Polished Obsidian Objects: Examples of Prestige Items From Kültepe

Semra Balcı; Çiler Altınbilek Algül

Araştırma Makalesi

Polished Obsidian Objects: Examples of Prestige Items From Kültepe

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 16 , 15 - 30 , 01.06.2017

Semra Balcı , Çiler Altınbilek Algül

https://izlik.org/JA67PT94XP

Öz

Obsidian, one of the preferred raw materials for the production of knapped stone tools since prehistoric times, gradually began to be used to make ground and polished objects. In this preference, the aesthetic appearance of obsidian must have been an important factor, as well as the fact that it was an easily workable material. The polished objects, which are first known from a few Neolithic settlements, became more common through time. The obsidian blocks found in an official storage building at Kültepe, an important trade center during the Assyrian Colony Period, as well as the prestige items found in various contexts within the settlement attest to the importance of obsidian for Kültepe during this period. In this article, after a brief introduction to the use of obsidian in Anatolia since prehistoric times, our observations on the polished obsidian finds from Kültepe will be discussed and compared to similar objects from other sites.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültepe , obsidian , obsidian storage , prestige items , Assyrian Trade Colonies Period

Kaynakça

Altınbilek-Algül, Ç. – S. Balcı 2010 “Obsidiyen Ticaretinin Merkezi Olarak Kültepe” Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Mayıs 2010, Sayı 30: 11-13.
Astruc, L. – R. Vargiolu – M. Ben Tkaya – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. Özbaşaran – H. Zahouani 2011 “Multi-scale tribological analysis of the technique of manufacture of an obsidian bracelet from Aşıklı Höyük (Aceramic Neolithic, Central Anatolia)”, Journal of Archaeological Science XXX: 1-10.
Atıcı, L. 2014 “Tracing Inequality from Assur to Kültepe / Kanesh”, B. S. Arbuckle–A. A. MacCarty (eds.), Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, Colorado: 233-252.
Baird, D. – E. Asouti – L. Astruc – A. Baysal – E. Baysal – D. Carruthers – A. Fairbairn – C. Kabukçu – E. Jenkins – K. Lorentz – C. Middleton – J. Pearson – A. Pirie 2013 “Juniper Smoke, Skulls and Wolves’ Tails. The Epipaleolithic of the Anatolian Plateau in its South-West Asian Context: Insights from Pınarbaşı”, Levant 45/2: 175-209.
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2003 “Obsidien Ticareti: Yeni Veriler, Yeni Modeller, Yeni Sorunlar. Bir Deneme”, M. Özbaşaran – O. Tanındı – A. Boratav (eds.) Archaeological Essays in Honour of Homo Amatus. Güven Arsebük İçin Armağan Yazılar, İstanbul: 9-18
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2005 “Paleolitikten Günümüze Obsidiyen”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Sayı 19: 1-3.
Balkan-Atlı, N. – D. Binder 2007 “Kömürcü-Kaletepe Obsidiyen İşliği”, M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen and P. Kuniholm (eds.). Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem. Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, İstanbul: 216-222.
Campbell, S. – E. Healey 2013 “The Obsidian at Arpachiyah, Iraq: an Integrated Study”, F. Borrell, J.J. Ibanez and M. Molist (eds.) Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East, Barcelona: 529-542.
Carter, T – Kilikoglou, V. 2007 “From Reactor to Royalty? Aegean and Anatolian Obsidians from Quartier Mu, Malia (Crete)”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20.1: 115-143.
Carter, T. F. – X. Le Bourdonnec – M. Kartal – G. Poupeau –T. Calligaro – P Moretto 2011 “Marginal Perspectives: Sourcing Epi-Paleolithic to Chalcolithic Obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey)”, Paléorient 37/2, 123-149.
Cauvin, M.-C. – C. Chataigner 1998 “Distribution de l’Obsidienne dans les Sites Archéologiques du Proche et du Moyen Orient”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau, J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 325-350.
Chataigner, C. 1998 “Sources des Artefacts du Proche Orient d’après leur caractérisation géochimique”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 273-324.
Conolly, J. 1999 The Çatalhöyük flint and obsidian industry. Technology and typology in context, Oxford: BAR International Series 787.
Coqueugniot, E. 1998 “L’obsidienne en Méditerrannée Orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du volcan a l’outil, BAR International Series 738: 351-362.
Çelik, B. 2014 “Şanlıurfa Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü in the Light of Novel C14 Analysis. Yeni Karbon 14 Analizleri Işığında Şanlıurfa – Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü”, A. Engin – B. Helwing – B. Uysal (eds.), Armizzi. Engin Özgen’e Armağan, Studies in Honor of Engin Özgen, Ankara: 101-107.
Delerue, S. – G. Poupeau 2007 “La provenance des obsidiennes du Natoufien final de Mallaha”, F. R. Valla, H. Khalaily, H. Valladas, E. Kaltnecher, F. Bocquentin, T. Cabellos, D. E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, G. L Dosseur, L. Regev, V. C., S. Weiner, E. Boaretto, N. Samuelian, B. Valentin, S. Delerue, G. Poupeau, A. Bridault, R. Rabinovich, T. Simmons, I. Zohar, S. Ashkenazi, A. D. Huertas, B. Spiro, H. K. Mienis, A. M. Rosen, N. Porat, A. Belfer-Cohen (eds.), Les fouilles de Ain Mallaha (Eynan) de 2003 à 2005: quatrième rapport préliminaire, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 37: 291-296.
Frahm, E. – T. C. Hauck 2017 “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Sciences Reports 13: 415-427.
Healey, E. 2004 “Tell Kurdu 2001. Chipped Stone”, R. Özbal – F. Gerritsen – B. Diebold – E. Healey – N. Aydın – M. Loyet – F. Nardulli – D. Reese – H. Ekstrom – S. Sholts – N. Mekel-Bobrov – B. Lahn (eds.), ‘Tell Kurdu excavations 2001’ Anatolica 30: 56-60.
Healey, E., 2007 “Obsidian as an Indicator of Inter-Regional Contacts and Exchange: Three Case-Studies from the Halaf Period”, Anatolian Studies 57: 171-189.
Healey, E. (in press) “The Ostententatious use of obsidian in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the northern Levant”, K. A. Yener – Tara Ingman (eds). Alalakh and its Neighbors: Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10-12, 2015, Ancient Near Eastern Studies series of Peeters Press, Leuven
Healey, E. – S. Campbell 2014 “Producing Adornment: Evidence of Different Levels of Expertise in the Production of Obsidian Items of Adornment at Two Late Neolithic Communities in Northern Mesopotamia”, Journal of Lithic Studies 1/2: 79-99.
Gülçur, S., M. Endoğru – D. Kara 2000 “Güvercinkayası 1998 Kazısı”, 21. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt: 55-70.
Khalidi, L. 2014 “Fifth Millennium BC Obsidian Production and Consumption in Area TW, Tell Brak”, McMahon – A. – Crawford, H. (eds.) Preludes to Urbanism. The Late Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia. In honour of Joan Oates. Cambridge: 69-87.
Kuhn, S. – B. Dinçer – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. K. Erturaç 2015 “Paleolithic Occupations of the Göllü Dağ, Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Journal of Field Archaeology 40/5: 581-602.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011a “Kültepe-Kanes: A Second Millenieum B.C.E. Trading Center on the Central Plateau, Ancient Anatolia 10.000-323 B.C.E”, S.R. Stedman –G. McMahon (eds), New York: 1012-1030.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011b Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş-Karumu Asurlular İstanbul’da, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, No: 78.
Lindermeyer, E. – L. Martin 1993 Uruk, Kleinfunde III: Kleinfunde im Voderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin, Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Baghdad, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
Lingle, A. – N. Dell’Unto – L. Der – S. Doyle – K. Killackeys – A. Klimowicz – L. Meskell – P. Parkes – B. Tung 2015 “Painted Plaster Head” Çatalhöyük 2015 Archive Report: 275-289.
Mallowan, M. – J. C. Rose 1935 “Excavations at Tell Arpachiyah 1933” Iraq 2: 1− 178.
Özgüç, T. 1950 Kültepe Kazısı 1949/ Ausgrabungen in Kültepe 1949. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları V.10, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1986 Kültepe-Kaniş II Eski Yakındoğu’nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1996 “An obsidian storehouse close to the temples built by Anitta, King of Nesa”, H. Gasche – B. Hrouda (eds.), Collectanea Orientalia-Histoire, arts de l’espace et industrie de la pierre. Etudes offertes en hommage a Agnes Spycket, CPOA 3, Neuchatel, Paris: 279-283.
Özgüç, T., 1999 Kültepe-Kaniş/Neşa Sarayları ve Mabetleri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T., 2005 Kültepe/Kaniş-Nesa, İstanbul.
Özgüç, N. 1966 “Acemhöyük Kazıları”, Anadolu X: 1-28.
Öztan, A. 1988 “Acemhöyük Taş Kapları”, Belleten LII (203): 393-406.
Pirie, A. 2011 “The Epipaleolithic chipped stone from Pınarbaşı, on the Central Anatolian Plateau”, E. Healey – S. Campbell –O. Maeda (eds.) The State of the Stone. Continuities and Context in Near Eastern Lithics, Berlin: 89-96.
Safar, F. – M.A. Mustafa – S. Lloyd 1981 Eridu, Ministry of Culture and Information. State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad.
Slimak, L. – S. Kuhn – N. Balkan-Atlı – D. Binder – B. Dinçer 2007 “Kaletepe Deresi 3: de l’Acheuleen au Mousterien en Anatolie centrale” Anatolia Antiqua/Eski Anadolu XV: 257–273.
Vedder, J. 2005 “The obsidian mirrors of Çatalhoyük”, I. Hodder (ed.), Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge: 579-619.
Woolley, L. 1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, Oxford.
Yalçınkaya, I. 1998 “Découvertes paléolithiques en obsidienne en Anatolie orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á I’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738 : 235-240.
Yener, A. – C. Edens – J. Casana – B. Diebold – H. Ekstrom – M. Loyet – R. Özbal 2000 “Tell Kurdu Excavations 1999”, Anatolica 26: 31-117.
URL 1: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/vessels.html

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 16 , 15 - 30 , 01.06.2017

Semra Balcı , Çiler Altınbilek Algül

https://izlik.org/JA67PT94XP

Öz

Tarihöncesi dönemlerden itibaren yontmataş aletlerin yapımında tercih edilen önemli hammaddelerden biri olan obsidiyen, zaman içerisinde yavaş yavaş sürtülerek şekillendirilen objelerin üretiminde de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu tercihte obsidiyenin camsı kırılma özelliği nedeniyle kolay şekillendirilebilir olmasının dışında estetik görünümünün de önemli bir yeri olmalıdır. İlk olarak, Neolitik döneme ait bazı yerleşmelerde ve az sayıda örnekle karşılaşılan sürtülerek şekillendirilen objeler zaman içerisinde giderek sayıca artış göstermektedir. Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda önemli bir ticaret merkezi olan Kültepe’de Resmi Depo Binası içerisinde büyük miktarlarda bulunan obsidiyen bloklar ve yanı sıra çeşitli alanlarda karşılaşılan prestij objeleri obsidiyenin yerleşme için bu dönemdeki önemini vurgulamaktadır. Makalede, obsidiyenin tarihöncesi dönemlerden itibaren Anadolu’da kullanımına değindikten sonra, sürtülerek şekillendirilmiş Kültepe obsidiyen buluntuları ile ilgili gözlemlerimiz yer almakta ve son olarak benzer objeler ile karşılaştırmalara yer verilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültepe , obsidiyen , obsidiyen depolama , prestij objeleri , Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı

Kaynakça

Altınbilek-Algül, Ç. – S. Balcı 2010 “Obsidiyen Ticaretinin Merkezi Olarak Kültepe” Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Mayıs 2010, Sayı 30: 11-13.
Astruc, L. – R. Vargiolu – M. Ben Tkaya – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. Özbaşaran – H. Zahouani 2011 “Multi-scale tribological analysis of the technique of manufacture of an obsidian bracelet from Aşıklı Höyük (Aceramic Neolithic, Central Anatolia)”, Journal of Archaeological Science XXX: 1-10.
Atıcı, L. 2014 “Tracing Inequality from Assur to Kültepe / Kanesh”, B. S. Arbuckle–A. A. MacCarty (eds.), Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, Colorado: 233-252.
Baird, D. – E. Asouti – L. Astruc – A. Baysal – E. Baysal – D. Carruthers – A. Fairbairn – C. Kabukçu – E. Jenkins – K. Lorentz – C. Middleton – J. Pearson – A. Pirie 2013 “Juniper Smoke, Skulls and Wolves’ Tails. The Epipaleolithic of the Anatolian Plateau in its South-West Asian Context: Insights from Pınarbaşı”, Levant 45/2: 175-209.
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2003 “Obsidien Ticareti: Yeni Veriler, Yeni Modeller, Yeni Sorunlar. Bir Deneme”, M. Özbaşaran – O. Tanındı – A. Boratav (eds.) Archaeological Essays in Honour of Homo Amatus. Güven Arsebük İçin Armağan Yazılar, İstanbul: 9-18
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2005 “Paleolitikten Günümüze Obsidiyen”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Sayı 19: 1-3.
Balkan-Atlı, N. – D. Binder 2007 “Kömürcü-Kaletepe Obsidiyen İşliği”, M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen and P. Kuniholm (eds.). Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem. Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, İstanbul: 216-222.
Campbell, S. – E. Healey 2013 “The Obsidian at Arpachiyah, Iraq: an Integrated Study”, F. Borrell, J.J. Ibanez and M. Molist (eds.) Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East, Barcelona: 529-542.
Carter, T – Kilikoglou, V. 2007 “From Reactor to Royalty? Aegean and Anatolian Obsidians from Quartier Mu, Malia (Crete)”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20.1: 115-143.
Carter, T. F. – X. Le Bourdonnec – M. Kartal – G. Poupeau –T. Calligaro – P Moretto 2011 “Marginal Perspectives: Sourcing Epi-Paleolithic to Chalcolithic Obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey)”, Paléorient 37/2, 123-149.
Cauvin, M.-C. – C. Chataigner 1998 “Distribution de l’Obsidienne dans les Sites Archéologiques du Proche et du Moyen Orient”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau, J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 325-350.
Chataigner, C. 1998 “Sources des Artefacts du Proche Orient d’après leur caractérisation géochimique”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 273-324.
Conolly, J. 1999 The Çatalhöyük flint and obsidian industry. Technology and typology in context, Oxford: BAR International Series 787.
Coqueugniot, E. 1998 “L’obsidienne en Méditerrannée Orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du volcan a l’outil, BAR International Series 738: 351-362.
Çelik, B. 2014 “Şanlıurfa Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü in the Light of Novel C14 Analysis. Yeni Karbon 14 Analizleri Işığında Şanlıurfa – Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü”, A. Engin – B. Helwing – B. Uysal (eds.), Armizzi. Engin Özgen’e Armağan, Studies in Honor of Engin Özgen, Ankara: 101-107.
Delerue, S. – G. Poupeau 2007 “La provenance des obsidiennes du Natoufien final de Mallaha”, F. R. Valla, H. Khalaily, H. Valladas, E. Kaltnecher, F. Bocquentin, T. Cabellos, D. E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, G. L Dosseur, L. Regev, V. C., S. Weiner, E. Boaretto, N. Samuelian, B. Valentin, S. Delerue, G. Poupeau, A. Bridault, R. Rabinovich, T. Simmons, I. Zohar, S. Ashkenazi, A. D. Huertas, B. Spiro, H. K. Mienis, A. M. Rosen, N. Porat, A. Belfer-Cohen (eds.), Les fouilles de Ain Mallaha (Eynan) de 2003 à 2005: quatrième rapport préliminaire, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 37: 291-296.
Frahm, E. – T. C. Hauck 2017 “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Sciences Reports 13: 415-427.
Healey, E. 2004 “Tell Kurdu 2001. Chipped Stone”, R. Özbal – F. Gerritsen – B. Diebold – E. Healey – N. Aydın – M. Loyet – F. Nardulli – D. Reese – H. Ekstrom – S. Sholts – N. Mekel-Bobrov – B. Lahn (eds.), ‘Tell Kurdu excavations 2001’ Anatolica 30: 56-60.
Healey, E., 2007 “Obsidian as an Indicator of Inter-Regional Contacts and Exchange: Three Case-Studies from the Halaf Period”, Anatolian Studies 57: 171-189.
Healey, E. (in press) “The Ostententatious use of obsidian in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the northern Levant”, K. A. Yener – Tara Ingman (eds). Alalakh and its Neighbors: Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10-12, 2015, Ancient Near Eastern Studies series of Peeters Press, Leuven
Healey, E. – S. Campbell 2014 “Producing Adornment: Evidence of Different Levels of Expertise in the Production of Obsidian Items of Adornment at Two Late Neolithic Communities in Northern Mesopotamia”, Journal of Lithic Studies 1/2: 79-99.
Gülçur, S., M. Endoğru – D. Kara 2000 “Güvercinkayası 1998 Kazısı”, 21. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt: 55-70.
Khalidi, L. 2014 “Fifth Millennium BC Obsidian Production and Consumption in Area TW, Tell Brak”, McMahon – A. – Crawford, H. (eds.) Preludes to Urbanism. The Late Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia. In honour of Joan Oates. Cambridge: 69-87.
Kuhn, S. – B. Dinçer – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. K. Erturaç 2015 “Paleolithic Occupations of the Göllü Dağ, Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Journal of Field Archaeology 40/5: 581-602.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011a “Kültepe-Kanes: A Second Millenieum B.C.E. Trading Center on the Central Plateau, Ancient Anatolia 10.000-323 B.C.E”, S.R. Stedman –G. McMahon (eds), New York: 1012-1030.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011b Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş-Karumu Asurlular İstanbul’da, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, No: 78.
Lindermeyer, E. – L. Martin 1993 Uruk, Kleinfunde III: Kleinfunde im Voderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin, Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Baghdad, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
Lingle, A. – N. Dell’Unto – L. Der – S. Doyle – K. Killackeys – A. Klimowicz – L. Meskell – P. Parkes – B. Tung 2015 “Painted Plaster Head” Çatalhöyük 2015 Archive Report: 275-289.
Mallowan, M. – J. C. Rose 1935 “Excavations at Tell Arpachiyah 1933” Iraq 2: 1− 178.
Özgüç, T. 1950 Kültepe Kazısı 1949/ Ausgrabungen in Kültepe 1949. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları V.10, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1986 Kültepe-Kaniş II Eski Yakındoğu’nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1996 “An obsidian storehouse close to the temples built by Anitta, King of Nesa”, H. Gasche – B. Hrouda (eds.), Collectanea Orientalia-Histoire, arts de l’espace et industrie de la pierre. Etudes offertes en hommage a Agnes Spycket, CPOA 3, Neuchatel, Paris: 279-283.
Özgüç, T., 1999 Kültepe-Kaniş/Neşa Sarayları ve Mabetleri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T., 2005 Kültepe/Kaniş-Nesa, İstanbul.
Özgüç, N. 1966 “Acemhöyük Kazıları”, Anadolu X: 1-28.
Öztan, A. 1988 “Acemhöyük Taş Kapları”, Belleten LII (203): 393-406.
Pirie, A. 2011 “The Epipaleolithic chipped stone from Pınarbaşı, on the Central Anatolian Plateau”, E. Healey – S. Campbell –O. Maeda (eds.) The State of the Stone. Continuities and Context in Near Eastern Lithics, Berlin: 89-96.
Safar, F. – M.A. Mustafa – S. Lloyd 1981 Eridu, Ministry of Culture and Information. State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad.
Slimak, L. – S. Kuhn – N. Balkan-Atlı – D. Binder – B. Dinçer 2007 “Kaletepe Deresi 3: de l’Acheuleen au Mousterien en Anatolie centrale” Anatolia Antiqua/Eski Anadolu XV: 257–273.
Vedder, J. 2005 “The obsidian mirrors of Çatalhoyük”, I. Hodder (ed.), Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge: 579-619.
Woolley, L. 1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, Oxford.
Yalçınkaya, I. 1998 “Découvertes paléolithiques en obsidienne en Anatolie orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á I’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738 : 235-240.
Yener, A. – C. Edens – J. Casana – B. Diebold – H. Ekstrom – M. Loyet – R. Özbal 2000 “Tell Kurdu Excavations 1999”, Anatolica 26: 31-117.
URL 1: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/vessels.html

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 16 , 15 - 30 , 01.06.2017

Semra Balcı , Çiler Altınbilek Algül

https://izlik.org/JA67PT94XP

Öz

Kaynakça

Altınbilek-Algül, Ç. – S. Balcı 2010 “Obsidiyen Ticaretinin Merkezi Olarak Kültepe” Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Mayıs 2010, Sayı 30: 11-13.
Astruc, L. – R. Vargiolu – M. Ben Tkaya – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. Özbaşaran – H. Zahouani 2011 “Multi-scale tribological analysis of the technique of manufacture of an obsidian bracelet from Aşıklı Höyük (Aceramic Neolithic, Central Anatolia)”, Journal of Archaeological Science XXX: 1-10.
Atıcı, L. 2014 “Tracing Inequality from Assur to Kültepe / Kanesh”, B. S. Arbuckle–A. A. MacCarty (eds.), Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, Colorado: 233-252.
Baird, D. – E. Asouti – L. Astruc – A. Baysal – E. Baysal – D. Carruthers – A. Fairbairn – C. Kabukçu – E. Jenkins – K. Lorentz – C. Middleton – J. Pearson – A. Pirie 2013 “Juniper Smoke, Skulls and Wolves’ Tails. The Epipaleolithic of the Anatolian Plateau in its South-West Asian Context: Insights from Pınarbaşı”, Levant 45/2: 175-209.
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2003 “Obsidien Ticareti: Yeni Veriler, Yeni Modeller, Yeni Sorunlar. Bir Deneme”, M. Özbaşaran – O. Tanındı – A. Boratav (eds.) Archaeological Essays in Honour of Homo Amatus. Güven Arsebük İçin Armağan Yazılar, İstanbul: 9-18
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2005 “Paleolitikten Günümüze Obsidiyen”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Sayı 19: 1-3.
Balkan-Atlı, N. – D. Binder 2007 “Kömürcü-Kaletepe Obsidiyen İşliği”, M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen and P. Kuniholm (eds.). Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem. Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, İstanbul: 216-222.
Campbell, S. – E. Healey 2013 “The Obsidian at Arpachiyah, Iraq: an Integrated Study”, F. Borrell, J.J. Ibanez and M. Molist (eds.) Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East, Barcelona: 529-542.
Carter, T – Kilikoglou, V. 2007 “From Reactor to Royalty? Aegean and Anatolian Obsidians from Quartier Mu, Malia (Crete)”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20.1: 115-143.
Carter, T. F. – X. Le Bourdonnec – M. Kartal – G. Poupeau –T. Calligaro – P Moretto 2011 “Marginal Perspectives: Sourcing Epi-Paleolithic to Chalcolithic Obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey)”, Paléorient 37/2, 123-149.
Cauvin, M.-C. – C. Chataigner 1998 “Distribution de l’Obsidienne dans les Sites Archéologiques du Proche et du Moyen Orient”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau, J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 325-350.
Chataigner, C. 1998 “Sources des Artefacts du Proche Orient d’après leur caractérisation géochimique”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 273-324.
Conolly, J. 1999 The Çatalhöyük flint and obsidian industry. Technology and typology in context, Oxford: BAR International Series 787.
Coqueugniot, E. 1998 “L’obsidienne en Méditerrannée Orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du volcan a l’outil, BAR International Series 738: 351-362.
Çelik, B. 2014 “Şanlıurfa Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü in the Light of Novel C14 Analysis. Yeni Karbon 14 Analizleri Işığında Şanlıurfa – Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü”, A. Engin – B. Helwing – B. Uysal (eds.), Armizzi. Engin Özgen’e Armağan, Studies in Honor of Engin Özgen, Ankara: 101-107.
Delerue, S. – G. Poupeau 2007 “La provenance des obsidiennes du Natoufien final de Mallaha”, F. R. Valla, H. Khalaily, H. Valladas, E. Kaltnecher, F. Bocquentin, T. Cabellos, D. E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, G. L Dosseur, L. Regev, V. C., S. Weiner, E. Boaretto, N. Samuelian, B. Valentin, S. Delerue, G. Poupeau, A. Bridault, R. Rabinovich, T. Simmons, I. Zohar, S. Ashkenazi, A. D. Huertas, B. Spiro, H. K. Mienis, A. M. Rosen, N. Porat, A. Belfer-Cohen (eds.), Les fouilles de Ain Mallaha (Eynan) de 2003 à 2005: quatrième rapport préliminaire, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 37: 291-296.
Frahm, E. – T. C. Hauck 2017 “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Sciences Reports 13: 415-427.
Healey, E. 2004 “Tell Kurdu 2001. Chipped Stone”, R. Özbal – F. Gerritsen – B. Diebold – E. Healey – N. Aydın – M. Loyet – F. Nardulli – D. Reese – H. Ekstrom – S. Sholts – N. Mekel-Bobrov – B. Lahn (eds.), ‘Tell Kurdu excavations 2001’ Anatolica 30: 56-60.
Healey, E., 2007 “Obsidian as an Indicator of Inter-Regional Contacts and Exchange: Three Case-Studies from the Halaf Period”, Anatolian Studies 57: 171-189.
Healey, E. (in press) “The Ostententatious use of obsidian in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the northern Levant”, K. A. Yener – Tara Ingman (eds). Alalakh and its Neighbors: Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10-12, 2015, Ancient Near Eastern Studies series of Peeters Press, Leuven
Healey, E. – S. Campbell 2014 “Producing Adornment: Evidence of Different Levels of Expertise in the Production of Obsidian Items of Adornment at Two Late Neolithic Communities in Northern Mesopotamia”, Journal of Lithic Studies 1/2: 79-99.
Gülçur, S., M. Endoğru – D. Kara 2000 “Güvercinkayası 1998 Kazısı”, 21. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt: 55-70.
Khalidi, L. 2014 “Fifth Millennium BC Obsidian Production and Consumption in Area TW, Tell Brak”, McMahon – A. – Crawford, H. (eds.) Preludes to Urbanism. The Late Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia. In honour of Joan Oates. Cambridge: 69-87.
Kuhn, S. – B. Dinçer – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. K. Erturaç 2015 “Paleolithic Occupations of the Göllü Dağ, Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Journal of Field Archaeology 40/5: 581-602.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011a “Kültepe-Kanes: A Second Millenieum B.C.E. Trading Center on the Central Plateau, Ancient Anatolia 10.000-323 B.C.E”, S.R. Stedman –G. McMahon (eds), New York: 1012-1030.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011b Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş-Karumu Asurlular İstanbul’da, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, No: 78.
Lindermeyer, E. – L. Martin 1993 Uruk, Kleinfunde III: Kleinfunde im Voderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin, Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Baghdad, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
Lingle, A. – N. Dell’Unto – L. Der – S. Doyle – K. Killackeys – A. Klimowicz – L. Meskell – P. Parkes – B. Tung 2015 “Painted Plaster Head” Çatalhöyük 2015 Archive Report: 275-289.
Mallowan, M. – J. C. Rose 1935 “Excavations at Tell Arpachiyah 1933” Iraq 2: 1− 178.
Özgüç, T. 1950 Kültepe Kazısı 1949/ Ausgrabungen in Kültepe 1949. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları V.10, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1986 Kültepe-Kaniş II Eski Yakındoğu’nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1996 “An obsidian storehouse close to the temples built by Anitta, King of Nesa”, H. Gasche – B. Hrouda (eds.), Collectanea Orientalia-Histoire, arts de l’espace et industrie de la pierre. Etudes offertes en hommage a Agnes Spycket, CPOA 3, Neuchatel, Paris: 279-283.
Özgüç, T., 1999 Kültepe-Kaniş/Neşa Sarayları ve Mabetleri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T., 2005 Kültepe/Kaniş-Nesa, İstanbul.
Özgüç, N. 1966 “Acemhöyük Kazıları”, Anadolu X: 1-28.
Öztan, A. 1988 “Acemhöyük Taş Kapları”, Belleten LII (203): 393-406.
Pirie, A. 2011 “The Epipaleolithic chipped stone from Pınarbaşı, on the Central Anatolian Plateau”, E. Healey – S. Campbell –O. Maeda (eds.) The State of the Stone. Continuities and Context in Near Eastern Lithics, Berlin: 89-96.
Safar, F. – M.A. Mustafa – S. Lloyd 1981 Eridu, Ministry of Culture and Information. State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad.
Slimak, L. – S. Kuhn – N. Balkan-Atlı – D. Binder – B. Dinçer 2007 “Kaletepe Deresi 3: de l’Acheuleen au Mousterien en Anatolie centrale” Anatolia Antiqua/Eski Anadolu XV: 257–273.
Vedder, J. 2005 “The obsidian mirrors of Çatalhoyük”, I. Hodder (ed.), Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge: 579-619.
Woolley, L. 1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, Oxford.
Yalçınkaya, I. 1998 “Découvertes paléolithiques en obsidienne en Anatolie orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á I’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738 : 235-240.
Yener, A. – C. Edens – J. Casana – B. Diebold – H. Ekstrom – M. Loyet – R. Özbal 2000 “Tell Kurdu Excavations 1999”, Anatolica 26: 31-117.
URL 1: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/vessels.html

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 16 , 15 - 30 , 01.06.2017

Semra Balcı , Çiler Altınbilek Algül

https://izlik.org/JA67PT94XP

Öz

Kaynakça

Altınbilek-Algül, Ç. – S. Balcı 2010 “Obsidiyen Ticaretinin Merkezi Olarak Kültepe” Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Mayıs 2010, Sayı 30: 11-13.
Astruc, L. – R. Vargiolu – M. Ben Tkaya – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. Özbaşaran – H. Zahouani 2011 “Multi-scale tribological analysis of the technique of manufacture of an obsidian bracelet from Aşıklı Höyük (Aceramic Neolithic, Central Anatolia)”, Journal of Archaeological Science XXX: 1-10.
Atıcı, L. 2014 “Tracing Inequality from Assur to Kültepe / Kanesh”, B. S. Arbuckle–A. A. MacCarty (eds.), Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, Colorado: 233-252.
Baird, D. – E. Asouti – L. Astruc – A. Baysal – E. Baysal – D. Carruthers – A. Fairbairn – C. Kabukçu – E. Jenkins – K. Lorentz – C. Middleton – J. Pearson – A. Pirie 2013 “Juniper Smoke, Skulls and Wolves’ Tails. The Epipaleolithic of the Anatolian Plateau in its South-West Asian Context: Insights from Pınarbaşı”, Levant 45/2: 175-209.
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2003 “Obsidien Ticareti: Yeni Veriler, Yeni Modeller, Yeni Sorunlar. Bir Deneme”, M. Özbaşaran – O. Tanındı – A. Boratav (eds.) Archaeological Essays in Honour of Homo Amatus. Güven Arsebük İçin Armağan Yazılar, İstanbul: 9-18
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2005 “Paleolitikten Günümüze Obsidiyen”, Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, Sayı 19: 1-3.
Balkan-Atlı, N. – D. Binder 2007 “Kömürcü-Kaletepe Obsidiyen İşliği”, M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen and P. Kuniholm (eds.). Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem. Yeni Kazılar, Yeni Bulgular, İstanbul: 216-222.
Campbell, S. – E. Healey 2013 “The Obsidian at Arpachiyah, Iraq: an Integrated Study”, F. Borrell, J.J. Ibanez and M. Molist (eds.) Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East, Barcelona: 529-542.
Carter, T – Kilikoglou, V. 2007 “From Reactor to Royalty? Aegean and Anatolian Obsidians from Quartier Mu, Malia (Crete)”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20.1: 115-143.
Carter, T. F. – X. Le Bourdonnec – M. Kartal – G. Poupeau –T. Calligaro – P Moretto 2011 “Marginal Perspectives: Sourcing Epi-Paleolithic to Chalcolithic Obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey)”, Paléorient 37/2, 123-149.
Cauvin, M.-C. – C. Chataigner 1998 “Distribution de l’Obsidienne dans les Sites Archéologiques du Proche et du Moyen Orient”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau, J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 325-350.
Chataigner, C. 1998 “Sources des Artefacts du Proche Orient d’après leur caractérisation géochimique”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á l’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738: 273-324.
Conolly, J. 1999 The Çatalhöyük flint and obsidian industry. Technology and typology in context, Oxford: BAR International Series 787.
Coqueugniot, E. 1998 “L’obsidienne en Méditerrannée Orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du volcan a l’outil, BAR International Series 738: 351-362.
Çelik, B. 2014 “Şanlıurfa Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü in the Light of Novel C14 Analysis. Yeni Karbon 14 Analizleri Işığında Şanlıurfa – Yeni Mahalle Höyüğü”, A. Engin – B. Helwing – B. Uysal (eds.), Armizzi. Engin Özgen’e Armağan, Studies in Honor of Engin Özgen, Ankara: 101-107.
Delerue, S. – G. Poupeau 2007 “La provenance des obsidiennes du Natoufien final de Mallaha”, F. R. Valla, H. Khalaily, H. Valladas, E. Kaltnecher, F. Bocquentin, T. Cabellos, D. E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, G. L Dosseur, L. Regev, V. C., S. Weiner, E. Boaretto, N. Samuelian, B. Valentin, S. Delerue, G. Poupeau, A. Bridault, R. Rabinovich, T. Simmons, I. Zohar, S. Ashkenazi, A. D. Huertas, B. Spiro, H. K. Mienis, A. M. Rosen, N. Porat, A. Belfer-Cohen (eds.), Les fouilles de Ain Mallaha (Eynan) de 2003 à 2005: quatrième rapport préliminaire, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 37: 291-296.
Frahm, E. – T. C. Hauck 2017 “Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic”, Journal of Archaeological Sciences Reports 13: 415-427.
Healey, E. 2004 “Tell Kurdu 2001. Chipped Stone”, R. Özbal – F. Gerritsen – B. Diebold – E. Healey – N. Aydın – M. Loyet – F. Nardulli – D. Reese – H. Ekstrom – S. Sholts – N. Mekel-Bobrov – B. Lahn (eds.), ‘Tell Kurdu excavations 2001’ Anatolica 30: 56-60.
Healey, E., 2007 “Obsidian as an Indicator of Inter-Regional Contacts and Exchange: Three Case-Studies from the Halaf Period”, Anatolian Studies 57: 171-189.
Healey, E. (in press) “The Ostententatious use of obsidian in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the northern Levant”, K. A. Yener – Tara Ingman (eds). Alalakh and its Neighbors: Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10-12, 2015, Ancient Near Eastern Studies series of Peeters Press, Leuven
Healey, E. – S. Campbell 2014 “Producing Adornment: Evidence of Different Levels of Expertise in the Production of Obsidian Items of Adornment at Two Late Neolithic Communities in Northern Mesopotamia”, Journal of Lithic Studies 1/2: 79-99.
Gülçur, S., M. Endoğru – D. Kara 2000 “Güvercinkayası 1998 Kazısı”, 21. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt: 55-70.
Khalidi, L. 2014 “Fifth Millennium BC Obsidian Production and Consumption in Area TW, Tell Brak”, McMahon – A. – Crawford, H. (eds.) Preludes to Urbanism. The Late Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia. In honour of Joan Oates. Cambridge: 69-87.
Kuhn, S. – B. Dinçer – N. Balkan-Atlı – M. K. Erturaç 2015 “Paleolithic Occupations of the Göllü Dağ, Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Journal of Field Archaeology 40/5: 581-602.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011a “Kültepe-Kanes: A Second Millenieum B.C.E. Trading Center on the Central Plateau, Ancient Anatolia 10.000-323 B.C.E”, S.R. Stedman –G. McMahon (eds), New York: 1012-1030.
Kulakoğlu, F. 2011b Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe Kaniş-Karumu Asurlular İstanbul’da, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, No: 78.
Lindermeyer, E. – L. Martin 1993 Uruk, Kleinfunde III: Kleinfunde im Voderasiatischen Museum zu Berlin, Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Baghdad, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
Lingle, A. – N. Dell’Unto – L. Der – S. Doyle – K. Killackeys – A. Klimowicz – L. Meskell – P. Parkes – B. Tung 2015 “Painted Plaster Head” Çatalhöyük 2015 Archive Report: 275-289.
Mallowan, M. – J. C. Rose 1935 “Excavations at Tell Arpachiyah 1933” Iraq 2: 1− 178.
Özgüç, T. 1950 Kültepe Kazısı 1949/ Ausgrabungen in Kültepe 1949. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları V.10, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1986 Kültepe-Kaniş II Eski Yakındoğu’nun Ticaret Merkezinde Yeni Araştırmalar, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T. 1996 “An obsidian storehouse close to the temples built by Anitta, King of Nesa”, H. Gasche – B. Hrouda (eds.), Collectanea Orientalia-Histoire, arts de l’espace et industrie de la pierre. Etudes offertes en hommage a Agnes Spycket, CPOA 3, Neuchatel, Paris: 279-283.
Özgüç, T., 1999 Kültepe-Kaniş/Neşa Sarayları ve Mabetleri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.
Özgüç, T., 2005 Kültepe/Kaniş-Nesa, İstanbul.
Özgüç, N. 1966 “Acemhöyük Kazıları”, Anadolu X: 1-28.
Öztan, A. 1988 “Acemhöyük Taş Kapları”, Belleten LII (203): 393-406.
Pirie, A. 2011 “The Epipaleolithic chipped stone from Pınarbaşı, on the Central Anatolian Plateau”, E. Healey – S. Campbell –O. Maeda (eds.) The State of the Stone. Continuities and Context in Near Eastern Lithics, Berlin: 89-96.
Safar, F. – M.A. Mustafa – S. Lloyd 1981 Eridu, Ministry of Culture and Information. State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad.
Slimak, L. – S. Kuhn – N. Balkan-Atlı – D. Binder – B. Dinçer 2007 “Kaletepe Deresi 3: de l’Acheuleen au Mousterien en Anatolie centrale” Anatolia Antiqua/Eski Anadolu XV: 257–273.
Vedder, J. 2005 “The obsidian mirrors of Çatalhoyük”, I. Hodder (ed.), Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge: 579-619.
Woolley, L. 1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, Oxford.
Yalçınkaya, I. 1998 “Découvertes paléolithiques en obsidienne en Anatolie orientale”, M.-C. Cauvin – A. Gourgaud – B. Gratuze – N. Arnaud – G. Poupeau – J.-L. Poidevin – C. Chataigner (eds.), L’Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: du Volcan á I’Outil, Oxford: BAR International Series 738 : 235-240.
Yener, A. – C. Edens – J. Casana – B. Diebold – H. Ekstrom – M. Loyet – R. Özbal 2000 “Tell Kurdu Excavations 1999”, Anatolica 26: 31-117.
URL 1: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/stone/vessels.html

Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Arkeolojide Obsidyen
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Semra Balcı Çiler Altınbilek Algül
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Haziran 2017
IZ	https://izlik.org/JA67PT94XP
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2017 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

EndNote	Balcı S, Altınbilek Algül Ç (01 Haziran 2017) Polished Obsidian Objects: Examples of Prestige Items From Kültepe. Colloquium Anatolicum 16 15–30.

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

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