Anatomical and Palynological Investigations on Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubieae, Rubiaceae) from the Aegean Region of Turkey

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 4, 29.06.2020

Nurettin Arı , Ahmet Kahraman

https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.671327

Öz

The genus Rubia
L. includes valuable species in terms of important agricultural,
industrial, and pharmacological characteristics. Red dye obtained from the
roots of Rubia tinctorum L.,
naturally found in the flora of Turkey and known as common madder, has been
used as the source of a natural dye since ancient times. In this work, a
preliminary report is given on anatomical and palynological traits of R. tinctorum distributed in the Aegean
Region of Turkey examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the
root anatomy, the cortex composed of multilayered parenchyma cells, the
vascular tissue organized in collateral vascular bundles, 1(-2)-rowed ray
cells, and the pith with a cavity at the center are observed. In the leaf
anatomy, the bifacial and amphistomatic leaf, the dorsiventral mesophyll with
one layer of columnar palisade parenchyma cells and a few layers of irregularly
organized spongy parenchyma cells, and the midrib with a large collateral
vascular bundle surrounded by parenchymatous bundle sheath cells are recognized.
Pollen grains are shed as monads, small, mostly spheroidal in equatorial view,
generally hexacolpate and have a microechinate-perforate exine ornamentation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rubia, vegetative anatomy, pollen morphology, microscopy technique

Destekleyen Kurum

The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Usak University

Proje Numarası

UBAP-2017/MF012

Teşekkür

Mr. Samet Abbak at The Technology Application and Research Centre (TUAM), Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey for operating the SEM.

Türkiye’nin Ege Bölgesinden Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubieae, Rubiaceae) Üzerine Anatomik ve Palinolojik Araştırmalar

Öz

Rubia L.
cinsi tarımsal, endüstriyel ve farmakolojik açıdan önemli türleri içermektedir.
Türkiye florasında doğal olarak bulunan ve kızılboya olarak bilinen Rubia tinctorum L. eski tarihlerden beri
köklerinden elde edilen kökboyası ile doğal boya kaynağı olarak
kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Ege Bölgesi’nde yayılış gösteren R. tinctorum’un ışık ve taramalı
elektron mikroskobu ile incelenen anatomik and palinolojik özellikleri üzerine
bir ön değerlendirme raporu verilir. Kök anatomisinde, çok sıralı parankima
hücrelerinden meydana gelen korteks, kollateral iletim demetlerinden oluşan
iletim doku, 1(-2) sıralı ışın hücreleri ve merkezinde bir boşluk bulunan öz
gözlemlenmektedir. Yaprak ayası anatomisi incelendiğinde, bifasiyal ve
amfistomatik tipte yaprak, 1 sıralı silindir şeklinde palizat parankiması ile
birkaç sıralı düzensiz dizilmiş sünger parankimasından oluşan dosiventral tipte
mezofil ve parankimatik demet kını hücreleri tarafından çevrelenen büyük
kollateral bir iletim demetine sahip orta damar bulunmaktadır. Polen
tanecikleri tek tek dökülür, küçük boyutlu, ekvatoral görünümde sıklıkla
sferoidal şekilli, genellikle hekzakolpat ve mikroekinat-perforat ekzin süsüne
sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rubia, vejetatif anatomi, polen morfolojisi, mikroskobi tekniği

Proje Numarası

UBAP-2017/MF012

Kaynakça

• Campbell, G., Rabelo, G.R., & da Cunha M. (2016). Ecological significance of wood anatomy of Alseis pickelii Pilg. & Schmale (Rubiaceae) in a Tropical Dry Forest. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062015abb0267
• Dessein, S., Scheltens, A., Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. (2000). Pollen morphological survey of Pentas (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae) and its closest allies. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 112, 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00041-5
• Dessein, S., Jansen, S., Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. (2001). A morphological and anatomical survey of Virectaria (African Rubiaceae), with a discussion of its taxonomic position. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 137(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01102.x
• Dessein, S., Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. (2002). Pollen of African Spermacoce species (Rubiaceae) Morphology and evolutionary aspects. Grana, 41, 69-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/001731302760156882
• Dessein, S., Ochoterena, H., De Block, P., Lens, F., Robbrecht, E., Schols, P., Smets, E., Vinckier, S., & Huysmans, S. (2005). Palynological characters and their phylogenetic signal in Rubiaceae. The Botanical Review, 71, 354-414. https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2005)071[0354:PCATPS]2.0.CO;2
• Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. San Diego, Harcourt Academic Press., 533 pp.
• Ehrendorfer, F., Barfuss, M.H.J., Manen, J.-F., & Schneeweiss, G.M. (2018). Phylogeny, character evolution and spatiotemporal diversification of the species-rich and world-wide distributed tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae). PLoS ONE, 13(12), e0207615. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207615
• Halbritter, H., Ulrich, S., Grímsson, F., Weber, M, Zetter, R., Hesse, M., Buchner, R., Svojtka, & M., Frosch-Radivo, R. (2018). Illustrated Pollen Terminology (2nd ed.). Switzerland: Springer Open, 483 pp.
• Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. (1994). Are the genera Hallea and Mitragyna (Rubiaceae-Coptosapelteae) pollen morphologically distinct?. Blumea, 39, 321-340.
• Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. (1998). A collapsed tribe revisited: pollen morphology of the Isertieae (Cinchonoideae-Rubiaceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 104, 85-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00054-2
• Huysmans, S., Robbrecht, E., Delprete, P., & Smets, E. (1999). Pollen morphological support for the Catesbaeeae-Chiococceae-Exostema-complex (Rubiaceae). Grana, 38, 325-338.
• Huysmans, S., Dessein, S., Smets, E., & Robbrecht, E. (2003). Pollen morphology of NW European representatives confirms monophyly of Rubieae (Rubiaceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 127, 219-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(03)00121-0
• Johansen, D.E. (1940). Plant Microtechnique. New York, USA, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 523 pp.
• Keating, R. (2014). Preparing Plant Tissue for Light Microscope Study: A Compendium of Simple Techniques. St. Louis, Missouri, USA., Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 155 pp.
• Kocsis, M., Darók, J., & Borhidi, A. (2004). Comparative leaf anatomy and morphology of some neotropical Rondeletia (Rubiaceae) species. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 248: 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-002-0144-0
• Leo, R.R.T., Mantovani, A., & Vieira, R.C. (1997). Anatomia foliar de Rudgea ovalis Müll. Arg. e R. tinguana Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae). Leandra, 12, 33-44.
• Manen, J.F., Natali, A., & Ehrendorfer, F. (1994). Phylogeny of Rubiaceae- Rubieae inferred from the sequence of a cpDNA intergene region. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 190, 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986193
• Marques, J.B.C., Callado, C.H., Rabelo, G.R., Silva Neto, S.J., & Da Cunha, M. (2015). Comparative wood anatomy of Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) Species in Atlantic Rainforest remnants at Rio de Janeiro state. Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 29, 433-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062011000100021
• Meena, A.K., Pal, B., Panda, P., Sannd, R., Rao, M.M. (2010). A review on Rubia cordifolia: its phyto constituents and therapeutic uses. Drug Invention Today, 2(5), 244-246.
• Metcalfe, C.R., & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of Dicotyledons - Leaves, Stem and Wood in Relation to Taxonomy with Notes on Economic Uses. Oxford, Clarendon Press., 806 pp.
• Moraes, T.M.S., Barros, C.F., Silva Neto, S.J., Gomes, V.M., & Da Cunha, M. (2009). Leaf blade anatomy and ultrastructure of six Simira species (Rubiaceae) from the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. BioCell, 33(3), 155-165.
• Mouri, C., & Laursen, R. (2012). Identification of anthraquinone markers for distinguishing Rubia species in madder-dyed textiles by HPLC. Microchimica Acta, 179, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0868-4
• Nascimento, M.V.O., Gomes, D.M.S., & Vieira, R.C. (1996). Anatomia foliar de Bathysa stipulata (Vell.) Presl. (Rubiaceae). Revista Unimar, 18(2), 387-401.
• Piesschaert, F., Huysmans, S., Jaimes, I., Robbrecht, E., & Smets, E. (2000). Morphological evidence for an extended tribe Coccocypseleae (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae). Plant Biology, 2, 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-7473
• Robbrecht, E. (1988). Tropical woody Rubiaceae. Characteristic features and progressions. Contributions to a new subfamilial classification. Opera Botanica Belgica, 1, 1-271.
• Vieira, R.C., Delprete, P.G., Leitão, G.G., & Leitão, S.G. (2001). Anatomical and chemical analyses of leaf secretory cavities of Rustia formosa (Rubiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88, 2151-2156. https://doi.org/10.2307/3558376
• Wodehouse, R.P. (1935). Pollen Grains. New York, Mc Graw-Hill Press.
• Yang, L.L., Sun, H., Ehrendorfer, F., & Nie, Z.L. (2016). Molecular phylogeny of Chinese Rubia (Rubiaceae: Rubieae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 54(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12157
• Zhao, S.M., Kuang, B., Fan, J.T., Yan, H., Xu, W.Y., Tan, N.H. (2011). Antitumor cyclic hexapeptides from Rubia plants: history, chemistry, and mechanism (2005–2011). Chimia International Journal for Chemistry, 65(12), 952-956. https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2011.952