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Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 147 - 167, 02.01.2024

Hüseyin Köker

https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1240263
https://izlik.org/JA25KW32DX

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Antik Kaynaklar Herodotos Herodotos Tarihi, Müntekim Ökmen (çev.), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1991.
  • Plinius Naturalis Historiae IX. Libri XXXIII-XXXV. H. R. Rackham (çev.). Loeb, London, 1952.
  • Theophrastus Peri Lithon, On Stones, Introduction, Greek Text, English Translation and Commentary. E. R. Caley (çev.), Ohaio, 1956.
  • Modern Kaynaklar
  • Balmuth, M. S. 2001 Hacksilber to Coinage: New Insights into the Monetary History. Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York.
  • Blet-Lemarquand, M., Duyrat, F. 2020 Elemental Analysis of the Lydo-Milesian Electrum Coins of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Using LA-ICP-MS. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 337-378.
  • Carradice, I. 1987 The ‘Regal’ Coinage of the Persian Empire. In. The Ninth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History. Coinage and Administration in the Athenaian and Persian Empires, I. Carradice (ed.). BAR International Series 343. BAR Publishing, Oxford: 73-108 (Pl. X-XV).
  • Carradice, I., Price, M. J. 2001 Hellen Dünyasında Sikke, O. Tekin (çev.). Homer Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Chaill, N. D., Kroll, J. H. 2005 New Archaic Coin Finds at Sardis. AJA 109: 589-617.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K., Meeks, N. D., Craddock P. T. 1998 Analyses of the Lydian Electrum, Gold, and Silver Coinages. In. Metallurgy in Numismatics 4, W. A. Oddy, M. R. Cowell (eds.), Royal Numismatic Society, London: 526–38.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K. 2000 Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious Metal Coinage. In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 169-174.
  • Craddock, P. T., Cowell, M. R., Guerra, M. F. 2005 Controlling the Composition of Gold and the Invention of Gold Refining in Lydian Anatolia. In. Anatolian Metal III. Der Anschnitt Zeitschrift für Kunst un Kultur In Bergbau, Beiheft 18, Ü. Yalçın (ed.). Bochum: 67–77.
  • Eagleton, C., Williams, J. 2011 Paranın Tarihi. F. Kâhya (çev). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ergin, G. 2004 Grekçe ve Latince Kelimelerin Transkripsiyonu Hakkında Bazı Notlar. TEBE Haberler 18: 16-17.
  • Gitler, H., Goren, Y., Konuk, K., Tal, O., van Alfen, P., Weisburd, D. 2020 XRF Analysis of Several Groups of Electrum Coins. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 379-422.
  • Gitler, H., Tal, O. 2020 A View from the Near East: The Trasition from Metal to Coin Economy in the Southern Levant, White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 35-48.
  • Heymans, E. D. 2021 The Origins of Money in the Iron Age Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • İplikçioğlu, B. 1997 Hellence-Latince Kökenli Ad ve Sözcüklerin Türkçe’de Doğru Yazımına ve Okunuşuna İlişkin Açıklamalar. Eski Batı Tarihi I. Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Keyser. P. T., Clark, D. D. 2001 Analyzing and Interpreting the Metallurgy of Early Electrum Coins. In. Hacksilber to Coinage. New Insights into the Monetary History of the Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York, 105–17.
  • Kleber, K. 2020 As Skilfull as Croesus: Evidence fort he Parting of Gold and Silver by Cementation from Second and Fist Millennium Mesopotamia. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 17-34.
  • Kraay, C. 1958 The Compositions of Electrum Coinage. Archaemetry 1: 21-23.
  • Kroll, J. H. 2010 Sardeis Sikkeleri/The Coins of Sardis, In. Lidyalılar ve Dünyaları / The Lydians and Their World. N. D. Cahill (ed.), Yapı kredi Yyaınları, İstanbul: 143-156.
  • Le Rider, G. 2001 La naissance de la monnaie: Pratiques monétaires de l’orient ancien. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
  • Meeks, N. D. 2000 Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Refactory Remains and the Gold, In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 98-156.
  • Metallurgy in Numiasmatics Metallurgy in Numiasmatics I-VI. Royal Numismatic Society, London, 1980-2021.
  • Millas, H. 1992-1994 Yunancanın Türkçe Harflerle Yazılışı. TAD XVI/27: 189-197.
  • Özyıldırım, M. 1998 Arkeoloji’de Klasik Yunanca ve Latince Sözcüklerin Kullanım Yanlışları. OLBA I: 147-152.
  • Pászthory, E. 1980 Investigations of the Early Electrum Coins of the Alyattes Type. Metallurgy in Numismatics 1, Royal Numismatic Society, London: 151-56.
  • Price, M. J. 1983 Thoughts on the Beginning of the Coinage, In. Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson. C. N. L. Brooke, B. H. I. Stewart, J. G. Pollard, T. R. Volk (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1-10.
  • Ramage, A. 2000 Golden Sardis. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 14-26.
  • Ramage, A., Craddock, P. T. 2000 King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts.
  • Ridgeway, W. 1895 How Far Could the Greeks Determine the Fineness of Golg and Silver Coins?. Nunismatic Chronicle 15: 104-109.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2007 The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece. University of Michigan Press, Michigan.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2008 What Was Money in Ancient Greece, In. The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, W. V. Harris (sd.). Oxford: 38-48.
  • Seaford, R. 2004 Money and the Early Greek Mind. Homer, Philosophy, Tragedy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • SNG München Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Staatliche Münzsammlung München 23. Heft. Lydien. Nr. 1-815. Hirmer Verlag, München, 1997.
  • SNG Turkey 1 Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Turkey 1. The Muharrem Kayhan Collection, İstanbul-Bordeaux, Ege Yayınları, 2002.
  • SNG Tübingen Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen 5. Heft. Karien und Lydien. Nr. 3307-3886. Hirmer Verlag, Müncen, 1994.
  • Tekin, O. 1997 Antik Numismatik ve Anadolu (Arkaik ve Klasik Çağlar). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. Tekin, O. 2008 Eskiçağ Bilimlerinde Eski Yunanca ve Latince Kökenli Coğrafi Adlar ile Şahıs Adlarının Yazımı Üzerine. Toplumsal Tarih 173: 52-55.
  • van Alfen, P., Wartenberg, U. 2020 White Gold and the Beginning of the Coinage: An Introduction to the Current State of Research. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 1-16.
  • van Alfen, P. 2018 Muddle Wrestling: Grappling for Conceptual Clarity in Archaic Greek Money. In. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. M. Canavero, A. Erskine, B. Grey, J. Ober (eds.), Edinburgh: 485-511.
  • von Reden , S. 2010 Money in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Wallace, R. W. 1987 The Origin of Electrum Coinage. American Journal of Archaeology 91: 385-97.
  • Wartenberg, U. 2020 Was There an Ionian Revolt Coinage? Monetary Patterns in the Late Archaic Period. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 569-640.
  • Weatherford, J. 2019 Para. Deniz Kabuğundan Sanal Paraya. İ. Korkmaz (çev.), Maya Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Yükçü, S. – Yükçü, O. 2010 Birth of the First Money. In. 2nd Balkans and Middle East Countries Conference on Auditing and Accounting History, İstanbul, Consference Proceedings, Vol. 3: 1861- 1872.

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 147 - 167, 02.01.2024

Hüseyin Köker

https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1240263
https://izlik.org/JA25KW32DX

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Antik Kaynaklar Herodotos Herodotos Tarihi, Müntekim Ökmen (çev.), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1991.
  • Plinius Naturalis Historiae IX. Libri XXXIII-XXXV. H. R. Rackham (çev.). Loeb, London, 1952.
  • Theophrastus Peri Lithon, On Stones, Introduction, Greek Text, English Translation and Commentary. E. R. Caley (çev.), Ohaio, 1956.
  • Modern Kaynaklar
  • Balmuth, M. S. 2001 Hacksilber to Coinage: New Insights into the Monetary History. Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York.
  • Blet-Lemarquand, M., Duyrat, F. 2020 Elemental Analysis of the Lydo-Milesian Electrum Coins of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Using LA-ICP-MS. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 337-378.
  • Carradice, I. 1987 The ‘Regal’ Coinage of the Persian Empire. In. The Ninth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History. Coinage and Administration in the Athenaian and Persian Empires, I. Carradice (ed.). BAR International Series 343. BAR Publishing, Oxford: 73-108 (Pl. X-XV).
  • Carradice, I., Price, M. J. 2001 Hellen Dünyasında Sikke, O. Tekin (çev.). Homer Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Chaill, N. D., Kroll, J. H. 2005 New Archaic Coin Finds at Sardis. AJA 109: 589-617.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K., Meeks, N. D., Craddock P. T. 1998 Analyses of the Lydian Electrum, Gold, and Silver Coinages. In. Metallurgy in Numismatics 4, W. A. Oddy, M. R. Cowell (eds.), Royal Numismatic Society, London: 526–38.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K. 2000 Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious Metal Coinage. In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 169-174.
  • Craddock, P. T., Cowell, M. R., Guerra, M. F. 2005 Controlling the Composition of Gold and the Invention of Gold Refining in Lydian Anatolia. In. Anatolian Metal III. Der Anschnitt Zeitschrift für Kunst un Kultur In Bergbau, Beiheft 18, Ü. Yalçın (ed.). Bochum: 67–77.
  • Eagleton, C., Williams, J. 2011 Paranın Tarihi. F. Kâhya (çev). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ergin, G. 2004 Grekçe ve Latince Kelimelerin Transkripsiyonu Hakkında Bazı Notlar. TEBE Haberler 18: 16-17.
  • Gitler, H., Goren, Y., Konuk, K., Tal, O., van Alfen, P., Weisburd, D. 2020 XRF Analysis of Several Groups of Electrum Coins. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 379-422.
  • Gitler, H., Tal, O. 2020 A View from the Near East: The Trasition from Metal to Coin Economy in the Southern Levant, White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 35-48.
  • Heymans, E. D. 2021 The Origins of Money in the Iron Age Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • İplikçioğlu, B. 1997 Hellence-Latince Kökenli Ad ve Sözcüklerin Türkçe’de Doğru Yazımına ve Okunuşuna İlişkin Açıklamalar. Eski Batı Tarihi I. Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Keyser. P. T., Clark, D. D. 2001 Analyzing and Interpreting the Metallurgy of Early Electrum Coins. In. Hacksilber to Coinage. New Insights into the Monetary History of the Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York, 105–17.
  • Kleber, K. 2020 As Skilfull as Croesus: Evidence fort he Parting of Gold and Silver by Cementation from Second and Fist Millennium Mesopotamia. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 17-34.
  • Kraay, C. 1958 The Compositions of Electrum Coinage. Archaemetry 1: 21-23.
  • Kroll, J. H. 2010 Sardeis Sikkeleri/The Coins of Sardis, In. Lidyalılar ve Dünyaları / The Lydians and Their World. N. D. Cahill (ed.), Yapı kredi Yyaınları, İstanbul: 143-156.
  • Le Rider, G. 2001 La naissance de la monnaie: Pratiques monétaires de l’orient ancien. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
  • Meeks, N. D. 2000 Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Refactory Remains and the Gold, In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 98-156.
  • Metallurgy in Numiasmatics Metallurgy in Numiasmatics I-VI. Royal Numismatic Society, London, 1980-2021.
  • Millas, H. 1992-1994 Yunancanın Türkçe Harflerle Yazılışı. TAD XVI/27: 189-197.
  • Özyıldırım, M. 1998 Arkeoloji’de Klasik Yunanca ve Latince Sözcüklerin Kullanım Yanlışları. OLBA I: 147-152.
  • Pászthory, E. 1980 Investigations of the Early Electrum Coins of the Alyattes Type. Metallurgy in Numismatics 1, Royal Numismatic Society, London: 151-56.
  • Price, M. J. 1983 Thoughts on the Beginning of the Coinage, In. Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson. C. N. L. Brooke, B. H. I. Stewart, J. G. Pollard, T. R. Volk (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1-10.
  • Ramage, A. 2000 Golden Sardis. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 14-26.
  • Ramage, A., Craddock, P. T. 2000 King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts.
  • Ridgeway, W. 1895 How Far Could the Greeks Determine the Fineness of Golg and Silver Coins?. Nunismatic Chronicle 15: 104-109.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2007 The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece. University of Michigan Press, Michigan.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2008 What Was Money in Ancient Greece, In. The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, W. V. Harris (sd.). Oxford: 38-48.
  • Seaford, R. 2004 Money and the Early Greek Mind. Homer, Philosophy, Tragedy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • SNG München Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Staatliche Münzsammlung München 23. Heft. Lydien. Nr. 1-815. Hirmer Verlag, München, 1997.
  • SNG Turkey 1 Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Turkey 1. The Muharrem Kayhan Collection, İstanbul-Bordeaux, Ege Yayınları, 2002.
  • SNG Tübingen Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen 5. Heft. Karien und Lydien. Nr. 3307-3886. Hirmer Verlag, Müncen, 1994.
  • Tekin, O. 1997 Antik Numismatik ve Anadolu (Arkaik ve Klasik Çağlar). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. Tekin, O. 2008 Eskiçağ Bilimlerinde Eski Yunanca ve Latince Kökenli Coğrafi Adlar ile Şahıs Adlarının Yazımı Üzerine. Toplumsal Tarih 173: 52-55.
  • van Alfen, P., Wartenberg, U. 2020 White Gold and the Beginning of the Coinage: An Introduction to the Current State of Research. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 1-16.
  • van Alfen, P. 2018 Muddle Wrestling: Grappling for Conceptual Clarity in Archaic Greek Money. In. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. M. Canavero, A. Erskine, B. Grey, J. Ober (eds.), Edinburgh: 485-511.
  • von Reden , S. 2010 Money in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Wallace, R. W. 1987 The Origin of Electrum Coinage. American Journal of Archaeology 91: 385-97.
  • Wartenberg, U. 2020 Was There an Ionian Revolt Coinage? Monetary Patterns in the Late Archaic Period. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 569-640.
  • Weatherford, J. 2019 Para. Deniz Kabuğundan Sanal Paraya. İ. Korkmaz (çev.), Maya Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Yükçü, S. – Yükçü, O. 2010 Birth of the First Money. In. 2nd Balkans and Middle East Countries Conference on Auditing and Accounting History, İstanbul, Consference Proceedings, Vol. 3: 1861- 1872.

A Critical View of Two Papers: “Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia” and “Anadolu’da İlk Paranın Ayar ve Alaşımı”

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 147 - 167, 02.01.2024

Hüseyin Köker

https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1240263
https://izlik.org/JA25KW32DX

Öz

This study includes a critical evaluation of two articles by S. Yükçü and S. Gönen, titled “Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia” and “Anadolu’da İlk Paranın Ayar ve Alaşımı”. In this context, it is aimed to correct the deficient, erroneous, and incorrect points in terms of Ancient History and the Numismatics method seen in the examined study. In the mentioned articles, the invention of the first coin, the Lydian Kingdom, gold-carat determination methods and the XRF results of twenty-four silver and one gold-plated coin of Lydian King Kroisos, and one Persian silver coin (siglos), the gold coin of Philippos II and gold coin of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius in the Manisa Museum collection are discussed. However, the study contains errors and mistakes due to the fact that Ancient History and numismatic evaluation methods are not used.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Money Coin Electrum Lydia Sardes XRF Analysis

Kaynakça

  • Antik Kaynaklar Herodotos Herodotos Tarihi, Müntekim Ökmen (çev.), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1991.
  • Plinius Naturalis Historiae IX. Libri XXXIII-XXXV. H. R. Rackham (çev.). Loeb, London, 1952.
  • Theophrastus Peri Lithon, On Stones, Introduction, Greek Text, English Translation and Commentary. E. R. Caley (çev.), Ohaio, 1956.
  • Modern Kaynaklar
  • Balmuth, M. S. 2001 Hacksilber to Coinage: New Insights into the Monetary History. Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York.
  • Blet-Lemarquand, M., Duyrat, F. 2020 Elemental Analysis of the Lydo-Milesian Electrum Coins of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Using LA-ICP-MS. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 337-378.
  • Carradice, I. 1987 The ‘Regal’ Coinage of the Persian Empire. In. The Ninth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History. Coinage and Administration in the Athenaian and Persian Empires, I. Carradice (ed.). BAR International Series 343. BAR Publishing, Oxford: 73-108 (Pl. X-XV).
  • Carradice, I., Price, M. J. 2001 Hellen Dünyasında Sikke, O. Tekin (çev.). Homer Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Chaill, N. D., Kroll, J. H. 2005 New Archaic Coin Finds at Sardis. AJA 109: 589-617.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K., Meeks, N. D., Craddock P. T. 1998 Analyses of the Lydian Electrum, Gold, and Silver Coinages. In. Metallurgy in Numismatics 4, W. A. Oddy, M. R. Cowell (eds.), Royal Numismatic Society, London: 526–38.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K. 2000 Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious Metal Coinage. In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 169-174.
  • Craddock, P. T., Cowell, M. R., Guerra, M. F. 2005 Controlling the Composition of Gold and the Invention of Gold Refining in Lydian Anatolia. In. Anatolian Metal III. Der Anschnitt Zeitschrift für Kunst un Kultur In Bergbau, Beiheft 18, Ü. Yalçın (ed.). Bochum: 67–77.
  • Eagleton, C., Williams, J. 2011 Paranın Tarihi. F. Kâhya (çev). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ergin, G. 2004 Grekçe ve Latince Kelimelerin Transkripsiyonu Hakkında Bazı Notlar. TEBE Haberler 18: 16-17.
  • Gitler, H., Goren, Y., Konuk, K., Tal, O., van Alfen, P., Weisburd, D. 2020 XRF Analysis of Several Groups of Electrum Coins. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 379-422.
  • Gitler, H., Tal, O. 2020 A View from the Near East: The Trasition from Metal to Coin Economy in the Southern Levant, White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 35-48.
  • Heymans, E. D. 2021 The Origins of Money in the Iron Age Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • İplikçioğlu, B. 1997 Hellence-Latince Kökenli Ad ve Sözcüklerin Türkçe’de Doğru Yazımına ve Okunuşuna İlişkin Açıklamalar. Eski Batı Tarihi I. Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Keyser. P. T., Clark, D. D. 2001 Analyzing and Interpreting the Metallurgy of Early Electrum Coins. In. Hacksilber to Coinage. New Insights into the Monetary History of the Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York, 105–17.
  • Kleber, K. 2020 As Skilfull as Croesus: Evidence fort he Parting of Gold and Silver by Cementation from Second and Fist Millennium Mesopotamia. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 17-34.
  • Kraay, C. 1958 The Compositions of Electrum Coinage. Archaemetry 1: 21-23.
  • Kroll, J. H. 2010 Sardeis Sikkeleri/The Coins of Sardis, In. Lidyalılar ve Dünyaları / The Lydians and Their World. N. D. Cahill (ed.), Yapı kredi Yyaınları, İstanbul: 143-156.
  • Le Rider, G. 2001 La naissance de la monnaie: Pratiques monétaires de l’orient ancien. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
  • Meeks, N. D. 2000 Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Refactory Remains and the Gold, In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 98-156.
  • Metallurgy in Numiasmatics Metallurgy in Numiasmatics I-VI. Royal Numismatic Society, London, 1980-2021.
  • Millas, H. 1992-1994 Yunancanın Türkçe Harflerle Yazılışı. TAD XVI/27: 189-197.
  • Özyıldırım, M. 1998 Arkeoloji’de Klasik Yunanca ve Latince Sözcüklerin Kullanım Yanlışları. OLBA I: 147-152.
  • Pászthory, E. 1980 Investigations of the Early Electrum Coins of the Alyattes Type. Metallurgy in Numismatics 1, Royal Numismatic Society, London: 151-56.
  • Price, M. J. 1983 Thoughts on the Beginning of the Coinage, In. Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson. C. N. L. Brooke, B. H. I. Stewart, J. G. Pollard, T. R. Volk (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1-10.
  • Ramage, A. 2000 Golden Sardis. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 14-26.
  • Ramage, A., Craddock, P. T. 2000 King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts.
  • Ridgeway, W. 1895 How Far Could the Greeks Determine the Fineness of Golg and Silver Coins?. Nunismatic Chronicle 15: 104-109.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2007 The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece. University of Michigan Press, Michigan.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2008 What Was Money in Ancient Greece, In. The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, W. V. Harris (sd.). Oxford: 38-48.
  • Seaford, R. 2004 Money and the Early Greek Mind. Homer, Philosophy, Tragedy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • SNG München Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Staatliche Münzsammlung München 23. Heft. Lydien. Nr. 1-815. Hirmer Verlag, München, 1997.
  • SNG Turkey 1 Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Turkey 1. The Muharrem Kayhan Collection, İstanbul-Bordeaux, Ege Yayınları, 2002.
  • SNG Tübingen Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen 5. Heft. Karien und Lydien. Nr. 3307-3886. Hirmer Verlag, Müncen, 1994.
  • Tekin, O. 1997 Antik Numismatik ve Anadolu (Arkaik ve Klasik Çağlar). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. Tekin, O. 2008 Eskiçağ Bilimlerinde Eski Yunanca ve Latince Kökenli Coğrafi Adlar ile Şahıs Adlarının Yazımı Üzerine. Toplumsal Tarih 173: 52-55.
  • van Alfen, P., Wartenberg, U. 2020 White Gold and the Beginning of the Coinage: An Introduction to the Current State of Research. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 1-16.
  • van Alfen, P. 2018 Muddle Wrestling: Grappling for Conceptual Clarity in Archaic Greek Money. In. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. M. Canavero, A. Erskine, B. Grey, J. Ober (eds.), Edinburgh: 485-511.
  • von Reden , S. 2010 Money in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Wallace, R. W. 1987 The Origin of Electrum Coinage. American Journal of Archaeology 91: 385-97.
  • Wartenberg, U. 2020 Was There an Ionian Revolt Coinage? Monetary Patterns in the Late Archaic Period. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 569-640.
  • Weatherford, J. 2019 Para. Deniz Kabuğundan Sanal Paraya. İ. Korkmaz (çev.), Maya Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Yükçü, S. – Yükçü, O. 2010 Birth of the First Money. In. 2nd Balkans and Middle East Countries Conference on Auditing and Accounting History, İstanbul, Consference Proceedings, Vol. 3: 1861- 1872.

“Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia” ve “Anadolu’da İlk Paranın Ayar ve Alaşımı” Başlıklı Makelelerin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 147 - 167, 02.01.2024

Hüseyin Köker

https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1240263
https://izlik.org/JA25KW32DX

Öz

Bu çalışma, S. Yükçü ve S. Gönen tarafından kaleme alınan “Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia” ve “Anadolu’da İlk Paranın Ayar ve Alaşımı” başlıklarını taşıyan iki makalenin eleştirel değerlendirmesini içermektedir. Bu bağlamda, incelenen çalışmada görülen Eskiçağ Tarihi ve Numismatik yöntem açısından eksik, hatalı ve yanlış noktalar üzerinde durularak bunları düzeltmek amaçlanmıştır. Söz konusu makalelerde ilk sikkenin icadı, Lydia Krallığı, altın ayar belirleme metotları ile Manisa Müzesi koleksiyonunda yer alan yirmidört adet Kroisos Dönemi’ne ait gümüş ve bir adet altın kaplama sikke ile birer adet Pers Dönemi gümüş (siglos), II. Philippos Dönemi altın ve Bizans İmparatoru Heraclius Dönemi altın sikkesinin XRF analiz sonuçları konu edilmektedir. Ancak çalışma, Eskiçağ Tarihi ve numismatik değerlendirme yöntemlerinin kullanılmaması sebebiyle hata ve yanlışlar barındırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Para Sikke Elektron sikke Lydia Sardes XRF

Kaynakça

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  • Modern Kaynaklar
  • Balmuth, M. S. 2001 Hacksilber to Coinage: New Insights into the Monetary History. Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York.
  • Blet-Lemarquand, M., Duyrat, F. 2020 Elemental Analysis of the Lydo-Milesian Electrum Coins of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Using LA-ICP-MS. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 337-378.
  • Carradice, I. 1987 The ‘Regal’ Coinage of the Persian Empire. In. The Ninth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History. Coinage and Administration in the Athenaian and Persian Empires, I. Carradice (ed.). BAR International Series 343. BAR Publishing, Oxford: 73-108 (Pl. X-XV).
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  • Chaill, N. D., Kroll, J. H. 2005 New Archaic Coin Finds at Sardis. AJA 109: 589-617.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K., Meeks, N. D., Craddock P. T. 1998 Analyses of the Lydian Electrum, Gold, and Silver Coinages. In. Metallurgy in Numismatics 4, W. A. Oddy, M. R. Cowell (eds.), Royal Numismatic Society, London: 526–38.
  • Cowell, M. R., Hyne, K. 2000 Scientific Examination of the Lydian Precious Metal Coinage. In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 169-174.
  • Craddock, P. T., Cowell, M. R., Guerra, M. F. 2005 Controlling the Composition of Gold and the Invention of Gold Refining in Lydian Anatolia. In. Anatolian Metal III. Der Anschnitt Zeitschrift für Kunst un Kultur In Bergbau, Beiheft 18, Ü. Yalçın (ed.). Bochum: 67–77.
  • Eagleton, C., Williams, J. 2011 Paranın Tarihi. F. Kâhya (çev). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ergin, G. 2004 Grekçe ve Latince Kelimelerin Transkripsiyonu Hakkında Bazı Notlar. TEBE Haberler 18: 16-17.
  • Gitler, H., Goren, Y., Konuk, K., Tal, O., van Alfen, P., Weisburd, D. 2020 XRF Analysis of Several Groups of Electrum Coins. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 379-422.
  • Gitler, H., Tal, O. 2020 A View from the Near East: The Trasition from Metal to Coin Economy in the Southern Levant, White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 35-48.
  • Heymans, E. D. 2021 The Origins of Money in the Iron Age Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • İplikçioğlu, B. 1997 Hellence-Latince Kökenli Ad ve Sözcüklerin Türkçe’de Doğru Yazımına ve Okunuşuna İlişkin Açıklamalar. Eski Batı Tarihi I. Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Keyser. P. T., Clark, D. D. 2001 Analyzing and Interpreting the Metallurgy of Early Electrum Coins. In. Hacksilber to Coinage. New Insights into the Monetary History of the Near East and Greece, M. S. Balmuth (ed.). American Numismatic Society, New York, 105–17.
  • Kleber, K. 2020 As Skilfull as Croesus: Evidence fort he Parting of Gold and Silver by Cementation from Second and Fist Millennium Mesopotamia. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.). American Numismatic Society, New York: 17-34.
  • Kraay, C. 1958 The Compositions of Electrum Coinage. Archaemetry 1: 21-23.
  • Kroll, J. H. 2010 Sardeis Sikkeleri/The Coins of Sardis, In. Lidyalılar ve Dünyaları / The Lydians and Their World. N. D. Cahill (ed.), Yapı kredi Yyaınları, İstanbul: 143-156.
  • Le Rider, G. 2001 La naissance de la monnaie: Pratiques monétaires de l’orient ancien. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
  • Meeks, N. D. 2000 Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Refactory Remains and the Gold, In. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 98-156.
  • Metallurgy in Numiasmatics Metallurgy in Numiasmatics I-VI. Royal Numismatic Society, London, 1980-2021.
  • Millas, H. 1992-1994 Yunancanın Türkçe Harflerle Yazılışı. TAD XVI/27: 189-197.
  • Özyıldırım, M. 1998 Arkeoloji’de Klasik Yunanca ve Latince Sözcüklerin Kullanım Yanlışları. OLBA I: 147-152.
  • Pászthory, E. 1980 Investigations of the Early Electrum Coins of the Alyattes Type. Metallurgy in Numismatics 1, Royal Numismatic Society, London: 151-56.
  • Price, M. J. 1983 Thoughts on the Beginning of the Coinage, In. Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson. C. N. L. Brooke, B. H. I. Stewart, J. G. Pollard, T. R. Volk (ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1-10.
  • Ramage, A. 2000 Golden Sardis. King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts: 14-26.
  • Ramage, A., Craddock, P. T. 2000 King Croesus’ Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 11, In. A. Ramage, P. T. Craddock (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts.
  • Ridgeway, W. 1895 How Far Could the Greeks Determine the Fineness of Golg and Silver Coins?. Nunismatic Chronicle 15: 104-109.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2007 The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece. University of Michigan Press, Michigan.
  • Schaps, D. M. 2008 What Was Money in Ancient Greece, In. The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, W. V. Harris (sd.). Oxford: 38-48.
  • Seaford, R. 2004 Money and the Early Greek Mind. Homer, Philosophy, Tragedy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • SNG München Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Staatliche Münzsammlung München 23. Heft. Lydien. Nr. 1-815. Hirmer Verlag, München, 1997.
  • SNG Turkey 1 Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Turkey 1. The Muharrem Kayhan Collection, İstanbul-Bordeaux, Ege Yayınları, 2002.
  • SNG Tübingen Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen 5. Heft. Karien und Lydien. Nr. 3307-3886. Hirmer Verlag, Müncen, 1994.
  • Tekin, O. 1997 Antik Numismatik ve Anadolu (Arkaik ve Klasik Çağlar). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. Tekin, O. 2008 Eskiçağ Bilimlerinde Eski Yunanca ve Latince Kökenli Coğrafi Adlar ile Şahıs Adlarının Yazımı Üzerine. Toplumsal Tarih 173: 52-55.
  • van Alfen, P., Wartenberg, U. 2020 White Gold and the Beginning of the Coinage: An Introduction to the Current State of Research. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 1-16.
  • van Alfen, P. 2018 Muddle Wrestling: Grappling for Conceptual Clarity in Archaic Greek Money. In. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. M. Canavero, A. Erskine, B. Grey, J. Ober (eds.), Edinburgh: 485-511.
  • von Reden , S. 2010 Money in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Wallace, R. W. 1987 The Origin of Electrum Coinage. American Journal of Archaeology 91: 385-97.
  • Wartenberg, U. 2020 Was There an Ionian Revolt Coinage? Monetary Patterns in the Late Archaic Period. In. White Gold. Studies in Early Electrum Coinage, P. van Alfen, U. Wartenberg (eds.), American Numismatic Society, New York: 569-640.
  • Weatherford, J. 2019 Para. Deniz Kabuğundan Sanal Paraya. İ. Korkmaz (çev.), Maya Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Yükçü, S. – Yükçü, O. 2010 Birth of the First Money. In. 2nd Balkans and Middle East Countries Conference on Auditing and Accounting History, İstanbul, Consference Proceedings, Vol. 3: 1861- 1872.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Düzeltme
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Köker 0000-0003-0784-505X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ocak 2024
DOI https://doi.org/10.58488/collan.1240263
IZ https://izlik.org/JA25KW32DX
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Köker H (01 Ocak 2024) “Grade and Composition of the First Money in Anatolia” ve “Anadolu’da İlk Paranın Ayar ve Alaşımı” Başlıklı Makelelerin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi. Colloquium Anatolicum 22 147–167.