Sentetik Siyaset ve Karşı-Çerçeveleme: Bangladeş'in 2025-2026 Seçim Sürecinde Yapay Zekâ Üretimi Yanlış Bilgi ve Doğruluk Kontrolü

Öz

Bu çalışma, Ağustos 2024 ile Şubat 2026 arasında Bangladeş’in seçim öncesi enformasyon ortamında yapay zekâ (AI) ile üretilen ve dijital olarak manipüle edilen siyasal yanlış bilgilerin nasıl dolaşıma girdiğini ve doğrulama kuruluşlarının buna karşı-çerçeveleme yoluyla nasıl yanıt verdiğini incelemektedir. Nitel çerçeveleme analizi ile betimsel içerik kodlamasını birleştiren araştırma, Bangladeş odaklı dokuz doğrulama kuruluşunun yayımlanmış toplu verilerine, 2025’te 4.131 benzersiz yanlış bilgi ve 2026 seçim döngüsündeki 1.185 siyasal vakaya dayanmaktadır. Bulgular, sentetik medyanın eski manipülasyon biçimlerinin yerini almadığını, eski görüntüler, sahte medya kartları ve partizan ağlarla birleşerek melez bir yanlış bilgi sistemi oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. 2025’te benzersiz vakaların yaklaşık %10’u, seçim vakalarının ise yaklaşık %12’si yapay zekâ tarafından üretilmişti. En sık adı geçen kişiler Şeyh Hasina, Muhammed Yunus, Şerif Osman Bin Hadi, Tarique Rahman ve Hasnat Abdullah olurken, BNP ve geçiş hükümeti en ağır yükü taşıdı. Yönsel okuma, Hasina ile ilgili içeriğin çoğunlukla olumlu, geçiş hükümeti ile ilgili içeriğin ise çoğunlukla düşmanca olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, yapay zekânın yanlış bilgiyi kanıt tahrifinden sentetik inandırıcılığa taşıdığını ileri sürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapay zekâ kaynaklı yanlış bilgi
• Deepfake
• Bangladeş
• Seçim dezenformasyonu
• Doğrulama
• Çerçeveleme

Synthetic Politics and Counter-Framing: AI-Generated Misinformation and Fact-Checking in Bangladesh's 2025-2026 Election Cycle

Öz

This study examines how artificial intelligence (AI)-generated and digitally manipulated political misinformation circulated in Bangladesh’s pre-election information environment between August 2024 and February 2026, and how fact-checking organisations responded through counter-framing. Combining qualitative framing analysis with descriptive content coding, it draws on the published aggregate datasets of nine Bangladesh-focused verification organisations, covering 4,131 unique misinformation items in 2025 and 1,185 political cases during the 2026 election cycle, alongside a register of verified open fact-checks. The findings show that synthetic media did not replace older manipulation techniques. Instead, it combined with recycled footage, fabricated photocards, fake quotations and partisan amplification to form a hybrid misinformation system. Around 10% of unique items in 2025 involved AI, and roughly 12% of election-related cases were AI-generated, most of them video. The individuals most frequently named included Sheikh Hasina, Muhammad Yunus, Sharif Osman Bin Hadi, Tarique Rahman and Hasnat Abdullah, while the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and the interim government carried the heaviest party-level burden. A directional reading shows that content around Sheikh Hasina was mostly favourable, whereas content around the interim government was mostly hostile. The paper argues that AI shifted misinformation from evidential falsification toward synthetic plausibility, making counter-framing dependent on forensic verification and rapid public explanation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• AI-generated misinformation
• Deepfake
• Bangladesh
• Election misinformation
• Fact-checking
• Framing

Kaynakça

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70. Rumor Scanner. (2025w, November 12). Chhatra League protest in Patuakhali depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/patuakhali-chhatra-league-ai-video-protest/175765
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75. Rumor Scanner. (2025ab, December 8). Fake 500-taka banknote featuring Abu Sayeed created with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/fake-500-taka-note-with-abu-sayed-photo/179803
76. Rumor Scanner. (2025ac, December 10). Five foreign flags are placed at the DUCSU entrance in an AI-edited image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/pakistan-israel-india-usa-uk-flags-in-ducsu/180229
77. Rumor Scanner. (2025ad, October 9). The Hill armed group, threatening the Bangladesh Army, is depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/armed-hill-people-threatening-bangladesh-army/170578
78. Rumor Scanner. (2025ae, December 22). The Indian flag painted on a Bangladesh border road is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/indo-bd-border-bangladeshi-people-placed-indian-flag-on-road-fake-ai/181926
79. Rumor Scanner. (2025af, August 30). Indian parliamentarians criticising Muhammad Yunus depicted in AI-generated videos. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-indian-parliament-members-about-yunus-hasina/165051
80. Rumor Scanner. (2025ag, October 5). Jamaat leader Mohammad Taher is shown with the Indian Army chief in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/mohammad-taher-indian-army-chief-ai-photo/169881
81. Rumor Scanner. (2025ah, September 13). Joy Bangla slogans in Chattogram are depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/oy-bangla-slogan-in-chittagong/166903
82. Rumor Scanner. (2025ai, December 24). Juma is shown with Sadik Kayem in AI-generated images. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/zuma-sadik-kayem-photos-created-ai/182259 Rumor Scanner. (2025aj, October 16). Khagrachhari Awami League procession depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-awami-league-procession-khagrachhari/171596
83. Rumor Scanner. (2025ak, December 19). Khaleda Zia walking, cared for by Zubaida Rahman, depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-photo-zobaida-rahman-khleda-zia/181476
84. Rumor Scanner. (2025al, December 2). Khaleda Zia's condition at Evercare Hospital is depicted through AI-generated media. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/khaleda-zias-live-situation-ai-video-photo/179115
85. Rumor Scanner. (2025am, December 23). Mirza Abbas is shown with a suspect in the Hadi killing in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/osman-hadi-murderer-ai-fake-photo-mirza-abbas-faisal/182226
86. Rumor Scanner. (2025an, November 21). Muhammad Yunus' resignation and the transfer of power to the army are depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/yunus-did-not-resign-or-hand-power-to-military/177039
87. Rumor Scanner. (2025ao, December 18). Narendra Modi Victory Day scene fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/narendra-modis-of-victory-day-ai-photo/181426
88. Rumor Scanner. (2025ap, October 29). Narendra Modi was welcomed in China, depicted in an AI-edited image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/billboard-china-displays-modi-photo/173856
89. Rumor Scanner. (2025aq, October 22). Nathan Bom is returning to Bangladesh, depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/nathan-bom-returning-to-bangladesh-ai-video/172806
90. Rumor Scanner. (2025ar, December 3). NCP leader Jannat Ara Rumi was targeted with an AI-generated sexualised image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/farzana-ruma-ncp-ai-photo/179236
91. Rumor Scanner. (2025as, November 27). An AI-generated video depicts 100,000 Hindu voters refusing to vote without the Awami League. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-spreads-false-jhenaidah-hindu-bal/178275
92. Rumor Scanner. (2025at, December 9). Pinaki Bhattacharya is shown in a secret meeting with Ajit Doval and Krishna in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/pinaki-doval-krishna-ai-image/180085
93. Rumor Scanner. (2025au, August 31). The police officer's statement against the BNP was fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/police-officer-statement-ai-video/165406
94. Rumor Scanner. (2025av, November 30). The police officer video involving Tarique Rahman was fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/tarique-rahman-police-officer-ai-video/178750
95. Rumor Scanner. (2025aw, December 8). Police protesting Awami League arrests in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-bd-police-awami-league/179821
96. Rumor Scanner. (2025ax, October 23). The police's six-point demands were presented through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-police-6-point/172884
97. Rumor Scanner. (2025ay, December 10). Police statement about an election survey fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/election-survey-police-ai-video/180251
98. Rumor Scanner. (2025az, December 7). Police statement blaming the BNP for a Jamaat-BNP clash fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/pabna-jamaat-e-islami-bnp-clash-police-officer-comment-ai-video/179667
99. Rumor Scanner. (2025ba, December 23). Police statement concerning Khaleda Zia and Sharif Osman Hadi fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-police-hadi-khaleda-zia/182005
100. Rumor Scanner. (2025bb, October 31). Police statement concerning Mufti Muhibullah fabricated through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/police-ai-video-mufti-muhibullah/174079
101. Rumor Scanner. (2025bc, December 18). Rashed Khan was detained over an extramarital affair allegation depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/rashed-khan-extra-marital-affairs-mob-lynching/181444
102. Rumor Scanner. (2025bd, July 1). Rumor Scanner identifies 311 pieces of misinformation in Bangladesh during June. https://rumorscanner.com/en/fact-file-en/press-release-june- 2025/156589
103. Rumor Scanner. (2025be, October 10). Sabre Hossain Chowdhury meeting three ambassadors, as depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-photo-saber-chowdhury-meeting/170651
104. Rumor Scanner. (2025bf, December 14). Sadik Kayem is shown with a suspect in the Osman Hadi shooting through an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/osman-hadi-attacker-shadik-kayem-friend-ai-photo-false-photocard/180690
105. Rumor Scanner. (2025bg, December 23). Sajeeb Wazed's Victory Day message was fabricated through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/sajeeb-wazed-ai-video-victory-day/182024
106. Rumor Scanner. (2025bh, October 8). Shahidul Alam, detained by Israeli forces, depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/shahidul-alam-israel-detain-ai-photo/170526
107. Rumor Scanner. (2025bi, December 28). Sharif Osman Hadi's graffiti, erased at KUET, is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-image-kuet-graffiti/182970
108. Rumor Scanner. (2025bj, December 31). Sharif Osman Hadi's graffiti in Kashmir is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/osman-hadi-graffiti-kashmir-ai/183609
109. Rumor Scanner. (2025bk, December 17). Sharif Osman Hadi, opening his eyes in Singapore, is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/false-claim-osman-hadi-ai-image/181223
110. Rumor Scanner. (2025bl, December 24). Sharif Osman Hadi is shown with his son in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-osman-hadi-son/182284
111. Rumor Scanner. (2025bm, December 22). Sharif Osman Hadi's funeral is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/osman-hadi-funeral-ai/181892
112. Rumor Scanner. (2025bn, October 11). Sheikh Hasina announces one-party rule in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-sheikh-hasina-one-party-rule/170738
113. Rumor Scanner. (2025bo, October 15). Sheikh Hasina meeting senior Indian officials depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/claim-election-hasina-ai-photo-meeting/171316
114. Rumor Scanner. (2025bp, December 11). Soldiers speaking about Sheikh Hasina's return in AI-generated videos. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-bdarmy-hasina-return/180438
115. Rumor Scanner. (2025bq, December 6). Step-down Yunus posters in Delhi, depicted in AI-generated images. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-photo-stepdown-yunus-delhi/179601
116. Rumor Scanner. (2025br, December 25). Tarique Rahman at London Heathrow is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/tarique-rahman-london-airport/182575
117. Rumor Scanner. (2025bs, December 4). Tarique Rahman, returning to Bangladesh, is depicted in multiple AI-generated images. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-photo-tarique-returning-bd/179468
118. Rumor Scanner. (2025bt, November 19). Tarique Rahman is secretly eating during a hunger strike, depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/tarek-secretly-eats-food-during-hunger-strike-ai-video/176688
119. Rumor Scanner. (2025bu, December 30). Tarique Rahman shown at Khaleda Zia’s hospital bedside in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-story/tarique-rahman-return-ai-images/183292
120. Rumor Scanner. (2025bv, December 28). Tarique Rahman touching the soil after returning is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/tarique-rahman-soil-touch-photo-ai-generated/183051
121. Rumor Scanner. (2025bw, December 29). Tarique Rahman is working in a field with a spade depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/tarique-rahman-field-work-photo-ai/183187
122. Rumor Scanner. (2025bx, December 31). Tarique Rahman's message after Khaleda Zia's death was fabricated through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-tarique-khaleda-zia/183757
123. Rumor Scanner. (2025by December 23). Tasnim Jara and Sarjis Alam sitting together at night are depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/tasnim-jara-sarjis-alam-night-photo-ai-generated/181975
124. Rumor Scanner. (2025bz, October 14). Tulip Siddiq commenting on Sheikh Hasina's national address in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-tulip-siddiq-sheikh-hasina-speech/171180
125. Rumor Scanner. (2025ca, November 17). Two people were killed in a bomb attack on an Awami League rally depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/two-killed-bomb-attack-al-rally-ai-video/176336
126. Rumor Scanner. (2025cb, December 28). Umama Fatema marrying a DUCSU leader depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-photo-musaddiq-umama-fatema-marriage/182921
127. Rumor Scanner. (2025cc, May 25). A wave of misinformation surrounding rumours of Dr Yunus's resignation. https://rumorscanner.com/en/press-en/dr-yunus-resign-misinformation/151386
128. Rumor Scanner. (2025cd, December 5). A woman is shown sitting on Sadik Kayem's lap in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/shadik-kayem-hugs-girl-fake-ai/179427
129. Rumor Scanner. (2025ce, December 24). Zaima Rahman at the national memorial is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/zaima-rahman-national-memorial-photo-ai/182424
130. Rumor Scanner. (2025cf, December 28). Zaima Rahman's gratitude message was fabricated through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/zaima-rahman-gratitude-message-ai-video/183012
131. Rumor Scanner. (2026a). Actor Hasan Masood is depicted holding a pro-fascist poster in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-generated-image-of-actor-hasan-masood-viral-as-real-photo-fake/187627
132. Rumor Scanner. (2026b, January 28). Army chief's statement on allowing Awami League activities fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-awami-league-free-for-activities/188368
133. Rumor Scanner. (2026c, January 27). Army officer's statement about the Awami League return fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/claim-ai-video-army-officers-quote-on-bal-returns/188210
134. Rumor Scanner. (2026d, January 26). An army officer's statement against Jamaat in the election was fabricated through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/claim-ai-video-army-officers-quote-on-jamaat/187936
135. Rumor Scanner. (2026e, January 27). Awami League procession depicted in an AI-generated video during the 2026 cycle. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-awami-league-procession/188160
136. Rumor Scanner. (2026f, January 1). Awami League roadblock protest depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-photo-awami-league-protest/184101
137. Rumor Scanner. (2026g, January 4). Bangladeshi Hindu woman appealing to Indians depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/bangladeshi-hindu-girl-cry-ai-video-claim/184341
138. Rumor Scanner. (2026h, February 2). BNP public meeting turnout inflated through AI-generated photographs. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/fake-ai-photos-viral-claiming-show-bnp-public-meeting/189425
139. Rumor Scanner. (2026i, January 20). Celebrities campaigning for Hasina and the Awami League are depicted in AI-generated images. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-images-dipjol-polash-mahmud-ullah-support-hasina-al/186815
140. Rumor Scanner. (2026j, January 12). Chhatra League general secretary arrested depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-picture-league-general-secretary-arrest/185756
141. Rumor Scanner. (2026k, January 13). Election postponement announcement attributed to Yunus through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/claim-elections-scheduled-for-12th-postponed/185827
142. Rumor Scanner. (2026l, January 13). Faisal Karim Masud was arrested at the airport, depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-image-claim-faisal-karim-masud-arrested-airport/185861
143. Rumor Scanner. (2026m, January 3). Fatema is dining with the Tarique Rahman family, depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/fatema-with-tarique-family-ai/184227
144. Rumor Scanner. (2026n, January 6). Fatema visiting Khaleda Zia's grave is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/false-claim-khaleda-zia-grave-fatema-ai-generated-image/184733
145. Rumor Scanner. (2026o, January 27). Hasnat Abdullah joining the BNP at Zaima Rahman's request is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/hasnat-abdullah-joined-bnp-zaima-rahman-request/188139
146. Rumor Scanner. (2026p, January 19). Hasnat Abdullah, joining the BNP, is depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/hasnat-abdullah-joined-bnp-fake-claim-ai-photo/186590
147. Rumor Scanner. (2026q, January 5). Jamaat Amir meeting Ajit Doval depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/janaat-ameer-ajit-doval-meeting-ai-photo-fake-photocard/184477
148. Rumor Scanner. (2026r, January 15). Jamaat is refusing more than 30 seats to Charmonai Pir, fabricated in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-jamaat-will-not-give-more-than-30-seats-to-charmonai-pir/186262
149. Rumor Scanner. (2026s, January 8). JnUCSU vice-president election result announced through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-jnucsu-election-2026-result/185207
150. Rumor Scanner. (2026t, January 7). Khokon Das's wife is making a communal statement depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/khokon-das-murder-communal-attack-wife-ai-video/184926
151. Rumor Scanner. (2026u, January 26). Police criticism of BNP loan-defaulter candidates was fabricated through an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/claim-police-ai-video-bnp-election-2026/187946
152. Rumor Scanner. (2026v, February 12). A police officer is shown supporting the Awami League in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/police-officer-supports-awami-league-ai-video/192675
153. Rumor Scanner. (2026w, January 13). The police statement linking the gas crisis to Sheikh Hasina was fabricated using AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-lpg-gas-sheikh-hasina-police-statement/185851
154. Rumor Scanner. (2026x, January 21). The police statement that an election was impossible without the Awami League was fabricated with AI. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-police-voting-awami-league/186971
155. Rumor Scanner. (2026y, January 7). Sajeeb Wazed Joy, meeting the South Korean president, depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-picture-joy-korean-president/184880
156. Rumor Scanner. (2026z, January 14). A soldier seeking votes for Jamaat is depicted in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/claim-army-staff-seeks-vote-for-jamaat-e-islami/185969
157. Rumor Scanner. (2026aa, January 4). Sylhet students marching for Hasina and the Awami League are depicted in an AI-generated image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/sheikh-hasina-awami-back-students-rally-ai/184322
158. Rumor Scanner. (2026ab, January 3). Tasnim Jara is calling the NCP a 'Razakar party' in an AI-generated video. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-video-tasnim-zara-ncp/184178
159. Rumor Scanner. (2026ac, January 19). Yunus, Tasnim Jara and Tamim Iqbal are campaigning against the referendum 'Yes' vote in AI-generated images. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/ai-images-against-yes-vote-dr-yunus-tasnim-jara-tamim-iqbal/186578
160. Rumor Scanner. (2026ad, January 4). Zaima Rahman was targeted through a sexually defamatory AI-edited image. https://rumorscanner.com/fact-check/edited-picture-of-zaima-rahman-false-claim-porn-star/184368
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