Kıyı Lagün Sedimentlerinde Mikroplastiklerin Oluşumları ve Mekansal Dağılımları: Küçükçekmece Lagünü Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11, 30.06.2023

Şevval İşlek , Zeynep Bostan , Ecem Güney , V. Zülal Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1223041

Öz

Nehir, haliç ve lagünler, karasal ve deniz ekosistemleri arasında bağlantıyı sağlarken, tıpkı diğer kirleticilerde olduğu gibi sediment yapılarında da mikroplastik kirliliği hakkında kapsamlı bir profil ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Küçükçekmece Lagünü’nün üç farklı sucul alanından (deniz, kanal ve göl) alınan sediment örneklerinde mikroplastik bolluğu ve karakterizasyonunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, lagünde belirlenen 5 istasyondan 12 aylık (Mart 2019 – Şubat 2020) sediment örnekleri alınmıştır. Mikroplastik ön işlemlerine tabi tutulan sediment örneklerinde, stereomikroskop ile mikroplastik bolluğu sayımı ve kategorizasyonu (boyut, tip ve renk) yapılmıştır. Ortalama mikroplastik bolluğu 2922,32±517,35 MP/kg olarak belirlenmiş olup, tespit edilen ortalama mikroplastik bolluğu değeri, ülkemizde daha önce yapılmış benzer çalışmalara kıyasla 2,4 kat daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Liflerin (%59) baskın mikroplastik tipi olduğu, baskın mikroplastik renginin siyah (%42) olduğu ve MP boyutlarının %50’sinin 1-100 μm arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Mevsimsel mikroplastik dağılımı irdelendiğinde ise, en yüksek bolluk değerlerinin yağışlı sezon olan kış aylarında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma alanında en yüksek ortalama mikroplastik bolluğuna sahip L1 istasyonu, Küçükçekmece Lagünü Bağlantı Alanı temsil etmekte olup, lagündeki tüm antropojenik baskıların hissedildiği istasyon olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dünyanın diğer bölgelerindeki benzer sediment alanları için mikroplastik bolluğu ve dağılımı hakkında temsili veriler sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikrokirletici, plastik, Boyut, Lif, kıyısal alan

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak

Proje Numarası

2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı

Teşekkür

Yazarlar, bu makalenin hazırlanmasına temel olan “Kıyı Lagün Sedimentlerinde Mikroplastiklerin Oluşumları ve Mekansal Dağılımları: Küçükçekmece Lagünü Örneği” konulu TUBITAK 2209-A destekleme programı kapsamında araştırma projesine verdiği destekten dolayı TUBITAK’a teşekkür ederler. Yazarlar, Prof. Dr. Nüket SİVRİ’ye bilimsel katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederler.

Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in Coastal Lagoon Sediments: The Case from Küçükçekmece Lagoon

Öz

Rivers, estuaries, and lagoons provide a link between terrestrial and marine ecosystems; however, they reveal a comprehensive profile of microplastic pollution in the sediment structures just like other pollutants. This study aims to determine the microplastic abundance and characterization in the sediment samples of three different aquatic areas (sea, channel, and lake) of Küçükçekmece Lagoon. In this context, 12 month-sediment samples (March 2019 – February 2020) were taken from 5 stations in the lagoon. Microplastic (MP) abundance and physical characterization (size, type, and color) of the microplastics in the sediment samples were performed via stereomicroscope. The mean MP abundance was determined as 2922.32±517.35 MP/kg and the mean MP abundance value was found to be 2.4 times higher than the ones found in the previous studies in Türkiye. It was determined that the fibers (59%) were the dominant MP type, the dominant MP color was black (42%), and 50% of the MP sizes were between 1-100 μm. When the seasonal MP distribution is examined, it was determined that the highest abundance values are in the rainy winter season. The L1 station, which has the highest average MP abundance in the study area, represents the Küçükçekmece Lagoon Connection Area and emerges as the station where all the anthropogenic pressures in the lagoon are felt. This study aims to provide representative data on MP abundance and distribution for similar sediment areas in other parts of the world.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Micropollutant, plastic, Size, Fiber, coastal area

Proje Numarası

2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı

Kaynakça

• Abidli, S., Toumi, H., Lahbib, Y., & Trigui El Menif, N. (2017). The first evaluation of microplastics in sediments from the complex lagoon-channel of Bizerte (Northern Tunisia). Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 228(7), 1-10. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3439-9
• Alfonso, M.B., Scordo, F., Seitz, C., Manstretta, G.M.M., Ronda, A.C., Arias, A.H., & Piccolo, M.C. (2020). First evidence of microplastics in nine lakes across Patagonia (South America). Science of the Total Environment, 733, 139385. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139385
• Andrady, A.L. (2017). The plastic in microplastics: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119(1), 12-22. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082
• Antunes, J., Frias, J., & Sobral, P. (2018). Microplastics on the Portuguese coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 294-302. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.025
• Bağcı, H.R. & Bahadır, M. (2018). İklim Değişikliği ve Antropojenik Baskıların Yeşilırmak Deltası (Samsun) Sulak Alanlarına Etkileri. The 2nd UNIDOKAP International Symposium on Biodiversity, Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi.
• Barboza, L.G.A., & Gimenez, B.C.G. (2015). Microplastics in the marine environment: current trends and future perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 97(1-2), 5-12. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.008
• Baysal, A., Saygin, H., & Ustabasi, G.S. (2020). Microplastic Occurrences in Sediments Collected from Marmara Sea-Istanbul, Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 105(4), 522-529. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02993-9
• Belivermiş, M., Kılıç, Ö., Sezer, N., Sıkdokur, E., Güngör, N.D., & Altuğ, G. (2021). Microplastic inventory in sediment profile: A case study of Golden Horn Estuary, Sea of Marmara. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 173, 113117. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113117
• Bertoldi, C., Lara, L.Z., Fernanda, A.D.L, Martins, F.C., Battisti, M.A., Hinrichs, R., & Fernandes, A.N. (2021). First evidence of microplastic contamination in the freshwaters of Lake Guaíba, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Total Environmental Science, 759, 143503. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143503
• Besley, A., Vijver, M.G., Behrens, P., & Bosker, T. (2017). A standardized method for sampling and extraction methods for quantifying microplastics in beach sand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114(1), 77-83. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.055
• Blašković, A., Fastelli, P., Čižmek, H., Guerranti, C., & Renzi, M. (2017). Plastic litter in sediments from the Croatian marine protected area of the natural park of Telaščica bay (Adriatic Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114(1), 583-586. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.018
• Boerger, C.M., Lattin, G.L., Moore, S.L., & Moore, C.J. (2010). Plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(12), 2275-2278. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.007
• Bosker, T., Guaita, L., & Behrens, P. (2018). Microplastic pollution on Caribbean beaches in the Lesser Antilles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 442-447. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.060
• Bozdaş, K., Üstün, G.E., & Aygün, A. (2020). Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde Mikro plastikler ve Giderim Yöntemleri. Uludağ University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, 25(3), 1577-1592. https://www.doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.758523
• Browne, M.A., Galloway, T.S., & Thompson, R.C. (2010). Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(9), 3404-3409. https://www.doi.org/10.1021/es903784e
• Chico-Ortiz, N., Mahu, E., Crane, R., Gordon, C., & Marchant, R. (2020). Microplastics in Ghanaian coastal lagoon sediments: Their occurrence and spatial distribution. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40, 101509. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101509
• Çullu, A.F., Sönmez, V.Z., & Sivri, N. (2021). Microplastic contamination in surface waters of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey): Sources and areal distribution. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115801. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115801
• Dąbrowska, A., Mielańczuk, M., & Syczewski, M. (2022). The Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS investigation of the primary sources of microplastics from cosmetics available in Poland. Chemosphere, 308, 136407. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136407
• Dalrymple, R.W., Zaitlin, B.A., & Boyd, R. (1992). Estuarine facies models; conceptual basis and stratigraphic implications. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 62(6), 1130-1146. https://www.doi.org/10.1306/D4267A69-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D
• De Falco, F., Gullo, M.P., Gentile, G., Di Pace, E., Cocca, M., Gelabert, L., ... & Avella, M. (2018). Evaluation of microplastic release caused by textile washing processes of synthetic fabrics. Environmental Pollution, 236, 916-925. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.057
• De Jesus Piñon-Colin, T., Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Pastrana-Corral, M.A., Rogel-Hernandez, E., & Wakida, F.T. (2018). Microplastics on sandy beaches of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 63-71. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.055
• San, E. & Dörtkardeş, İ. (2020). İSKİ'nin arıtma tesisinden bırakılan suyla denizin rengi böyle değişti. Retrieved from https://www.dha.com.tr/arama/iski-nin-aritma-tesisinden-birakilan-suyla-denizin-rengi-boyle-degisti
• Doğruyol, P., Şener, M., & Balkaya, N. (2019). Determination of microplastics and large plastics in the sediments of the Golden Horn Estuary (Halic), Istanbul, Turkey. Desalin Water Treat, 172, 344-350. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.25067
• Dowarah, K. & Devipriya, S.P. (2019). Microplastic prevalence in the beaches of Puducherry, India and its correlation with fishing and tourism/recreational activities. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 148, 123-133. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.066
• Edo, C., González-Pleiter, M., Tamayo-Belda, M., Ortega-Ojeda, F.E., Leganés, F., Fernández-Piñas, F., & Rosal, R. (2020). Microplastics in sediments of artificially recharged lagoons: Case study in a Biosphere Reserve. Science of The Total Environment, 729, 138824. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138824
• Galgani, F., Hanke, G., Werner, S.D.V.L., & De Vrees, L. (2013). Marine litter within the European marine strategy framework directive. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70(6), 1055-1064. https://www.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst122
• Gallagher, A., Rees, A., Rowe, R., Stevens, J., & Wright, P. (2016). Microplastics in the Solent estuarine complex, UK: An initial assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 102 (2), 243-249. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.002
• Gao, F., Li, J., Hu, J., Sui, B., Wang, C., Sun, C., Li X. & Ju, P. (2021). The seasonal distribution characteristics of microplastics on bathing beaches along the coast of Qingdao, China. Science of The Total Environment, 783, 146969. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146969
• GESAMP, (2016). Sources, Fate and Effects of Microplastics in the Marine Environment (Part 2). London, IMO.,221pp.
• Habib, R.Z., Thiemann, T., & Kendi, R.A. (2020). Microplastics and Wastewater Treatment Plants—A Review. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12(01), 35. https://www.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.121001
• Jaouani, R., Mouneyrac, C., Châtel, A., Amiard, F., Dellali, M., Beyrem, H. & Lagarde, F. (2022). Seasonal and spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments by FTIR imaging throughout a continuum lake-lagoon-beach from the Tunisian coast. Science of The Total Environment, 156519. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156519
• Jiang, C., Yin, L., Li, Z., Wen, X., Luo, X., Hu, S. & Liu, Y. (2019). Microplastic pollution in the rivers of the Tibet Plateau. Environmental Pollution, 249, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.022
• Köker, L., Akçaalan, R., Dittmann, E., & Albay, M. (2021). Depth profiles of protein-bound microcystin in Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Toxicon, 198, 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.005
• Laglbauer, B.J., Franco-Santos, R.M., Andreu-Cazenave, M., Brunelli, L., Papadatou, M., Palatinus, A., & Deprez, T. (2014). Macrodebris and microplastics from beaches in Slovenia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 89(1-2), 356-366. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.036
• Li, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Yang, R., Li, R., & Li, Y. (2018). Characterization, source, and retention of microplastic in sandy beaches and mangrove wetlands of the Qinzhou Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 136, 401-406. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.025
• Lots, F.A., Behrens, P., Vijver, M.G., Horton, A.A., & Bosker, T. (2017). A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination: abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 219-226. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.057
• Martellini, T., Guerranti, C., Scopetani, C., Ugolini, A., Chelazzi, D., & Cincinelli, A. (2018). A snapshot of microplastics in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 109, 173-179. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.028
• Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G., & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments.USA, NOAA Marine Debris Division, 31pp.
• Nousheen, R., Hashmi, I., Rittschof, D., & Capper, A. (2022). Comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of microplastics using trawl net and sieve sampling methods in Rawal Lake, Pakistan. Chemosphere, 308, 136111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136111
• Osorio, E.D., Tanchuling, M.A.N., & Diola, M.B.L.D. (2021). Microplastics occurrence in surface waters and sediments in five river mouths of Manila Bay. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 719274. https://www.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.719274
• Patchaiyappan, A., Ahmed, S.Z., Dowarah, K., Jayakumar, S., & Devipriya, S.P. (2020). Occurrence, distribution and composition of microplastics in the sediments of South Andaman beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 156, 111227. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111227
• Prata, J.C., Reis, V., da Costa, J.P., Mouneyrac, C., Duarte, A.C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2021). Contamination issues as a challenge in quality control and quality assurance in microplastics analytics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 403, 123660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123660
• Qiu, Q., Peng, J., Yu, X., Chen, F., Wang, J., & Dong, F. (2015). Occurrence of microplastics in the coastal marine environment: first observation on sediment of China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 98(1-2), 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.028
• Quesadas-Rojas, M., Enriquez, C., & Valle-Levinson, A. (2021). Natural and anthropogenic effects on microplastic distribution in a hypersaline lagoon. Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145803
• Renzi, M., Pauna, V.H., Provenza, F., Munari, C., & Mistri, M., (2020). Marine litter in transitional water ecosystems: State of the art review based on a Bibliometric analysis. Water, 12(2), 612. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/w12020612
• Sarı Erkan, H., Turan, N.B., Albay, M., & Engin, G.O. (2021a). Microplastic pollution in seabed sediments at different sites on the shores of Istanbul-Turkey: Preliminary results. Journal of Cleaner Production, 328, 129539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129539
• Sarı Erkan, H., Turan, N.B., Albay, M., & Engin, G.O. (2021b). A preliminary study on the distribution and morphology of microplastics in the coastal areas of Istanbul, the metropolitan city of Turkey: The effect of location differences. Journal of Cleaner Production, 307, 127320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127320
• Sathish, N., Jeyasanta, K.I., & Patterson, J. (2019). Abundance, characteristics and surface degradation features of microplastics in beach sediments of five coastal areas in Tamil Nadu, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142, 112-118. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.037
• Sevwandi Dharmadasa, W.S., Andrady, A.L., Kumara, P.T.P., Maes, T., & Gangabadage, C.S. (2021). Microplastics pollution in Marine Protected Areas of Southern Sri Lanka. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 168, 112462. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112462
• Shaw, D.G., & Day, R.H. (1994). Colour-and form-dependent loss of plastic micro-debris from the North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90184-8
• Sönmez, V.Z., Akarsu, C., Cumbul Altay, M., & Sivri, N. (2022). Extraction, Enumeration, and Identification Methods for Monitoring Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment. In Microplastic Pollution (pp. 21-66). Springer, Cham.
• Sönmez, V.Z., Akarsu, C., & Sivri, N. (2023). Impact of coastal wastewater treatment plants on microplastic pollution in surface seawater and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 120922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120922
• Şenduran, C. (2007). Küçükçekmece lagününde limnolojik özellikler ve sediment taşınımının araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Retrieved from http://localhost:6060/xmlui/handle/1/8753
• Talvitie, J., Mikola, A., Setala, O., Heinonen, M., & Koistinen, A. (2017). How well is microlitter purified from wastewater? – A detailed study on the stepwise removal of microlitter in a tertiary level wastewater treatment plant. Water Research, 109, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.046
• Tiwari, M., Rathod, T.D., Ajmal, P.Y., Bhangare, R.C., & Sahu, S.K. (2019). Distribution and characterization of microplastics in beach sand from three different Indian coastal environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140, 262-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.055
• Toumi, H., Abidli, S., & Bejaoui, M. (2019). Microplastics in freshwater environment: the first evaluation in sediments from seven water streams surrounding the lagoon of Bizerte (Northern Tunisia). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(14), 14673-14682. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04695-0
• Uddin, S., Fowler, S. W., Uddin, M. F., Behbehani, M., & Naji, A. (2021). A review of microplastic distribution in sediment profiles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163, 111973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111973
• Vianello, A., Boldrin, A., Guerriero, P., Moschino, V., Rella, R., Sturaro, A., & Da Ros, L. (2013). Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022
• Wakkaf, T., El Zrelli, R., Yacoubi, L., Kedzierski, M., Lin, Y.J., Mansour, L., ... & Rabaoui, L. (2022). Seasonal patterns of microplastics in surface sediments of a Mediterranean lagoon heavily impacted by human activities (Bizerte lagoon, Northern Tunisia). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-18. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21129-6
• Wang, F., Lai, Z., Peng, G., Luo, L., Liu, K., Huang, X., ... & Li, D. (2021). Microplastic abundance and distribution in a Central Asian desert. Science of The Total Environment, 800, 149529. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149529
• Yabanlı, M., Yozukmaz, A., Şener, İ., & Ölmez, Ö.T. (2019). Microplastic pollution at the intersection of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas: A study of the Datça Peninsula (Turkey). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.003
• Yaranal, N.A., Subbiah, S., & Mohanty, K. (2021). Distribution and characterization of microplastics in beach sediments from Karnataka (India) coastal environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169, 112550. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112550
• Yin, L., Jiang, C., Wen, X., Du, C., Zhong, W., Feng, Z., ... & Ma, Y. (2019). Microplastic pollution in surface water of urban lakes in Changsha, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1650. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091650
• Yu, X., Peng, J., Wang, J., Wang, K., & Bao, S. (2016). Occurrence of microplastics in the beach sand of the Chinese inner sea: The Bohai Sea. Environmental Pollution, 214, 722-730. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.080
• Zhang, K., Gong, W., Lv, J., Xiong, X., & Wu, C. (2015). Accumulation of floating microplastics behind the Three Gorges Dam. Environmental Pollution, 204, 117-123. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.023