The Parasites that can be Found in the Mus musculus House Mice

Öz

Knowing the parasites that Mus musculus, the house mouse, can carry is important both for the reliability of the experiments and for public health. In this review, a list of endo and ectoparasite species that can be carried on M. musculus is given and attention is drawn to the zoonotic species that pose a danger to public health. Various databases, including PubMed, Researchgate, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar, and Pubmed Central, were used to collect the data. Parasite species detected in M. musculus are presented in a table that provides localization and country information. The zoonotic species in the created table were investigated again and their related diseases were mentioned briefly. As a result of the literature review, 2 species of Acantocephala, 15 species of Trematoda, 18 species of Cestoda, 56 species of Nematoda, 23 species of ectoparasites and 9 species of protozoans were found. 17 species were identified at the genus level in the total of 91 species of helminths. It has been reported that mice can be artificially infected in the laboratory with five helminth species. It was concluded that laboratory mice can be the host of at least 109 different types of parasites in total. Among the ectoparasites carried by the house mouse, Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus spp., and Rhipicephalus spp. species are vectors for important zoonotic diseases. Among endoparasites, 12 helminth species and 2 protozoan species can cause disease in humans as well. It will be beneficial to inform the public about these infections.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Helmintic infections
• public health
• safety of laboratory
• zoonosis

Ev Fareleri Mus musculus’ta Bulunabilen Parazitler

Öz

Mus musculus türü ev faresinin taşıyabileceği parazitlerin bilinmesi, hem deneylerin güvenilirliği hem de halk sağlığı açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında M. musculus üzerinde taşınabilen endo ve ektoparazit türlerinin bir listesinin verilmesi ve halk sağlığı açısından tehlike yaratan zoonoz türlere dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Verilerin toplanması için PubMed, Researchgate, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar ve Pubmed Central’in de aralarında bulunduğu çeşitli veri tabanlarından yararlanılmıştır. M. musculus’ta saptanmış parazit türleri lokalizasyonları ve ülke bilgileri verilerek bir tablo halinde sunulmuştur. Oluşturulan tablodaki zoonoz türler tekrar araştırılarak ilgili oldukları hastalıklara kısaca değinilmiştir. Literatür araştırması sonucunda 2 tür Acantocephala, 15 tür Trematoda, 18 tür Cestoda, 56 tür Nematoda, 23 tür ektoparazite ve 9 tür protozoona rastlanmıştır. Toplam 91 tür helmint içinde 17 tür cins düzeyinde tanımlanabilmiştir. Farelerin, beş helmint türü ile laboratuvarda yapay olarak enfekte edilebildiği bildirilmiştir. Laboratuvar farelerinin toplamda en az 109 farklı tür parazitin konağı olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ev faresinin taşıdığı ektoparazitlerden Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus spp. ve Rhipicephalus spp. türleri önemli zoonoz hastalıklar için vektördür. Endoparazitlerden 12 tür helmint ve 2 tür protozoon insanlarda da hastalık yapabilen türlerdir. Toplumun bu enfeksiyonlar hakkında bilgilendirilmesi faydalı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Halk sağlığı
• helmintik enfeksiyon
• laboratuvar güvenliği
• zoonoz

Kaynakça

1. Al-Aboody, M.S., Omar, M.A., & Alsayeqh, A.F. (2020). Epizootiology of zoonotic parasites in Middle East: A comprehensive review. Annual Parasitology, 66(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.17420/ap6602.247
2. Al-Hindi, A.I., Meqdad, B., & Kishta, R. (2021). Occurrence of intestinal parasitic diseases of mice Mus musculus in Gaza and Rafah, Gaza Strip, Palestine. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16(1), 268-274.
3. Allymehr, M., Tavassoli, M., Manoochehri, M.H., & Ardavan, D. (2012). Ectoparasites and Gastrointestinal Helminths of House Mice (Mus musculus) from Poultry Houses in Northwest Iran Comparative Parasitology, 79(2), 283-287. https://doi.org/10.1654/4534.1
4. Andreiko, O.F. (1973). Parasites of Moldavian mammals. Kishinev, Izd. Stiinca, 186 pp. (in Russian).
5. Arzamani, K., Salehi, M., Mobedi, I., Adinezade, A., Hasanpour, H., Alavinia, M., …& Mohammadi, Z. (2017). Intestinal Helminths in Different Species of Rodents in North Khorasan Province, Northeast of Iran. Iranian journal of parasitology, 12(2), 267–273.
6. Behnke, J.M., & Robinson, M. (1985). Genetic control of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: a 9-day anthelmintic abbreviated immunizing regime which separates weak and strong responder strains of mice. Parasite immunology, 7(3), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00073.x
7. Beiromvand, M., Akhlaghi, L., Fattahi Massom, S.H., Meamar, A.R., Darvish, J., & Razmjou, E. (2013). Molecular Identification of Echinococcus multilocularis Infection in Small Mammals from Northeast, Iran. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7(7), e2313. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002313
8. Benatti, D., Andrietti, L.F., Cândido Júnior, J.F., Vogliotti, A., Moraes, M.F.D., Tebaldi, J.H., & Hoppe, E.G.L. (2021). Rodent helminths in fragmented Atlantic Forest areas in the western region of the state of Paraná. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 30(3), e009521. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021058

9. Bıyıkoğlu, G. (1996). Bazı Laboratuvar Hayvanlarında Dışkı Bakılarında Saptanan Helmintler. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 8(4), 137-146.
10. Bowman, D.D., Hendrix, C.M., Lindsay, D.S., & Barr, S.C. (2002). Feline Clinical Parasitology. Ames, Iowa State University Press, 469 pp.
11. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi (2022). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi. Retrieved from: http://uludag.edu.tr/kutuphane
12. Cigarroa-Toledo, N., Santos-Martinez, Y., Zaragoza-Vera, C.V., Garcia-Rodriguez, M.M., Baak-Baak, C.M., Machain-Williams, C., … & Torres-Chable, O.M. (2017). Occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths in commensal rodents from Tabasco, Mexico. Helminthologia, 54(2), 170 – 173. https://doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0014
13. Clark, P.R., Ward, W.T., Lang, S.A., Saghbini, A., & Kristan, D.M. (2013). Order of Inoculation during Heligmosomoides bakeri and Hymenolepis microstoma Coinfection Alters Parasite Life History and Host Responses. Pathogens, 2(1), 130-152. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens2010130
14. Conn, D.B., Hefty, C.A., & Owen, S.C. (2021). Infection of Mammary Glands of Small Mammals in Eastern North America by Helminths. Animals, 11, 3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113207
15. Çetinkaya, H., Taş, T., & Vuruşaner, C. (2017). Determination of the parasitic stages in the faeces of some laboratory and pet animals by using flotation technique in Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 1(2), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.322964
16. Diagne, C., Ribas, A., Charbonnel, N., Dalecky, A., Tatard, C., Gauthier, P., … & Brouat, C. (2016). Parasites and invasions: changes in gastrointestinal helminth assemblages in invasive and native rodents in Senegal. International Journal for Parasitology, 46(13–14), 857-869. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.007
17. Díaz-Ungría, C. (1963). Nématodes parasites, nouveaux ou intéressants, du Venezuela. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, 38(6), 893–914. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1963386893
18. Ebrahimi, M., Sharifi, Y., & Nematollahi, A. (2016). Assessment of gastrointestinal helminths among house mice (Mus musculus) caught in the north-west of Iran, with a special view on zoonotic aspects. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 25, 1047–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2308-z
19. Elshazly, A.M., Awad, S.I., Azab, M.S., Elsheikha, H.M., Abdel-Gawad, A.G., Khalil, H.H., & Morsy, T.A. (2008). Helminthes of synanthropic rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) from Dakahlia and Menoufia, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 38(3), 727–740.
20. Emir, S., Yazar, M.F., Sözen, S., Altınsoy, H.B., Bulut, H.T., & Özkan, Z. (2013). Fasciola hepatica'ya Bağlı Olarak Gelişen Akut Kolanjit Ve Pankreatit: Olgu Sunumu. Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 27–29.
21. Feliu, C., López, M., Gómez, M.S., Torres, J., Sánchez, S., Miquel, J., … & Foronda, P. (2012). Parasite fauna of rodents (Murinae) from El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain): a multidisciplinary approach. Acta parasitologica, 57(2), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-012-0016-7
22. Fuehrer, H.P., Petra Igel, P., & Auer, H. (2011). Capillaria hepatica in man: An overview of hepatic capillariosis and spurious infections. Parasitology Researchs, 109, 969-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2494-1
23. Genov, T. (1984). Helminths of insectivorous mammals and rodents in Bulgaria. Sofia, Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 348 pp. (in Bulgarian).
24. Geramizadeh, B., & Baghernezhad, M. (2016). Hepatic Alveolar Hydatid Cyst: A Brief Review of Published Cases from Iran in the Last 20 Years. Hepatitis monthly, 16(10), e38920. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.38920
25. Gholipoury, M., Rezai, H.R., Namroodi, S., & Arab Khazaeli, F. (2018). Response to: Comment on "Zoonotic and Non-zoonotic Parasites of Wild Rodents in Turkman Sahra, Northeastern Iran". Iranian journal of parasitology, 13(4), 681–682.
26. Google Scholar (2022). Google Scholar. Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com
27. Göksu, K., Alibaşoğlu, M., & Dinçer, Ş. (1972). Beyaz Fareler (Mus musculus var. albinos) ve Beyaz Kemelerde (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) Helminthiasis'ler. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(01.02), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002386
28. Gürler, A.T., & Bakan, N. (2017). Türkiye’de Laboratuvar Hayvanlarında Görülen Helmintler. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Laboratory Animals, 1(1), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.5336/jlabanim.2016-51547
29. Guimarães, A.O., Valença, F.M., Sousa, J.B.S., Souza, S.A., Madi, R.R., & Melo, C.M. (2014). Parasitic and fungal infections in synanthropic rodents in an area of urban expansion, Aracaju, Sergipe State, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 36(1), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v36i1.19760
30. Haberman, R.T., & Williams J.P. (1958). The identification and control of helminths in Laboratory Animals. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 20(5), 979-1009.
31. Hancke, D., & Suárez, O.V. (2018). Structure of parasite communities in urban environments: the case of helminths in synanthropic rodents. Folia Parasitologica, 65, 009. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2018.009 Hedrich, H.J. (2012). The Laboratory Mouse. Second Edition. London, Elsevier, 512 pp.
32. Huq, M.M., Karim, M.J., & Sheikh, H. (1985). Helminth parasites of rats, house mouse and moles in Bangladesh. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 5, 143-144.
33. Isaac, C., Igbinosa, B.I., Ohiolei, J.A., & Osimen, C.E. (2018). Endoparasites of Small Mammals in Edo State, Nigeria: Public Health Implications. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 56(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.93
34. Islam, M., Farag, E., Hassan, M.M., Bansal, D., Awaidy, S., Abubakar, A., Al-Romaihi, H., & Mkhize-Kwitshana, Z. (2020). Helminth Parasites among Rodents in the Middle East Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals, 10, 2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122342
35. İnci, A., & Düzlü, Ö. (2009). Vektörler ve Vektörlerle Bulaşan Hastalıklar. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 53-63.
36. Jiménez, A.M. (1992). Contribución al conocimiento de la parasitofauna de micromamíferos de la isla de Córcega (Francia). Thesis Doctoral, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, 421 pp.
37. Kataranovski, D.S., Vukićević-Radić, O.D., Kataranovski, M.V., Radović, D.L., & Mirkov, I.I. (2008). Helminth Fauna of Mus Musculus Linnaeus, 1758 From The Suburban Area of Belgrade, Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences, 60(4), 609-617. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS0804609K
38. Khaghani, R. (2007). The Economic and Health Impact of Rodent in Urban Zone and Harbours and their Control Methods. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, 4(4), 1071–1078.
39. Kim, D.G., Park, J.H., Kim, J.L., Jung, B.K., Jeon, S.J., Lim, H., … & Chai, J.Y. (2015). Intestinal nematodes from small mammals captured near the demilitarized zone, Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea. The Korean journal of parasitology, 53(1), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.135
40. Kriska, T. (1993). Parasitic helminths of house mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary. Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, 8, 13-23.
41. Laakkonen, J., Kallio-Kokko, H., Vapalahti, O., Vaheri, A., Vyskočilová, M., Munclinger, P., … & Henttonen, H. (2007). The screening of parasites and viral pathogens of small mammals from a farm in southern Finland, and genetic identification of the Finnish house mouse, Mus musculus. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 44, 202–208.
42. Landaeta-Aqueveque, C., Robles, M., & Cattan, P. (2007). The community of gastrointestinal helminthes in the house mouse, Mus musculus, in Santiago, Chile. Parasitology, 62, 165-169.
43. Lucio, C., Gentile, R., Cardoso, T., de Oliveira Santos, F., Teixeira, B.R., Maldonado Júnior, A., & D'Andrea, P.S. (2021). Composition and structure of the helminth community of rodents in matrix habitat areas of the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 15, 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.07.001
44. Marra, N.M., Amarante, A.F.T., & Amarante, M.R.V. (2007). Genetic basis of the resistance to Strongyloides venezuelensis (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) infection in mice (Mus musculus). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 30(1), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572007000100012
45. Masamba, P., Adenowo, A.F., Oyinloye, B.E., & Kappo, A.P. (2016). Universal Stress Proteins as New Targets for Environmental and Therapeutic Interventions of Schistosomiasis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13(10), 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100972
46. Mas-Coma, S., Esteban, J.G., Fuentes, M.V., Bargues, M.D., Valero, M.A., & Galan-Puchades, M.T. (1998). Helminth parasites of small mammals (insectivores and rodents) on the pityusic island of Formentera (Baleartic ½sn18 Archipelago). Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 58, 125–133.
47. Mas-Coma, S., Esteban, J.G., Fuentes, M.V., Bargues, M.D., Valero, M.A., & Galan-Puchades, M.T. (2000). Helminth parasites of small mammals (insectivores and rodents) on the pityusic island of Eivissa (Baleartic Archipelago). Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 60(1-2), 41–49.
48. Mathison, B.A., & Pritt, B.S. (2014). Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 27(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00008-13
49. Mažeika, V., Paulauskas, A., & Balčiauskas, L. (2003). New Data on the Helminth Fauna of Rodents of Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 13(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13921657.2003.10512542
50. Milazzo, C., Bellocq, J.G., Cagnin, M., Casanova, J.C., Bella, C., Feliu, C., … & Santalla, F. (2003). Helminths and Ectoparasites of Rattus rattus and Mus musculus from Sicily, Italy. Comparative Parasitology. 70(2), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1654/4109.1
51. Moravej, G., Hamidi, K., & Nourani, L. (2016). Relationship between the sex and age of Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) with ectoparasites prevalence in northeast of Iran. Persian Journal of Acarology, 5(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.22073/pja.v5i1.15893
52. Pakdel, N., Naem, S., Rezaei, F., & Chalehchaleh, A. A. (2013). A survey on helminthic infection in mice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) in Kermanshah, Iran. Veterinary Research Forum: An International Quarterly Journal, 4(2), 105–109.
53. Panti-May, J., Palomo-Arjona, E., Gurubel-González, Y., Barrientos-Medina, R., Digiani, M., Robles, M., … & Machain-Williams, C. (2019). Patterns of helminth infections in Rattus rattus and Mus musculus from two Mayan communities in Mexico. Journal of Helminthology, 94, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X19000063
54. Pisanu, B., Chapuis, J.-L. Durette-Desset, M.-C. (2001). Helminths from Introduced Small Mammals on Kerguelen, Crozet, and Amsterdam Islands (Southern Indian Ocean). Journal of Parasitology, 87(5), 1205-1208. http://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1205:HFISMO]2.0.CO;2
55. Premvati, G., & Pande Vibha (1974). On Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Leiper, 1911) Mendheim, 1943 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) with synonymy of allied species and genera. The Helminthological Society of Washington, 41, 151-160.
56. Pubmed (2022). Pubmed. Retrieved from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
57. Pubmed Central (2022). Pubmed Central. Retrieved from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc
58. Pulido-Flores, G., Moreno-Flores, S., & Monks, S. (2005). Helminths of Rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) from Metztitlán, San Cristóbal, and Rancho Santa Elena, Hidalgo, Mexico. Comparative Parasitology, 72(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1654/4146
59. Rabiee, M.H., Mahmoudi, A., Siahsarvie, R., Kryštufek, B., & Mostafavi, E. (2018). Rodent-borne diseases and their public health importance in Iran. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12(4), e0006256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006256
60. Rahdar, M., Sadat Roointan, E., Vazirianzadeh, B., & Alborzi, A. (2017). Study of Internal Parasites of Rodents in Ahvaz, South-West of Iran, Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 9(1), e29067. https://doi.org/10.17795/jjhs-29067
61. Rajper, M., Birmani, N.B., Naz, S., & Abro, M.M. (2018). Statistical analysis of helminthic infection in house mouse (Mus musculus) district Nausharo Feroz, Sindh, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology. 7(1), 356-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.70044
62. Reeves, W.K., & Cobb K.D. (2005). Ectoparasites of House Mice (Mus musculus) from Pet Stores in South Carolina, USA, Comparative Parasitology, 72(2), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1654/4178
63. Researchgate (2022). Researchgate. Retrieved from: www.researchgate.net
64. Rizhikov, K.M. (1978). Identification key for helminth fauna of rodents in the USSR. Vol 1. (Cestoda, Trematoda). Moscow, Izd. Nauka, 232 pp. (in Russian).
65. Rizhikov, K.M. (1979). Identification key for helminth fauna of rodents in the USSR. Vol 1 (Nematoda, Acanthocephala). Moscow, Izd. Nauka, 280 pp. (in Russian).
66. Science Direct (2022). Science Direct. Retrieved from: www.sciencedirect.com
67. Seo, B.S., Rim, H.J., Yoon, J.J., Koo, B.Y., & Hong, N.T. (1968). Studies on the Parasitic Helminths of Korea: III. Nematodes and Cestodes of Rodents. Kisaengch'unghak chapchi. The Korean journal of parasitology, 6(3), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1968.6.3.123
68. Sharma, D., Joshi, S., Vatsya, S., & Yadav, C.L. (2013). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in rodents of Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 37, 181-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-012-0158-4
69. Sharpilo, L.D. (1966). On the recent status in studies of the helminth fauna of insectivores, leporids and rodents in the Ukrainian SSR. In: Problemy parazitologii, 6, 232-242, Kiev, Izd. Naukova dumka (in Russian).
70. Simões, L.F., Kawano, T., Allegretti, S.M., Linhares, A.X., Magalhães, L.A., & Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M. (2015). Effect of Piper tuberculatum Extract on Adult Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro and in vivo Tests. Revista De Patologia Tropical / Journal of Tropical Pathology, 44(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v44i1.34803
71. Sumangali, K., Rajapakse, R.P.V.J., & Rajakaruna, R.S. (2012). Urban rodents as potential reservoirs of zoonoses: a parasitic survey in two selected areas in Kandy district. The Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 41(1), 71-77. http://doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v41i1.4539
72. Tanideh N., Sajadi S.M., Mohammadzadeh T., & Mehrbani D. (2010). Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 12(2), 151-157.
73. Valente, A., Gabriel, S.I., Gomes, L., Correia, J., Mathias, M.L., & Madeira de Carvalho, L.M. (2014). Helminthic infections in the liver of Mus musculus from Madeira Archipelago – Preliminary Results. 14th Rodens et Spatium International Conference on on Rodent Biology, Agust 2014, Lisbon, Portugal. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4380.7041
74. Wakelin, D., & Donachie, A.M. (1980). Genetic control of immunity to parasites: adoptive transfer of immunity between inbred strains of mice characterized by rapid and slow immune expulsion of Trichinella spiralis. Parasite immunology, 2(4), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.1980.tb00057.x
75. Wertheim, G., & Durette-Desset, M. (1975). Trichostrongyloides [Helminths of birds and mammals from Israel. VI. The taxonomy and ecology of Trichostrongylid Nematodes (author's transl)]. Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparee, 50(6), 735–762.
76. Wilson, D.E., & Reeder D.M. (Ed.) (1993). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (2nd edition). Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution, 1206 pp.
77. Yousefi, A., Eslami, A., & Mobedi, I. (2012). New Species of Rodents Oxyuridae in Hamadan Regions of Iran. Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in Iran. 1st International and 8th National Congress. Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3074.4324
78. Zarei, Z., Mohebali, M., Heidari, Z., Davoodi, J., Shabestari, A., Motevalli Haghi, A., … & Kia, E.B. (2016). Helminth Infections of Meriones persicus (Persian Jird), Mus musculus (House Mice) and Cricetulus migratorius (Grey Hamster): A Cross-Sectional Study in Meshkin-Shahr District, Northwest Iran. Iranian journal of parasitology, 11(2), 213–220.