Jr. Roentgenographic interpretation of experimentally produced bony lesions. Part 1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;32: 606-612.
  • Marmary Y, Koter T, Heling I. The effect of periapical rarefying osteitis on cortical and cancellous bone. A study comparing conventional radiographs with computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.1999;28: 267-271.
  • Friedman S. Prognosis of initial endodontic therapy. Endod Topics.2002;2: 59-98.
  • Duckworth JE, Judy PF, Goodson JM, Socransky SS. A method for the geometric and densitometric standardization of intraoral radiographs. J Periodontol.1983;54: 435-440.
  • Rudolph DJ, White SC. Film-holding instruments for intraoral subtraction radiography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;65: 767-7
  • Nair MK, Nair UP. Digital and advanced imaging in endodontics: a review. JEndod.2007;33: 1-6.
  • Tachibana H, Matsumoto K. Applicability of X-ray computerized tomography in endodontics. Endod Dent Traumatol.1990;6: 16-20.
  • Robinson S, Czerny C, Gahleitner A, Bernhart T, Kainberger FM. Dental CT evaluation of mandibular first premolar root configurations and canal variations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93: 328-332.
  • Ngan DC, Kharbanda OP, Geenty JP, Darendeliler MA. Comparison of radiation levels from computed tomography and conventional dental radiographs. Aust Orthod J.2003;19: 67-75.
  • Webber RL, Horton RA, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB. Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application for threedimensional dento-alveolar imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1997;26:53-62.
  • Nair MK. Diagnostic accuracy of Tuned Aperture Computed Tomography (TACT). Swed Dent J. 2003;159 (Suppl.): 1-93.
  • Nair MK, Nair UDP, Gröndahl HG, Webber RL, Wallace JA. Detection of artificially induced vertical radicular fractures using tuned aperture computed tomography. Eur J Oral Sci. 2001;109: 375-379.
  • Nance R, Tyndall D, Levin LG, Trope M. Identification of root canals in molars by tuned-aperture computed tomography. Int Endod J.2000;33: 392-396.
  • Webber RL, Messura JK.An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.1999;88: 239-247.
  • Tyndall DA, Clifton TL, Webber RL, Ludlow JB, Horton RA. TACT imaging of primary caries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84: 214-225.
  • Webber RL, Horton RA, Underhill TE, Ludlow JB, Tyndall DA. Comparison of film, direct digital, and tuned-aperture computed tomography images to identify the location of crestal defects around endosseous titanium implants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.1996;81: 480-490.
  • Nair MK, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB, May K, Ye F. The effects of restorative material and location on the detection of simulated recurrent caries. A comparison of dental film, direct digital radiography and tuned aperture computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1998;27: 80Peters OA, Schönenberger K, Laib A. Effects of four Ni-Ti preparation techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2001;34:221-230.
  • Jung M, Lommel D, Klimek J. The imaging of root canal obturation using micro-CT. Int Endod J. 2005;38:617-626.
  • Goto TK, Nishida S, Nakamura Y, Tokumori K, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi K, Yoshida Y, Yoshiura K. The accuracy of 3-dimensional magnetic resonance 3D vibe images of the mandible: an in vitro comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2007;103: 550-559.
  • Gray CF, Redpath TW, Smith FW. Pre-surgical dental implant assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. J Oral Implantol. 1996;22: 147-153.
  • Monsour PA, Dudhia R. Implant radiography and radiology. Aust Dent J. 2008;53 (Suppl.1): S11-25.
  • Tutton LM, Goddard PR. MRI of the teeth. Br J Radiol.2002;75: 5525
  • DelBalso AM. Lesions of the jaws. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1995;16: 487-5
  • Eggers G, Rieker M, Kress B, Fiebach J, Dickhaus H, Hassfeld S. Artefacts in magnetic resonance imaging caused by dental material. MAGMA.2005;18: 103-111.
  • Gahleitner A, Solar P, Nasel C, Homolka P, Youssefzadeh S, Ertl L, Schick S. Magnetic resonance tomography in dental radiology (dental MRI). Radiologe. 1999;39:1044-1050.
  • Gundappa M, Ng SY, Whaites EJ. Comparison of ultrasound, digital and conventional radiography in differentiating periapical lesions. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35: 326-333.
  • Cotti E, Campisi G, Garau V, Puddu G. A new technique for the study of periapical bone lesions: ultrasound real time imaging. Int Endod J. 2002;35: 148-152.
  • Cotti E, Campisi G, Ambu R, Dettori C. Ultrasound real-time imaging in the differential diagnosis of periapical lesions. Int Endod J. 2003;36: 556-5
  • Barnett SB, Ter Haar GR, Ziskin MC, Rott HD, Duck FA, Maeda K. International recommendations and guidelines for the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000;26:3553
  • Arai Y, Tammisalo E, Iwai K, Hashimoto K, Shinoda K. Development of a compact computed tomographic apparatus for dental use. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.1999;28: 245-248.
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Ford TP, Whaites E. The potential applications of cone beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems. Int Endod J.2007;40:818-830.
  • Patel S. New dimensions in endodontic imaging: part 2. Cone beam computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2009;42: 463-475.
  • Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006;72: 75Hashimoto K, Kawashima S, Araki M, Iwai K, Sawada K, Akiyama Y. Comparison of image performance between cone-beam computed tomography for dental use and four-row multidetector helical CT. J Oral Sci.2006;48: 27-34.
  • Hashimoto K, Kawashima S, Kameoka S, Akiyama H, Honjoya T, Ejima K, Sawada K. Comparison of image validity between cone beam computed tomography for dental use and multidetector row helical computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.2007;36: 465-471.
  • Mora MA, Mol A, Tyndall DA, Rivera EM. In vitro assessment of local computed tomography for the detection of longitudinal tooth fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2007;103: 825-8
  • Lofthag-Hansen S, Huumonen S, Gröndahl K, Gröndahl HG.Limited cone-beam CT and intraoral radiography forthe diagnosis of periapical pathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2007;103: 114-119.
  • Estrela C, Bueno MR, Leles CR, Azevedo B, Azevedo JR.Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and panoramicand periapical radiography for detection of apical periodontitis.J Endod.2008;34: 273-2
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Mannocci F, Wilson R, Pitt Ford T.Detection of periapical bone defects in human jaws usingcone beam computed tomography and intraoralradiography. Int Endod J. 2009;42: 507-515.
  • Patel S, Dawood A. The use of cone beam computed tomography in the management of external cervical resorption lesions. Int Endod J. 2007;40: 730-737.
  • Patel S, Ford TP. Is the resorption external or internal? Dent Update.2007;34: 218-229.
  • Pinsky HM, Dyda S, Pinsky RW, Misch KA, Sarment DP. Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.2006;35: 410-416.
  • Farman AG (2005) ALARA still applies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2005;100: 395-397.

Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 55 - 64, 30.01.2014

Birsay Gümrü Bilge Tarçın

Öz

Endodontide teşhis, tedavi planlaması ve tedavi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesinde radyografik incelemeden büyük oranda istifade edilmektedir. İster röntgen filmi ile ister dijital sensörler ile çekilmiş olsun, endodontik problemlerin tedavisinde kullanılan periapikal radyografiler iki boyutlu olmaları, geometrik distorsiyon, anatomik yapıların süperpozisyonu ve sadece o andaki durumu yansıtmaları nedeniyle sınırlı bilgi sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemede periapikal radyografilerin sahip olduğu kısıtlamalar gözden geçirilmekte ve endodonti pratiğinde konvansiyonel radyografilerin tamamlayıcıları olarak önerilen alternatif ileri görüntüleme tekniklerine değinilmektedir. Bu görüntüleme tekniklerinin avantaj ve dezavantajları da kısaca tartışılmaktadır.


Anahtar Kelimeler : Bilgisayarlı tomografi, konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi, endodonti, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, periapikal radyografi, ultrason

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilgisayarlı tomografi konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi endodonti manyetik rezonans görüntüleme periapikal radyografi ultrason

Kaynakça

  • Jacobsohn PH, Fedran RJ. Making darkness visible: the discovery of x-ray and its introduction to dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126:1359-1367.
  • Langland OE, Langlais RP. Early pioneers of oral andmaxillofacial radiology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.1995;80:496-511.
  • Deepak BS, Subash TS, Narmatha VJ, Anamika T, Snehil TK, Nandini DB. Imaging techniques in endodontics: an overview. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2012;2:13.
  • Gröndahl HG, Huumonen S. Radiographic manifestations of periapical inflammatory lesions. Endod Topics. 2004;8: 55-67.
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Whaites E, Pitt Ford T. New dimensions in endodontic imaging: part 1. Conventional and alternative radiographic systems. Int Endod J. 2009;42: 447-462.
  • Cotti E, Campisi G. Advanced radiographic techniques for the detection of lesions in bone. Endod Topics. 2004;7: 52-72.
  • Whaites E. Chapter 8. Periapical radiography. Essentials of Dental Radiology and Radiography.3th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2003. p. 75-100.
  • Whaites E.Chapter 17. Alternative and specialized imaging modalities. Essentials of Dental Radiology and Radiography. 3th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2003. p. 191-208.
  • Velvart P, Hecker H, Tillinger G. Detection of the apical lesion and the mandibular canal in conventional radiography and computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92: 682-688.
  • Low KM, Dula K, Bürgin W, von Arx T. Comparison of periapical radiography and limited cone-beam tomography in posterior maxillary teeth referred for apical surgery. J Endod. 2008;34: 557-562.
  • Glickman GN, Vogt MW. Chapter 5. Preparation for treatment. In: Hargreaves KM, Cohen S, eds. Pathways of the Pulp. 10th ed. St. Louis, MI: Mosby Elsevier; 2011. p. 88-123.
  • Barton DJ, Clark SJ, Eleazer PD, Scheetz JP, Farman AG. Tunedaperture computed tomography versus parallax analog and digital radiographic images in detecting second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary first molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96, 223-228.
  • Forsberg J, Halse A. Radiographic simulation of a periapical lesion comparing the paralleling and the bisecting-angle techniques. Int Endod J.1994;27: 133-138.
  • Vande Voorde HE, Bjorndahl AM. Estimating endodontic ‘‘working length’’ with paralleling radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1969;27: 106-110.
  • White SC, Pharoah MJ. Chapter 13. Advanced Imaging. Oral Radiology. Principles and Interpretation. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 200 p. 207-224. Bender IB, Seltzer S. Roentgenographic and direct observation of experimental lesions in bone: I. J Am Dent Assoc.1961;62: 152-160.
  • Huumonen S, Ørstavik D. Radiological aspects of apical periodontitis. Endod Topics.2002;1: 3-25.
  • Goldman M, Pearson AH, Darzenta N. Endodontic success--who’s reading the radiograph? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33: 432-4
  • Goldman M, Pearson AH, Darzenta N. Reliability of radiographic interpretations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;38: 287-293.
  • Brynolf I. A histological and roentenological study of the periapical region of human upper incisors. Odontologisk Revy. 1967;18 (Suppl. 11): 1-176.
  • Schwartz SF, Foster JK Jr. Roentgenographic interpretation of experimentally produced bony lesions. Part 1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;32: 606-612.
  • Marmary Y, Koter T, Heling I. The effect of periapical rarefying osteitis on cortical and cancellous bone. A study comparing conventional radiographs with computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.1999;28: 267-271.
  • Friedman S. Prognosis of initial endodontic therapy. Endod Topics.2002;2: 59-98.
  • Duckworth JE, Judy PF, Goodson JM, Socransky SS. A method for the geometric and densitometric standardization of intraoral radiographs. J Periodontol.1983;54: 435-440.
  • Rudolph DJ, White SC. Film-holding instruments for intraoral subtraction radiography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;65: 767-7
  • Nair MK, Nair UP. Digital and advanced imaging in endodontics: a review. JEndod.2007;33: 1-6.
  • Tachibana H, Matsumoto K. Applicability of X-ray computerized tomography in endodontics. Endod Dent Traumatol.1990;6: 16-20.
  • Robinson S, Czerny C, Gahleitner A, Bernhart T, Kainberger FM. Dental CT evaluation of mandibular first premolar root configurations and canal variations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93: 328-332.
  • Ngan DC, Kharbanda OP, Geenty JP, Darendeliler MA. Comparison of radiation levels from computed tomography and conventional dental radiographs. Aust Orthod J.2003;19: 67-75.
  • Webber RL, Horton RA, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB. Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application for threedimensional dento-alveolar imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1997;26:53-62.
  • Nair MK. Diagnostic accuracy of Tuned Aperture Computed Tomography (TACT). Swed Dent J. 2003;159 (Suppl.): 1-93.
  • Nair MK, Nair UDP, Gröndahl HG, Webber RL, Wallace JA. Detection of artificially induced vertical radicular fractures using tuned aperture computed tomography. Eur J Oral Sci. 2001;109: 375-379.
  • Nance R, Tyndall D, Levin LG, Trope M. Identification of root canals in molars by tuned-aperture computed tomography. Int Endod J.2000;33: 392-396.
  • Webber RL, Messura JK.An in vivo comparison of diagnostic information obtained from tuned-aperture computed tomography and conventional dental radiographic imaging modalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.1999;88: 239-247.
  • Tyndall DA, Clifton TL, Webber RL, Ludlow JB, Horton RA. TACT imaging of primary caries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84: 214-225.
  • Webber RL, Horton RA, Underhill TE, Ludlow JB, Tyndall DA. Comparison of film, direct digital, and tuned-aperture computed tomography images to identify the location of crestal defects around endosseous titanium implants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.1996;81: 480-490.
  • Nair MK, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB, May K, Ye F. The effects of restorative material and location on the detection of simulated recurrent caries. A comparison of dental film, direct digital radiography and tuned aperture computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1998;27: 80Peters OA, Schönenberger K, Laib A. Effects of four Ni-Ti preparation techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2001;34:221-230.
  • Jung M, Lommel D, Klimek J. The imaging of root canal obturation using micro-CT. Int Endod J. 2005;38:617-626.
  • Goto TK, Nishida S, Nakamura Y, Tokumori K, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi K, Yoshida Y, Yoshiura K. The accuracy of 3-dimensional magnetic resonance 3D vibe images of the mandible: an in vitro comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2007;103: 550-559.
  • Gray CF, Redpath TW, Smith FW. Pre-surgical dental implant assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. J Oral Implantol. 1996;22: 147-153.
  • Monsour PA, Dudhia R. Implant radiography and radiology. Aust Dent J. 2008;53 (Suppl.1): S11-25.
  • Tutton LM, Goddard PR. MRI of the teeth. Br J Radiol.2002;75: 5525
  • DelBalso AM. Lesions of the jaws. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1995;16: 487-5
  • Eggers G, Rieker M, Kress B, Fiebach J, Dickhaus H, Hassfeld S. Artefacts in magnetic resonance imaging caused by dental material. MAGMA.2005;18: 103-111.
  • Gahleitner A, Solar P, Nasel C, Homolka P, Youssefzadeh S, Ertl L, Schick S. Magnetic resonance tomography in dental radiology (dental MRI). Radiologe. 1999;39:1044-1050.
  • Gundappa M, Ng SY, Whaites EJ. Comparison of ultrasound, digital and conventional radiography in differentiating periapical lesions. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35: 326-333.
  • Cotti E, Campisi G, Garau V, Puddu G. A new technique for the study of periapical bone lesions: ultrasound real time imaging. Int Endod J. 2002;35: 148-152.
  • Cotti E, Campisi G, Ambu R, Dettori C. Ultrasound real-time imaging in the differential diagnosis of periapical lesions. Int Endod J. 2003;36: 556-5
  • Barnett SB, Ter Haar GR, Ziskin MC, Rott HD, Duck FA, Maeda K. International recommendations and guidelines for the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000;26:3553
  • Arai Y, Tammisalo E, Iwai K, Hashimoto K, Shinoda K. Development of a compact computed tomographic apparatus for dental use. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.1999;28: 245-248.
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Ford TP, Whaites E. The potential applications of cone beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems. Int Endod J.2007;40:818-830.
  • Patel S. New dimensions in endodontic imaging: part 2. Cone beam computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2009;42: 463-475.
  • Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006;72: 75Hashimoto K, Kawashima S, Araki M, Iwai K, Sawada K, Akiyama Y. Comparison of image performance between cone-beam computed tomography for dental use and four-row multidetector helical CT. J Oral Sci.2006;48: 27-34.
  • Hashimoto K, Kawashima S, Kameoka S, Akiyama H, Honjoya T, Ejima K, Sawada K. Comparison of image validity between cone beam computed tomography for dental use and multidetector row helical computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.2007;36: 465-471.
  • Mora MA, Mol A, Tyndall DA, Rivera EM. In vitro assessment of local computed tomography for the detection of longitudinal tooth fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2007;103: 825-8
  • Lofthag-Hansen S, Huumonen S, Gröndahl K, Gröndahl HG.Limited cone-beam CT and intraoral radiography forthe diagnosis of periapical pathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2007;103: 114-119.
  • Estrela C, Bueno MR, Leles CR, Azevedo B, Azevedo JR.Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and panoramicand periapical radiography for detection of apical periodontitis.J Endod.2008;34: 273-2
  • Patel S, Dawood A, Mannocci F, Wilson R, Pitt Ford T.Detection of periapical bone defects in human jaws usingcone beam computed tomography and intraoralradiography. Int Endod J. 2009;42: 507-515.
  • Patel S, Dawood A. The use of cone beam computed tomography in the management of external cervical resorption lesions. Int Endod J. 2007;40: 730-737.
  • Patel S, Ford TP. Is the resorption external or internal? Dent Update.2007;34: 218-229.
  • Pinsky HM, Dyda S, Pinsky RW, Misch KA, Sarment DP. Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.2006;35: 410-416.
  • Farman AG (2005) ALARA still applies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2005;100: 395-397.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Birsay Gümrü Bu kişi benim

Bilge Tarçın Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ocak 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gümrü, B., & Tarçın, B. (2014). Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 3(1), 55-64.
AMA Gümrü B, Tarçın B. Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. Şubat 2014;3(1):55-64.
Chicago Gümrü, Birsay, ve Bilge Tarçın. “Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel Ve Alternatif Ileri görüntüleme Teknikleri”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3, sy. 1 (Şubat 2014): 55-64.
EndNote Gümrü B, Tarçın B (01 Şubat 2014) Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3 1 55–64.
IEEE B. Gümrü ve B. Tarçın, “Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 55–64, 2014.
ISNAD Gümrü, Birsay - Tarçın, Bilge. “Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel Ve Alternatif Ileri görüntüleme Teknikleri”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3/1 (Şubat 2014), 55-64.
JAMA Gümrü B, Tarçın B. Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2014;3:55–64.
MLA Gümrü, Birsay ve Bilge Tarçın. “Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel Ve Alternatif Ileri görüntüleme Teknikleri”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 3, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 55-64.
Vancouver Gümrü B, Tarçın B. Endodontide görüntüleme: Konvansiyonel ve alternatif ileri görüntüleme teknikleri. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2014;3(1):55-64.

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