Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2020, Sayı: 19, 169 - 182, 06.12.2020

Gönül Yalçın

https://izlik.org/JA44KW95YU

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abay, E. 1997 “Die Keramik der Frühbronzezeit in Anatolien mit syrischen Affinitäten”, M. Dierich –
  • R. Dittmann, O. Lorentz (eds), Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients. Archäologische Studien zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients, Bd. 8, Münster.
  • Alizadeh, K. – S. Sameib – K. Mohammadkhanic – R. Heidarid – R. H. Tykote 2018 “Craft Production at Köhne Shahar, a Kura-Araxes Settlement in Iranian Azerbaijan”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 51: 127-143.
  • Balossi, F. 2015 “Hearth and Home. Interpreting Fire Installations at Arslantepe, Eastern Turkey, from the Fourth to the Beginning of the Second Millennium BCE”, Paleorient 41/1: 127-151.
  • Breniquet, C. 2014 “The Archaeology of Wool in Early Mesopotamia: Sources, Methods Perspectives”,
  • C. Breniquet, C. Michel, (eds.), Wool Economy in the Ancient near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, Oxford c Philadelphia: 52-78.
  • Burney, C. A. – D. M. Lang 1971 The Peoples of the Hills. Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, London.
  • Çalışkan Akgül, H. 2012 “Looking to the West: the Late Chalcolithic Red-Black Ware of the Upper Euphrates Region”, Origini XXXIV: 97-109.
  • Di Nocera, G. M. – A. Hauptmann – A. M. Palmieri 2004 “I metalli della Tomba Reale e la metallurgia agli albori dell III millenio”, M. Frangipane (ed.), Alle origini del potere. Arslantepe, la collina die Leoni, Milano: 123-143.
  • Dschaparidze, O. 2001 “Zur frühen Metallurgie Georgiens vom 3. bis zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.”, I. Gambaschidze, A. Hauptmann, R. Slotta, Ü. Yalçın (eds.), Georgien. Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies. Katalog der Ausstellung im Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum: 92-119.
  • Frangipane, M. 2000 “The Late Chalcolithic/EB I Sequence at Arslantepe. Chronological and Cultural Remarks from a Frontier-Site”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe
  • – IIIe Millenaires, (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 439-472. 2001
  • “The Transition between two Opposing Forms of Power at Arslantepe (Malatya) at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium”, TÜBA-AR 4: 1-24. 2012
  • “The Collapse of the 4th Millennium Centralised System at Arslantepe and the Far-Reach Change in 3rd Millennium Societies”, Origini XXXIV: 237-260. 2014
  • “After Collapse: Continuity and Disruption in the Settlement by Kura-Araxes-linked Pastoral Groups at Arslantepe-Malatya (Turkey). New Data”, Paléorient 40/2: 169-182. 2017
  • ”The Role of Metallurgy in Different Types of Early Hierarchical Society in Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia”, P. W. Stockhammer, J. Maran (eds.), Appropriating Innovations. Entangled Knowledge in Eurasia, 5000-1500 BCE, Oxford Philadelphia: 171-184.
  • 2019 “Arslantepe. The Rise and Development of a Political Centre: From Temple to Palace to a Fortified Citadel Arslantepe. Siyasi Merkezin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü: Tapınaktan Saraya Saraydan Surla Çevrili Bir Kente”, N. Durak, M. Frangipane (eds.), Arslantepe. Proceedings of the 1. International Archaeological Symposium. 1. Uluslararası Arkeoloji Sempozyumu Bildirileri. İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınları/ İnönü University Press: 71, Malatya: 71-104.
  • Greenberg, R. 2007 “Transcaucasian Colors: Khirbet Kerak Ware at Khirbet Kerak (Tel Bet Yerah)”, B. Lyonnet (ed.), Les Cultures du Caucas, Paris: 257-268.
  • Greenberg, R. – G. Palumbi 2015 “Corridors and Colonies: Comparing Fourth-Third Millennia BC. Interactions in Southeast Anatolia and the Levant”, A. B. Knapp, P. van Dommelen (eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: 111-138.
  • Helwing, B. 1999 “Cultural Interaction at Hassek Höyük, Turkey, New Evidence from Pottery Analysis”, Paléorient 25/1: 91-99.
  • Işıklı, M. 2011 Doğu Anadolu’da Erken Transkafkasya Kültürü: Çok Bileşenli Gelişkin Bir Kültürün Analizi. İstanbul.
  • 2015 “The Kura-Araxes Culture in the Erzurum Region: The Process of its Development. Kura-Aras Kültürü’nün Erzurum Bölgesi’ndeki Gelişim Süreci”, TÜBA-AR 18: 51-69.
  • Koşay, H. Z. 1976 Keban Projesi Pulur Kazısı 1968-1970, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Keban Projesi Yayınları, Seri III, No. 1, Ankara.
  • Koşay, H. Z. – K. Turfan 1959 “Erzurum Karaz Kazısı Raporu”, Belleten XXIII/91: 349-413.
  • Koşay, H. Z. – H. Vary 1964 Pulur Kazısı. 1960 Mevsimi Çalışma Raporu. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 24, Seri No. 9, Ankara.
  • 1967 Güzelova Kazısı. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 46, Seri No. 20, Ankara.
  • Kozbe, G. 1990 “Van-Dilkaya Höyüğü Erken Transkafkasya Keramiği”, VII. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Antalya 18-23 Mayıs 1989, Ankara: 553-554.
  • 2004 “Activity Areas and Social Organization within Early Transcaucasian Houses at Karagündüz Höyük, Van”, A. Sagona (ed.), View from the Highland. Archaeological Studies in Honour of C. Burney, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement XII: 35-45.
  • Martino S. 2017 “Graphite-Treated Pottery in the Northeastern Mediterranean from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age“, Near Eastern Archaeology 80/1: 3-13.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2000 “La Ceramique de Khirbet Kerak en Syro-Palestine: Etat de la Question”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 255-279.
  • Palumbi, G. 2008 The Red and Black. Social and Cultural Interaction Between the Upper Euphrates and Southern Caucasus Communities in the Fourth and Third millennium B.C. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Studi di Preistoria Orientale 2, Roma.
  • Sagona, A. 2000 “Sos Höyük and the Erzurum Region in Late Prehistory: A Provisional Chronology for Northeast Anatolia”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 329-373. 2014a “Rethinking the Kura-Araxes Genesis”, Paléorient 40/2: 23-46.
  • 2014b “The Kura-Araxes Culture Complex: A History of Early Research”, A. Özfırat (ed.), Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar. Veli Sevin’e Armağan. Scripta. Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology, İstanbul: 21-32.
  • Sağlamtimur, H. 2017 “Siirt-Başur Höyük Erken Tunç Çağı I Mezarları: Ön rapor (Early Bronze Age I Cemetery in Siirt-Başur Höyük: Preliminary Report)”, Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Dergisi XXII: 1-18.
  • Takaoğlu, T. 2000 “Hearth structures in the religious pattern of Early Bronze Age northeast Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies 50: 11-16.
  • Yalçın, H. G. 2011 “Die Karaz-Kultur in Ostanatolien”, Ü. Yalçın (ed.), Anatolian Metal V. (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt Beiheft 24, Duisburg: 31-53.
  • 2012 Die Karaz Keramik von Tepecik in Ostanatolien. İstanbul.
  • 2020 “Tepecik, an Eastern Anatolian settlement mound, and the Karaz Culture in Eastern Anatolia”, Documenta Praehistorica XLVII: 262-285.
  • Yalçın, Ü. – H. G. Yalçın 2009 “Evidence for Early Use of Tin at Tülintepe in Eastern Anatolia”, TÜBA-AR 12: 123-142. 2018
  • “Könige, Priester oder Handwerker? Neues über die frühbronzezeitlichen Fürstengräber von Alacahöyük”, Ü. Yalçın, (ed.), Anatolian Metal VIII. Eliten-Handwerk-Prestigegüter, (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 39, Rahden/Westfalen: 91-123.

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 19, 169 - 182, 06.12.2020

Gönül Yalçın

https://izlik.org/JA44KW95YU

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abay, E. 1997 “Die Keramik der Frühbronzezeit in Anatolien mit syrischen Affinitäten”, M. Dierich –
  • R. Dittmann, O. Lorentz (eds), Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients. Archäologische Studien zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients, Bd. 8, Münster.
  • Alizadeh, K. – S. Sameib – K. Mohammadkhanic – R. Heidarid – R. H. Tykote 2018 “Craft Production at Köhne Shahar, a Kura-Araxes Settlement in Iranian Azerbaijan”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 51: 127-143.
  • Balossi, F. 2015 “Hearth and Home. Interpreting Fire Installations at Arslantepe, Eastern Turkey, from the Fourth to the Beginning of the Second Millennium BCE”, Paleorient 41/1: 127-151.
  • Breniquet, C. 2014 “The Archaeology of Wool in Early Mesopotamia: Sources, Methods Perspectives”,
  • C. Breniquet, C. Michel, (eds.), Wool Economy in the Ancient near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, Oxford c Philadelphia: 52-78.
  • Burney, C. A. – D. M. Lang 1971 The Peoples of the Hills. Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, London.
  • Çalışkan Akgül, H. 2012 “Looking to the West: the Late Chalcolithic Red-Black Ware of the Upper Euphrates Region”, Origini XXXIV: 97-109.
  • Di Nocera, G. M. – A. Hauptmann – A. M. Palmieri 2004 “I metalli della Tomba Reale e la metallurgia agli albori dell III millenio”, M. Frangipane (ed.), Alle origini del potere. Arslantepe, la collina die Leoni, Milano: 123-143.
  • Dschaparidze, O. 2001 “Zur frühen Metallurgie Georgiens vom 3. bis zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.”, I. Gambaschidze, A. Hauptmann, R. Slotta, Ü. Yalçın (eds.), Georgien. Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies. Katalog der Ausstellung im Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum: 92-119.
  • Frangipane, M. 2000 “The Late Chalcolithic/EB I Sequence at Arslantepe. Chronological and Cultural Remarks from a Frontier-Site”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe
  • – IIIe Millenaires, (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 439-472. 2001
  • “The Transition between two Opposing Forms of Power at Arslantepe (Malatya) at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium”, TÜBA-AR 4: 1-24. 2012
  • “The Collapse of the 4th Millennium Centralised System at Arslantepe and the Far-Reach Change in 3rd Millennium Societies”, Origini XXXIV: 237-260. 2014
  • “After Collapse: Continuity and Disruption in the Settlement by Kura-Araxes-linked Pastoral Groups at Arslantepe-Malatya (Turkey). New Data”, Paléorient 40/2: 169-182. 2017
  • ”The Role of Metallurgy in Different Types of Early Hierarchical Society in Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia”, P. W. Stockhammer, J. Maran (eds.), Appropriating Innovations. Entangled Knowledge in Eurasia, 5000-1500 BCE, Oxford Philadelphia: 171-184.
  • 2019 “Arslantepe. The Rise and Development of a Political Centre: From Temple to Palace to a Fortified Citadel Arslantepe. Siyasi Merkezin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü: Tapınaktan Saraya Saraydan Surla Çevrili Bir Kente”, N. Durak, M. Frangipane (eds.), Arslantepe. Proceedings of the 1. International Archaeological Symposium. 1. Uluslararası Arkeoloji Sempozyumu Bildirileri. İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınları/ İnönü University Press: 71, Malatya: 71-104.
  • Greenberg, R. 2007 “Transcaucasian Colors: Khirbet Kerak Ware at Khirbet Kerak (Tel Bet Yerah)”, B. Lyonnet (ed.), Les Cultures du Caucas, Paris: 257-268.
  • Greenberg, R. – G. Palumbi 2015 “Corridors and Colonies: Comparing Fourth-Third Millennia BC. Interactions in Southeast Anatolia and the Levant”, A. B. Knapp, P. van Dommelen (eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: 111-138.
  • Helwing, B. 1999 “Cultural Interaction at Hassek Höyük, Turkey, New Evidence from Pottery Analysis”, Paléorient 25/1: 91-99.
  • Işıklı, M. 2011 Doğu Anadolu’da Erken Transkafkasya Kültürü: Çok Bileşenli Gelişkin Bir Kültürün Analizi. İstanbul.
  • 2015 “The Kura-Araxes Culture in the Erzurum Region: The Process of its Development. Kura-Aras Kültürü’nün Erzurum Bölgesi’ndeki Gelişim Süreci”, TÜBA-AR 18: 51-69.
  • Koşay, H. Z. 1976 Keban Projesi Pulur Kazısı 1968-1970, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Keban Projesi Yayınları, Seri III, No. 1, Ankara.
  • Koşay, H. Z. – K. Turfan 1959 “Erzurum Karaz Kazısı Raporu”, Belleten XXIII/91: 349-413.
  • Koşay, H. Z. – H. Vary 1964 Pulur Kazısı. 1960 Mevsimi Çalışma Raporu. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 24, Seri No. 9, Ankara.
  • 1967 Güzelova Kazısı. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 46, Seri No. 20, Ankara.
  • Kozbe, G. 1990 “Van-Dilkaya Höyüğü Erken Transkafkasya Keramiği”, VII. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Antalya 18-23 Mayıs 1989, Ankara: 553-554.
  • 2004 “Activity Areas and Social Organization within Early Transcaucasian Houses at Karagündüz Höyük, Van”, A. Sagona (ed.), View from the Highland. Archaeological Studies in Honour of C. Burney, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement XII: 35-45.
  • Martino S. 2017 “Graphite-Treated Pottery in the Northeastern Mediterranean from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age“, Near Eastern Archaeology 80/1: 3-13.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2000 “La Ceramique de Khirbet Kerak en Syro-Palestine: Etat de la Question”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 255-279.
  • Palumbi, G. 2008 The Red and Black. Social and Cultural Interaction Between the Upper Euphrates and Southern Caucasus Communities in the Fourth and Third millennium B.C. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Studi di Preistoria Orientale 2, Roma.
  • Sagona, A. 2000 “Sos Höyük and the Erzurum Region in Late Prehistory: A Provisional Chronology for Northeast Anatolia”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 329-373. 2014a “Rethinking the Kura-Araxes Genesis”, Paléorient 40/2: 23-46.
  • 2014b “The Kura-Araxes Culture Complex: A History of Early Research”, A. Özfırat (ed.), Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar. Veli Sevin’e Armağan. Scripta. Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology, İstanbul: 21-32.
  • Sağlamtimur, H. 2017 “Siirt-Başur Höyük Erken Tunç Çağı I Mezarları: Ön rapor (Early Bronze Age I Cemetery in Siirt-Başur Höyük: Preliminary Report)”, Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Dergisi XXII: 1-18.
  • Takaoğlu, T. 2000 “Hearth structures in the religious pattern of Early Bronze Age northeast Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies 50: 11-16.
  • Yalçın, H. G. 2011 “Die Karaz-Kultur in Ostanatolien”, Ü. Yalçın (ed.), Anatolian Metal V. (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt Beiheft 24, Duisburg: 31-53.
  • 2012 Die Karaz Keramik von Tepecik in Ostanatolien. İstanbul.
  • 2020 “Tepecik, an Eastern Anatolian settlement mound, and the Karaz Culture in Eastern Anatolia”, Documenta Praehistorica XLVII: 262-285.
  • Yalçın, Ü. – H. G. Yalçın 2009 “Evidence for Early Use of Tin at Tülintepe in Eastern Anatolia”, TÜBA-AR 12: 123-142. 2018
  • “Könige, Priester oder Handwerker? Neues über die frühbronzezeitlichen Fürstengräber von Alacahöyük”, Ü. Yalçın, (ed.), Anatolian Metal VIII. Eliten-Handwerk-Prestigegüter, (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 39, Rahden/Westfalen: 91-123.

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 19, 169 - 182, 06.12.2020

Gönül Yalçın

https://izlik.org/JA44KW95YU

Öz

From today’s point of view, the origins of Karaz / Kura Aras / Khirbet Kerak culture and its dispersal to Transaucasia, Eastern Anatolia, Northwest Iran, Syro-Mesopotamia as well as to the Levant can be exp lained through the intercultural dynamics in the Late Chalcolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age. In these periods, this culture influenced the cultural dynamics in Central Anatolia either. The transhumant lifestyle possibly preferred because of the socio-economic reasons and trade as an outcome played probably an important part in these dynamics. Due to this evidence, we may asses this long-lived culture as a phenomenon that took shape because of the social, economic and religious interactions between the regions mentioned above in the course of many centuries. The trade with raw materials was probably the main reason of this culture’s dispersal.

Kaynakça

  • Abay, E. 1997 “Die Keramik der Frühbronzezeit in Anatolien mit syrischen Affinitäten”, M. Dierich –
  • R. Dittmann, O. Lorentz (eds), Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients. Archäologische Studien zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients, Bd. 8, Münster.
  • Alizadeh, K. – S. Sameib – K. Mohammadkhanic – R. Heidarid – R. H. Tykote 2018 “Craft Production at Köhne Shahar, a Kura-Araxes Settlement in Iranian Azerbaijan”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 51: 127-143.
  • Balossi, F. 2015 “Hearth and Home. Interpreting Fire Installations at Arslantepe, Eastern Turkey, from the Fourth to the Beginning of the Second Millennium BCE”, Paleorient 41/1: 127-151.
  • Breniquet, C. 2014 “The Archaeology of Wool in Early Mesopotamia: Sources, Methods Perspectives”,
  • C. Breniquet, C. Michel, (eds.), Wool Economy in the Ancient near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, Oxford c Philadelphia: 52-78.
  • Burney, C. A. – D. M. Lang 1971 The Peoples of the Hills. Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, London.
  • Çalışkan Akgül, H. 2012 “Looking to the West: the Late Chalcolithic Red-Black Ware of the Upper Euphrates Region”, Origini XXXIV: 97-109.
  • Di Nocera, G. M. – A. Hauptmann – A. M. Palmieri 2004 “I metalli della Tomba Reale e la metallurgia agli albori dell III millenio”, M. Frangipane (ed.), Alle origini del potere. Arslantepe, la collina die Leoni, Milano: 123-143.
  • Dschaparidze, O. 2001 “Zur frühen Metallurgie Georgiens vom 3. bis zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.”, I. Gambaschidze, A. Hauptmann, R. Slotta, Ü. Yalçın (eds.), Georgien. Schätze aus dem Land des Goldenen Vlies. Katalog der Ausstellung im Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum: 92-119.
  • Frangipane, M. 2000 “The Late Chalcolithic/EB I Sequence at Arslantepe. Chronological and Cultural Remarks from a Frontier-Site”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe
  • – IIIe Millenaires, (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 439-472. 2001
  • “The Transition between two Opposing Forms of Power at Arslantepe (Malatya) at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium”, TÜBA-AR 4: 1-24. 2012
  • “The Collapse of the 4th Millennium Centralised System at Arslantepe and the Far-Reach Change in 3rd Millennium Societies”, Origini XXXIV: 237-260. 2014
  • “After Collapse: Continuity and Disruption in the Settlement by Kura-Araxes-linked Pastoral Groups at Arslantepe-Malatya (Turkey). New Data”, Paléorient 40/2: 169-182. 2017
  • ”The Role of Metallurgy in Different Types of Early Hierarchical Society in Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia”, P. W. Stockhammer, J. Maran (eds.), Appropriating Innovations. Entangled Knowledge in Eurasia, 5000-1500 BCE, Oxford Philadelphia: 171-184.
  • 2019 “Arslantepe. The Rise and Development of a Political Centre: From Temple to Palace to a Fortified Citadel Arslantepe. Siyasi Merkezin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü: Tapınaktan Saraya Saraydan Surla Çevrili Bir Kente”, N. Durak, M. Frangipane (eds.), Arslantepe. Proceedings of the 1. International Archaeological Symposium. 1. Uluslararası Arkeoloji Sempozyumu Bildirileri. İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınları/ İnönü University Press: 71, Malatya: 71-104.
  • Greenberg, R. 2007 “Transcaucasian Colors: Khirbet Kerak Ware at Khirbet Kerak (Tel Bet Yerah)”, B. Lyonnet (ed.), Les Cultures du Caucas, Paris: 257-268.
  • Greenberg, R. – G. Palumbi 2015 “Corridors and Colonies: Comparing Fourth-Third Millennia BC. Interactions in Southeast Anatolia and the Levant”, A. B. Knapp, P. van Dommelen (eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: 111-138.
  • Helwing, B. 1999 “Cultural Interaction at Hassek Höyük, Turkey, New Evidence from Pottery Analysis”, Paléorient 25/1: 91-99.
  • Işıklı, M. 2011 Doğu Anadolu’da Erken Transkafkasya Kültürü: Çok Bileşenli Gelişkin Bir Kültürün Analizi. İstanbul.
  • 2015 “The Kura-Araxes Culture in the Erzurum Region: The Process of its Development. Kura-Aras Kültürü’nün Erzurum Bölgesi’ndeki Gelişim Süreci”, TÜBA-AR 18: 51-69.
  • Koşay, H. Z. 1976 Keban Projesi Pulur Kazısı 1968-1970, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Keban Projesi Yayınları, Seri III, No. 1, Ankara.
  • Koşay, H. Z. – K. Turfan 1959 “Erzurum Karaz Kazısı Raporu”, Belleten XXIII/91: 349-413.
  • Koşay, H. Z. – H. Vary 1964 Pulur Kazısı. 1960 Mevsimi Çalışma Raporu. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 24, Seri No. 9, Ankara.
  • 1967 Güzelova Kazısı. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 46, Seri No. 20, Ankara.
  • Kozbe, G. 1990 “Van-Dilkaya Höyüğü Erken Transkafkasya Keramiği”, VII. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Antalya 18-23 Mayıs 1989, Ankara: 553-554.
  • 2004 “Activity Areas and Social Organization within Early Transcaucasian Houses at Karagündüz Höyük, Van”, A. Sagona (ed.), View from the Highland. Archaeological Studies in Honour of C. Burney, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement XII: 35-45.
  • Martino S. 2017 “Graphite-Treated Pottery in the Northeastern Mediterranean from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age“, Near Eastern Archaeology 80/1: 3-13.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2000 “La Ceramique de Khirbet Kerak en Syro-Palestine: Etat de la Question”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 255-279.
  • Palumbi, G. 2008 The Red and Black. Social and Cultural Interaction Between the Upper Euphrates and Southern Caucasus Communities in the Fourth and Third millennium B.C. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Studi di Preistoria Orientale 2, Roma.
  • Sagona, A. 2000 “Sos Höyük and the Erzurum Region in Late Prehistory: A Provisional Chronology for Northeast Anatolia”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 329-373. 2014a “Rethinking the Kura-Araxes Genesis”, Paléorient 40/2: 23-46.
  • 2014b “The Kura-Araxes Culture Complex: A History of Early Research”, A. Özfırat (ed.), Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar. Veli Sevin’e Armağan. Scripta. Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology, İstanbul: 21-32.
  • Sağlamtimur, H. 2017 “Siirt-Başur Höyük Erken Tunç Çağı I Mezarları: Ön rapor (Early Bronze Age I Cemetery in Siirt-Başur Höyük: Preliminary Report)”, Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Dergisi XXII: 1-18.
  • Takaoğlu, T. 2000 “Hearth structures in the religious pattern of Early Bronze Age northeast Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies 50: 11-16.
  • Yalçın, H. G. 2011 “Die Karaz-Kultur in Ostanatolien”, Ü. Yalçın (ed.), Anatolian Metal V. (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt Beiheft 24, Duisburg: 31-53.
  • 2012 Die Karaz Keramik von Tepecik in Ostanatolien. İstanbul.
  • 2020 “Tepecik, an Eastern Anatolian settlement mound, and the Karaz Culture in Eastern Anatolia”, Documenta Praehistorica XLVII: 262-285.
  • Yalçın, Ü. – H. G. Yalçın 2009 “Evidence for Early Use of Tin at Tülintepe in Eastern Anatolia”, TÜBA-AR 12: 123-142. 2018
  • “Könige, Priester oder Handwerker? Neues über die frühbronzezeitlichen Fürstengräber von Alacahöyük”, Ü. Yalçın, (ed.), Anatolian Metal VIII. Eliten-Handwerk-Prestigegüter, (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 39, Rahden/Westfalen: 91-123.

Karaz-/Kura-Aras-/Khirbet Kerak-Kültür Olgusu ve Tarihöncesi ve Bölgelerarası İlişkiler

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 19, 169 - 182, 06.12.2020

Gönül Yalçın

https://izlik.org/JA44KW95YU

Öz

Günümüz bakış açısıyla, Karaz / Kura Aras / Khirbet Kerak Kültürü’nün kökeni ile Transkafkasya, Doğu Anadolu, Kuzeybatı İran, Suriye-Mezopotamya ve Levant Bölgesi’ne yayılması Geç Kalkolitik ve İlk Tunç çağlarında yaşanan bölgelerarası devinimlerden kaynaklanan kültürel etkileşimle açıklanabilir. Söz konusu çağlarda, Karaz Kültürü Orta Anadolu kültürleri ile de etkileşim içindeydi. Sosyo-ekonomik nedenlerle sürdürülen olası göçebe yaşam biçimi ve bunun sonuçlarından olan ticaret, bu kültürel etkileşimlerde önemli bir rol oynamış olmalıdır. Bu uzun soluklu kültürü yukarıda sıraladığımız bölgeler arasında, yüzyıllar boyunca şekillenen sosyal, ekonomik ve dinsel-inançsal ilişkilerden yola çıkarak şaşırtıcı bir olgu olarak tanımlamak uygundur. Doğal ürünler ve hammadde ticareti kültürün yayılmasının ana nedeni olmalıdır. Önemli hammadeler arasında metal yer alır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karaz / Kura-Aras Khirbet Kerak Kültürü Kültürlerarası Devinimler Geç Kalkolitik İlk Tunç Çağı Sosyo-Ekonomik etkileşim hammadeler

Kaynakça

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  • Frangipane, M. 2000 “The Late Chalcolithic/EB I Sequence at Arslantepe. Chronological and Cultural Remarks from a Frontier-Site”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe
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  • Palumbi, G. 2008 The Red and Black. Social and Cultural Interaction Between the Upper Euphrates and Southern Caucasus Communities in the Fourth and Third millennium B.C. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Studi di Preistoria Orientale 2, Roma.
  • Sagona, A. 2000 “Sos Höyük and the Erzurum Region in Late Prehistory: A Provisional Chronology for Northeast Anatolia”, C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (eds.), Chronologie des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe – IIIe Millenaires. (Varia Anatolica XI), Paris: 329-373. 2014a “Rethinking the Kura-Araxes Genesis”, Paléorient 40/2: 23-46.
  • 2014b “The Kura-Araxes Culture Complex: A History of Early Research”, A. Özfırat (ed.), Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar. Veli Sevin’e Armağan. Scripta. Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology, İstanbul: 21-32.
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  • Takaoğlu, T. 2000 “Hearth structures in the religious pattern of Early Bronze Age northeast Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies 50: 11-16.
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  • 2012 Die Karaz Keramik von Tepecik in Ostanatolien. İstanbul.
  • 2020 “Tepecik, an Eastern Anatolian settlement mound, and the Karaz Culture in Eastern Anatolia”, Documenta Praehistorica XLVII: 262-285.
  • Yalçın, Ü. – H. G. Yalçın 2009 “Evidence for Early Use of Tin at Tülintepe in Eastern Anatolia”, TÜBA-AR 12: 123-142. 2018
  • “Könige, Priester oder Handwerker? Neues über die frühbronzezeitlichen Fürstengräber von Alacahöyük”, Ü. Yalçın, (ed.), Anatolian Metal VIII. Eliten-Handwerk-Prestigegüter, (Deutsches Bergbaumuseum Bochum) Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 39, Rahden/Westfalen: 91-123.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gönül Yalçın Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Aralık 2020
IZ https://izlik.org/JA44KW95YU
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Yalçın G (01 Aralık 2020) Karaz-/Kura-Aras-/Khirbet Kerak-Kültür Olgusu ve Tarihöncesi ve Bölgelerarası İlişkiler. Colloquium Anatolicum 19 169–182.