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Scorpion Fauna and Scorpionism in Zakho Province of Northern Iraq

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 22 - 27, 29.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.710923

Öz

Information regarding scorpion diversity and their envenoming within Iraq in general, and the Northern Iraq in particular, is limited. The number and distribution of scorpion sting cases and some details of the scorpion fauna of Zakho province were reported for the first time in this study. Overall, 2675 scorpion sting cases were reported between 2008 and 2017 consisting of 1362 male victims (51%) and 1313 female (49%). The highest percentage of victims was between 15 and 49 years old and accounted for 59% of the overall incidence. The highest incidence of scorpion sting cases occurred in the summer, particularly in July when 537 cases were reported. In total, 85 scorpions belonging to two families (Scorpionidae and Buthidae) were captured in the present study. Of the collected samples, Scorpio maurus 47 (55%) was the most abundant followed by Hottentotta saulcyi 28 (33%), and Androctonus crassicauda 10 (12%).

Destekleyen Kurum

General Science Department

Kaynakça

  • Almaaytah, A., & Albalas, Q. (2014). Scorpion venom peptides with no disulfide bridges: A review. Peptides, 51, 35–45. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.10.021.
  • Altınkaynak, S., Ertekin, V., & Alp, H. (2002). Scorpion envenomation in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 37, 48–54.
  • Araújo, K., Tavares, A., Marques, M., Vieira, A., & Leite, R. (2017). Epidemiological study of scorpion stings in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 7, 59, e58. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201759058.
  • Barros, R., Pasquino, J., Peixoto, L., Targino, I., de Sousa, J., & Leite, R. (2014). Clinical and epidemiological aspects of scorpion stings in the northeast region of Brazil. Ciencia and saude coletiva, 19, 1275-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014194.01602013
  • Bawaskar, H., & Bawaskar, P. (2012). Scorpion sting: update. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 60, 46-55.
  • Boşnak, M., Ece, A., Yolbaş, I., Boşnak, V., Kaplan, M., & Gürkan, F. (2009). Scorpion sting envenomation in children in southeast Turkey. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 20, 118–124.
  • Brwa, N., Kasim, S., Khalil, A., & Kamal, A. (2018). Preparation of F(ab’)2 antivenom in Iraq against scorpion (Hottentotta saulcyi) venom. Biologicals, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.08.005
  • Dehghani, R., & Fathi, B. (2012). Scorpion sting in Iran: A review. Toxicon, 60, 919-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.002
  • Dimitris, K., Iasmi, S., & Victor, F. (Eds. 2008). Scorpions of the Eastern Mediterranean. Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology, 12, 209-246.
  • Ernesto, O., & Lourival, D. (2015). The unfulfilled promises of scorpion insecto toxins. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 21, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-015-0019-6
  • El Hidan, M., Touloun, O., & Boumezzough, A. (2015). An epidemiological study on scorpion envenomation in the Zagora oases (Morocco). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3, 704-707. DOI: 10.12980/jclm.3.2015j5-86
  • Esmaeil, G. Mulood, M. Shahla, J. Abedin, S. Nahid, J. Eslam, M., & Alireza, O. (2018). Spatial Distribution of Scorpionism in Ardabil Province, North West of Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics, 6, 8241-51. Doi: 10.22038/IJP.2018.30029.2644
  • Fet, V., & Lowe, G. (2000). Family Buthidae. pp. 54-286. In: V., Fet, W.D., Sissom, G. Lowe, and M.E. Braunwalder (Eds), Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998). New York, USA, The New York Entomological Society, 690 pp.
  • Haider, M., & Mohammad, H. (2010). Diagnostic and epidemiologic Study of fat tailed scorpion (Androctonus crassicauda) in Mid -Euphrates region/Iraq. College of veterinary medicine /Babil Univ./Babil/Iraq.
  • Harrison, P., Abdel-Rahman, M., Miller, K., & Strong, P. (2014). Antimicrobial peptides from scorpion venoms. Toxicon, 88, 115–137. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.006
  • Hossein, V., Farhad, A., Abbas, Z., & Amir, J. (2012). Two biological active fractions isolated from Buthotus schach (BS) scorpion venom examined on striated muscle preparation in-vitro. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11, 905-911.
  • Housley, D., Housley, G., Liddell, M., & Jennings, E. (2017). Scorpion toxin peptide action at the ion channel subunit level. Neuropharmacology, 127, 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.004
  • Jalil, N., Abedin, S., Javad, R., Ehsan, M., Amir, K., Ali, A., & Amir, T. (2018). Scorpion composition and scorpionism in a high-risk area, the southwest of Iran. Electronic Physician, 10, 7138-7145. doi: 10.19082/7138
  • Jarrar, B., & Al-Rowaily, M. (2008). Epidemiological aspects of scorpion stings in Al-Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 28,183–187. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2008.183
  • Kassiri, H., Shemshad, K., Kassiri, A., Shemshad, M., Valipor, A., & Teimori, A. (2013). Epidemiological and climatological factors influencing on scorpion envenoming in Baghmalek County, Iran. Academic Journal of Entomology, 6, 47-54. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2013.6.2.751
  • Kassiri, H. Kassiri, A. Sharififard, M. Shojaee, S. Lotfi, M., & Kasiri, E. (2014). Scorpion envenomation study in Behbahan County, Southwest Iran. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2,416-20.
  • Karataş, A., & Çolak, M. (2005). Scorpions of Gaziantep Province, Turkey (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius, 30, 1-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2005.vol2005.iss30.1
  • Kavous, Sh., Ali, T., Amir, G., Amin, Sh., & Farzad, R. (2017). Epidemiological and clinical status of patients with scorpion sting: emergency department of Sina hospital in Tabriz-Iran. Journal of Emergency Practice and Trauma, 3,18-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jept.2017.08
  • Khalaf, L. (1962). Asmall Collection of Scorpions from Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 2(4), 1-3.
  • Khodadadi, A., Pipelzadeh, M., Vazirianzadeh, B., Pipelzadeh, M., & Sharifat, M. (2012). An in vitro comparative study upon the toxic properties of the venoms from Hemiscorpius lepturus, Androctonus crassicauda and Mesobuthus eupeus scorpions. Toxicon, 60, 385-90.
  • Khodabakhsh, K., Babak, V., Eman, M., Muhsen, H., & Seyed, A. (2013). A Five Year Epidemiologic Study on Scorpion Stings in Ramhormoz, South-West of Iran. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45, 469-474.
  • Kovařík, F. (2007). A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae), Euscorpius, 58, 1–107. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2007.vol2007.iss58.1
  • Kovařík, F., Yağmur, E.A., Fet, V., & Hussen, F.S. (2019). A review of Orthochirus from Turkey, Iraq, and Iran (Khoozestan, Ilam, and Lorestan Provinces), with descriptions of three new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae), Euscorpius, 278, 1-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2019.vol2019.iss278.1
  • Levy, G., & Amitai, P. (1980). Scorpiones, In: Fauna Palaestina, Arachnida I. Jerusalem, Israel, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 130 pp.
  • Lourenço, W., & Qi, J. (2007). Description of a new species of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 41, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2007.10638232
  • Masoud, A., & Hasan, A. (2017). Epidemiological Study of Scorpion Sting in Lordegan City during the Years 2014- 2017. Journal of Community Health Research, 7, 57-61.
  • Moradi, M., Yağmur, E., Gharakhloo, P., & Ahmadi, F. (2015). Scorpion Fauna of Zanjan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 9(1), 11-14.
  • Mulood, M., Javad, R., Ahmad, A., Mohammad, A., Shahrokh, N., Farrokh, D., Mehdi, B., & Masoomeh, B. (2017). Spatial Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in North West of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 11(3), 371–382.
  • Ozkan, O., Adigüzel, S., Yakiştiran, S., Cesaretli, Y. Orman, M., & Karaer, K. (2006). Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier 1807) scorpionism in the Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey. Türki Acta Parasitologica Turcica, 30, 239–245.
  • Özkan, Ö., Çiftçi, G., & Karaer, Z. (2011). Electrophoretical Comparison of Proteins of Mesobuthus eupeus and Mesobuthus gibbosus Scorpion Venoms. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 17, 153–158. DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2011.4190
  • Penther, A. (1912). Expedittion Mesopotamien Scorpiones. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 26, 109-116.
  • Prendini, L., & Wheeler, W. (2005). Scorpion higher phylogeny and classification, taxonomic anarchy, and standards for peer review in online publishing. Cladistics, 21, 446-94.
  • Pringle, G. (1960). Notes on The Scorpiones of Iraq. Bulletin of Endemic Diseases, 3(3-4), 73-87.
  • Rahmani, A., Forouzandeh, H., Kalantar, M., Asad-Masjedi, N., Alavian, Z., & Kavarizadeh, K. (2015). Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Scorpion Stings in Ahwaz, Southwest Iran (2006-2010). International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 5, 201-206.
  • Rein, J. (2017). The Scorpion Files. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/.
  • Sahin, A., Sahin, M., Ozturk, N., & Demiraran, Y. (2014). Sever cardiovascular dysfunction and pulmonary edema in children with scorpion envenomation. Journal of medicine and medical research, 2, 84-88.
  • Salah Eddine, S., Youcef, A., & Haroun, Ch. (2012). First data on scorpion diversity and ecological distribution in the National Park of Belezma, Northeast Algeria. Serket, 13(1/2), 27-37.
  • Santibanez-Lopez, C., & Possani, L. (2015). Overview of the Knottin scorpion toxin-like peptides in scorpion venoms: Insights on their classification and evolution. Toxicon, 107, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.029
  • Scorpions in Iraq (update 1.11.2007). Retrieved from https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/scorpions_iraq.php.
  • Sherwan, T. (2015). Morphology and Histology of Venom Gland of Scorpio maurus kruglovi (Birula, 1910) (Scorpionidae: Scorpiones). Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 27, 59-62.
  • Talebian, A., & Doroodgar, A. (2006). Epidemiologic study of scorpion sting in patients referring to Kashan medical centers during 1991-2002. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1, 191-194.
  • Vazirianzadeh, B., & Salahshoor, A. (2015). Scorpion Sting in Izeh, Iran: An Epidemiological Study during 2009-2011. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 11, 403-409.
  • Yağmur, E.A., Yalçın, M., & Çalışır, G. (2008a). Distribution of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) and Buthacus macrocentrus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Turkey. Serket, 11,13-18.
  • Yağmur, E.A., Koç, H., & Yalçın, M. (2008b). Distribution of Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Turkey. Euscorpius, 76, 1-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2008.vol2008.iss76.1
  • Zeina, N. (2016). List of Scorpions Recorded for the First Time in Iraq. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 29, 49-57.
  • Zeina, N., & Sabah, F. (2016). Taxonomic study of Androctonus crassicauda (oliver, 1807) (scorpiones: buthidae) in Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum,14(1),13-25.
  • Zhijian, C., Feng, L., Yingliang, W., Xin, M., & Wenxin, L. (2006). Genetic mechanisms of scorpion venom peptide diversification. Toxicon, 47, 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.11.013
  • Zuhair, S.A., & El-Oran, R. (2009). Systematics and distribution of scorpion (Arachnida, Scorpionida) in Jordan. Bollettino di zoologia, 61, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250009409355881
  • Zuhair, S., Renad, A., Nour, A., & Rihan, B. (2017). Scorpion Stings in Jordan: An Update. wilderness & environmental medicine, 28, 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2017.05.003

Kuzey Irak Zakho İli Akrep Faunası ve Skorpionizmi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 22 - 27, 29.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.710923

Öz

Irak genelinde ve Kuzey Irak özelinde akrep çeşitliliği ve akrep zehri ile ilgili bilgiler sınırlıdır. Akrep sokması vakalarının dağılımı ve sayısı ile ilgili bilgiler ayrıca Zakho bölgesi akrep faunası ile ilgili bazı ayrıntılar ilk kez bu çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir. Genel olarak, 2008-2017 yılları arasında kurbanların 1362’si erkek (%51) ve 1313’ü kadın (%49) olmak üzere 2675 akrep sokması vakası bildirilmiştir. Kurbanların en yüksek oranının 15 ile 49 yaşları arasında olduğu ve genel insidansın % 59' unu oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek akrep sokması vakaları yaz aylarında, özellikle de 537 vakanın rapor edildiği Temmuz ayında meydana gelmiştir. Toplamda, iki aileye (Scorpionidae ve Buthidae) ait 85 akrep tespit edilmiştir. Toplanan örneklerden en çok Scorpio maurus 47 (%55)’a rastlanmış olup, bunu Hottentotta saulcyi 28 (%33) ve Androctonus crassicauda 10 (%12) izlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Almaaytah, A., & Albalas, Q. (2014). Scorpion venom peptides with no disulfide bridges: A review. Peptides, 51, 35–45. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.10.021.
  • Altınkaynak, S., Ertekin, V., & Alp, H. (2002). Scorpion envenomation in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 37, 48–54.
  • Araújo, K., Tavares, A., Marques, M., Vieira, A., & Leite, R. (2017). Epidemiological study of scorpion stings in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 7, 59, e58. doi: 10.1590/S1678-9946201759058.
  • Barros, R., Pasquino, J., Peixoto, L., Targino, I., de Sousa, J., & Leite, R. (2014). Clinical and epidemiological aspects of scorpion stings in the northeast region of Brazil. Ciencia and saude coletiva, 19, 1275-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014194.01602013
  • Bawaskar, H., & Bawaskar, P. (2012). Scorpion sting: update. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 60, 46-55.
  • Boşnak, M., Ece, A., Yolbaş, I., Boşnak, V., Kaplan, M., & Gürkan, F. (2009). Scorpion sting envenomation in children in southeast Turkey. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 20, 118–124.
  • Brwa, N., Kasim, S., Khalil, A., & Kamal, A. (2018). Preparation of F(ab’)2 antivenom in Iraq against scorpion (Hottentotta saulcyi) venom. Biologicals, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.08.005
  • Dehghani, R., & Fathi, B. (2012). Scorpion sting in Iran: A review. Toxicon, 60, 919-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.002
  • Dimitris, K., Iasmi, S., & Victor, F. (Eds. 2008). Scorpions of the Eastern Mediterranean. Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology, 12, 209-246.
  • Ernesto, O., & Lourival, D. (2015). The unfulfilled promises of scorpion insecto toxins. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 21, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-015-0019-6
  • El Hidan, M., Touloun, O., & Boumezzough, A. (2015). An epidemiological study on scorpion envenomation in the Zagora oases (Morocco). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3, 704-707. DOI: 10.12980/jclm.3.2015j5-86
  • Esmaeil, G. Mulood, M. Shahla, J. Abedin, S. Nahid, J. Eslam, M., & Alireza, O. (2018). Spatial Distribution of Scorpionism in Ardabil Province, North West of Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics, 6, 8241-51. Doi: 10.22038/IJP.2018.30029.2644
  • Fet, V., & Lowe, G. (2000). Family Buthidae. pp. 54-286. In: V., Fet, W.D., Sissom, G. Lowe, and M.E. Braunwalder (Eds), Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998). New York, USA, The New York Entomological Society, 690 pp.
  • Haider, M., & Mohammad, H. (2010). Diagnostic and epidemiologic Study of fat tailed scorpion (Androctonus crassicauda) in Mid -Euphrates region/Iraq. College of veterinary medicine /Babil Univ./Babil/Iraq.
  • Harrison, P., Abdel-Rahman, M., Miller, K., & Strong, P. (2014). Antimicrobial peptides from scorpion venoms. Toxicon, 88, 115–137. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.006
  • Hossein, V., Farhad, A., Abbas, Z., & Amir, J. (2012). Two biological active fractions isolated from Buthotus schach (BS) scorpion venom examined on striated muscle preparation in-vitro. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11, 905-911.
  • Housley, D., Housley, G., Liddell, M., & Jennings, E. (2017). Scorpion toxin peptide action at the ion channel subunit level. Neuropharmacology, 127, 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.004
  • Jalil, N., Abedin, S., Javad, R., Ehsan, M., Amir, K., Ali, A., & Amir, T. (2018). Scorpion composition and scorpionism in a high-risk area, the southwest of Iran. Electronic Physician, 10, 7138-7145. doi: 10.19082/7138
  • Jarrar, B., & Al-Rowaily, M. (2008). Epidemiological aspects of scorpion stings in Al-Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 28,183–187. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2008.183
  • Kassiri, H., Shemshad, K., Kassiri, A., Shemshad, M., Valipor, A., & Teimori, A. (2013). Epidemiological and climatological factors influencing on scorpion envenoming in Baghmalek County, Iran. Academic Journal of Entomology, 6, 47-54. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2013.6.2.751
  • Kassiri, H. Kassiri, A. Sharififard, M. Shojaee, S. Lotfi, M., & Kasiri, E. (2014). Scorpion envenomation study in Behbahan County, Southwest Iran. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2,416-20.
  • Karataş, A., & Çolak, M. (2005). Scorpions of Gaziantep Province, Turkey (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius, 30, 1-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2005.vol2005.iss30.1
  • Kavous, Sh., Ali, T., Amir, G., Amin, Sh., & Farzad, R. (2017). Epidemiological and clinical status of patients with scorpion sting: emergency department of Sina hospital in Tabriz-Iran. Journal of Emergency Practice and Trauma, 3,18-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jept.2017.08
  • Khalaf, L. (1962). Asmall Collection of Scorpions from Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 2(4), 1-3.
  • Khodadadi, A., Pipelzadeh, M., Vazirianzadeh, B., Pipelzadeh, M., & Sharifat, M. (2012). An in vitro comparative study upon the toxic properties of the venoms from Hemiscorpius lepturus, Androctonus crassicauda and Mesobuthus eupeus scorpions. Toxicon, 60, 385-90.
  • Khodabakhsh, K., Babak, V., Eman, M., Muhsen, H., & Seyed, A. (2013). A Five Year Epidemiologic Study on Scorpion Stings in Ramhormoz, South-West of Iran. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45, 469-474.
  • Kovařík, F. (2007). A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae), Euscorpius, 58, 1–107. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2007.vol2007.iss58.1
  • Kovařík, F., Yağmur, E.A., Fet, V., & Hussen, F.S. (2019). A review of Orthochirus from Turkey, Iraq, and Iran (Khoozestan, Ilam, and Lorestan Provinces), with descriptions of three new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae), Euscorpius, 278, 1-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2019.vol2019.iss278.1
  • Levy, G., & Amitai, P. (1980). Scorpiones, In: Fauna Palaestina, Arachnida I. Jerusalem, Israel, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 130 pp.
  • Lourenço, W., & Qi, J. (2007). Description of a new species of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 41, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2007.10638232
  • Masoud, A., & Hasan, A. (2017). Epidemiological Study of Scorpion Sting in Lordegan City during the Years 2014- 2017. Journal of Community Health Research, 7, 57-61.
  • Moradi, M., Yağmur, E., Gharakhloo, P., & Ahmadi, F. (2015). Scorpion Fauna of Zanjan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 9(1), 11-14.
  • Mulood, M., Javad, R., Ahmad, A., Mohammad, A., Shahrokh, N., Farrokh, D., Mehdi, B., & Masoomeh, B. (2017). Spatial Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in North West of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 11(3), 371–382.
  • Ozkan, O., Adigüzel, S., Yakiştiran, S., Cesaretli, Y. Orman, M., & Karaer, K. (2006). Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier 1807) scorpionism in the Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey. Türki Acta Parasitologica Turcica, 30, 239–245.
  • Özkan, Ö., Çiftçi, G., & Karaer, Z. (2011). Electrophoretical Comparison of Proteins of Mesobuthus eupeus and Mesobuthus gibbosus Scorpion Venoms. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 17, 153–158. DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2011.4190
  • Penther, A. (1912). Expedittion Mesopotamien Scorpiones. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 26, 109-116.
  • Prendini, L., & Wheeler, W. (2005). Scorpion higher phylogeny and classification, taxonomic anarchy, and standards for peer review in online publishing. Cladistics, 21, 446-94.
  • Pringle, G. (1960). Notes on The Scorpiones of Iraq. Bulletin of Endemic Diseases, 3(3-4), 73-87.
  • Rahmani, A., Forouzandeh, H., Kalantar, M., Asad-Masjedi, N., Alavian, Z., & Kavarizadeh, K. (2015). Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Scorpion Stings in Ahwaz, Southwest Iran (2006-2010). International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 5, 201-206.
  • Rein, J. (2017). The Scorpion Files. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/.
  • Sahin, A., Sahin, M., Ozturk, N., & Demiraran, Y. (2014). Sever cardiovascular dysfunction and pulmonary edema in children with scorpion envenomation. Journal of medicine and medical research, 2, 84-88.
  • Salah Eddine, S., Youcef, A., & Haroun, Ch. (2012). First data on scorpion diversity and ecological distribution in the National Park of Belezma, Northeast Algeria. Serket, 13(1/2), 27-37.
  • Santibanez-Lopez, C., & Possani, L. (2015). Overview of the Knottin scorpion toxin-like peptides in scorpion venoms: Insights on their classification and evolution. Toxicon, 107, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.029
  • Scorpions in Iraq (update 1.11.2007). Retrieved from https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/scorpions_iraq.php.
  • Sherwan, T. (2015). Morphology and Histology of Venom Gland of Scorpio maurus kruglovi (Birula, 1910) (Scorpionidae: Scorpiones). Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 27, 59-62.
  • Talebian, A., & Doroodgar, A. (2006). Epidemiologic study of scorpion sting in patients referring to Kashan medical centers during 1991-2002. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 1, 191-194.
  • Vazirianzadeh, B., & Salahshoor, A. (2015). Scorpion Sting in Izeh, Iran: An Epidemiological Study during 2009-2011. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 11, 403-409.
  • Yağmur, E.A., Yalçın, M., & Çalışır, G. (2008a). Distribution of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) and Buthacus macrocentrus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Turkey. Serket, 11,13-18.
  • Yağmur, E.A., Koç, H., & Yalçın, M. (2008b). Distribution of Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Turkey. Euscorpius, 76, 1-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2008.vol2008.iss76.1
  • Zeina, N. (2016). List of Scorpions Recorded for the First Time in Iraq. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 29, 49-57.
  • Zeina, N., & Sabah, F. (2016). Taxonomic study of Androctonus crassicauda (oliver, 1807) (scorpiones: buthidae) in Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum,14(1),13-25.
  • Zhijian, C., Feng, L., Yingliang, W., Xin, M., & Wenxin, L. (2006). Genetic mechanisms of scorpion venom peptide diversification. Toxicon, 47, 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.11.013
  • Zuhair, S.A., & El-Oran, R. (2009). Systematics and distribution of scorpion (Arachnida, Scorpionida) in Jordan. Bollettino di zoologia, 61, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250009409355881
  • Zuhair, S., Renad, A., Nour, A., & Rihan, B. (2017). Scorpion Stings in Jordan: An Update. wilderness & environmental medicine, 28, 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2017.05.003
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hamid Kachel 0000-0002-7231-8267

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 20 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kachel, H. (2020). Scorpion Fauna and Scorpionism in Zakho Province of Northern Iraq. Commagene Journal of Biology, 4(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.710923
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