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Akdeniz (Çanakkale) Meralarının Ot Verimi ve Kalitesi ile Botanik Kompozisyonu ve Bazı Toprak Özellikleri

Year 2015, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 99 - 108, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Akdeniz ikliminin hakim olduğu Çanakkale’de farklı mera tipleri bulunmaktadır. Bunlar çok önemli doğal kaynaklardır. Çanakkale meralarını temsil eden sahil merası, tohumlanan mera, aşırı otlanan çalılı mera, çalılı taban mera ve korunan meraların botanik kompozisyonu, ot verimi, kalitesi ve otun mineral kapsamı belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında toprağın kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri de ortaya konmuştur. Bütün meralarda toplam 90 tür tespit edilmiştir. En az tür korunan merada belirlenmiştir. Sahil merasında baklagillerin oranı, korunan merada buğdaygillerin oranı, aşırı otlanan çalılı merada ise geniş yapraklı bitkilerin oranı en fazla olmuştur. Meraların korunması ile verim ciddi oranda artmıştır. Meraların ham protein oranı %9,10 ile %13,18; NDF %43,18–51,57; ADF %29,40–31,73; ADL %9,40–10,80; kül miktarı ise %11,81–13,90 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Farklı mera otunun elementleri arasında S, Se, ve Co istatistikî olarak önemli fark olmazken, geriye kalan tüm elementler arasında önemli fark belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, meralar arasında toprağın pH’sı, kireç kapsamı, alınabilir Ca, Mn, Cu içerikleri bakımından fark bulunmazken, alınabilir P, K, Na, Fe, Zn ve hacim ağırlığı değerleri farklılık göstermiştir. Araştırma yapılan mera topraklarının hiçbirisinde tuzlanma sorunu yoktur. En fazla organik madde kapsamı korunan merada (%3,77), en az organik madde ise sahil merasında (%1,9) belirlenmiştir. Sahil merası kumlu tın, çalılı taban mera killi tın, tohumlanan mera killi, korunan ve aşırı otlanan çalılı meralar ise kumlu tın bünyeye sahiptirler

References

  • Akalan, İ., 1988. Toprak Bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları: 1058, Ders Kitabı: 309, 346 s. Ankara.
  • Alhamad, M.N., 2006. Ecological and species diversity of arid Mediterranean grazing land vegetation. J. Arid Environ. 66: 698–715.
  • Amonallahi, J., Ahmad, M.A., Ghasem, A.D.T., 2011. Relationship between plants evening and soil properties in the rangeland, Lar National Park, Iran. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6 (24): 5551–5557.
  • AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 125 p. Arlington, VA, USA.
  • Arzani, H., Basiri, M., Khatibi, F., Ghorbani, G., 2006. Nutritive value of some Zagros mountain rangeland species. Smal Ruminant Res. 65: 128–135.
  • Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H., 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 363–375. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Canbolat,M., Avağ, A., 2004. Soil physical and chemical properties and the range quality degree of Erzurum– Pasinler rangelands. International Soil Congress on Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development, 7–10 June, Erzurum–Turkey.
  • Çetiner, M., Gökkuş, A., Parlak, M., 2012. Yapay bir merada otlatmanın bitki örtüsü ve toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 27 (2): 80–88.
  • Elçi, Ş.. 2005. Baklagil ve Buğdaygil Yem Bitkileri. T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. 486 s. Ankara.
  • El–Shatnawi, M.K., Mohawesh, Y.M., 2000. Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush in semiarid grasslands of Jordan. J. Range Manage. 53: 211–214.
  • Eyüpoğlu, F., 1999. Türkiye Topraklarının Verimlilik Durumu. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları Genel Yayın No: 220, Teknik Yayın No: T–67, 122 s. Ankara.
  • Ganskopp, D., Bohnert, D., 2001. Nutritional dynamics of seven northern Great basin grasses. J. Range Manage. 54: 640–647.
  • Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle–size analysis. In: Klute, A. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 383–409. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Gökkuş, A., Alatürk, F., Özaslan Parlak, A., 2011. Çanakkale’ de otlatma alanlarının hayvancılıktaki önemi. Çanakkale Tarımı Sempozyumu (Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği). 10–11 Ocak, s. 71–79, Çanakkale.
  • Hakyemez, B.H., Özaslan Parlak, A., Çelik, S., Gökkuş, A., 2008. Soil chemical differences between pasture types in Southern Marmara, Turkey. Asian J. Chem. 20 (8): 6483–6493.
  • Hartwell, T.G., Facelli, J.M., 2003. Different effects of shade induced facilitation on growth and survival during the establishment of a chenopod shrub. J. Ecol. 91: 941–950.
  • Jafarian, Z., Kargar, M., Ghorbani, J., 2013. Comparison of soil physical and chemical properties in grassland and shrub land communities, Iran. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 44: 331–338.
  • Kacar, B., İnal, A., 2010. Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Yayın. 912 s. Ankara.
  • Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1999. Çanakkale İli Arazi Varlığı. İl Rapor No: 17. Ankara.
  • Le Houerou,H.N., 1981. Impact of man and his animals on Mediterranean vegetation. In: Castri, F., Goodall, D.W., Specht, R.L. (Eds). Mediterranean–type Shrublands, Ecosystems of the World 11: 479–521. Elsevier Science Publishers Co.: New York, NY.
  • Lindsay, W.L., Norwell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA micronutrient soil test. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42 (3): 421–428.
  • McDonald,P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinchair, L.A., Wilkinson, R.G., 2011. Animal Nutrition. 7 th Edition. Longman, Wiley, New York.
  • Mikhailova, E.A., Bryant, R.B., Cherney, D.J.R., Post, C.J., Vassenev, I.I., 2000. Botanical composition, soil and forage quality under different management regimes in Russian grasslands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 80: 213–226.
  • Nelson,R.E., 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 181–197. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Nelson, R.E., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 539–580. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Noy–Meir, I., 1990. Responses of two semiarid rangeland communities to protection from grazing. Israel J. Bot. 39: 431–442.
  • Olsen, S.R., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 403–430. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Ozgul, M., Oztas, T., 2002. Overgrazing effect on rangeland soil properties. International Conference on Sustainable Land Use and Management. 10–13 June, pp. 290–295. Canakkale–Turkey.
  • Özaslan Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., Hakyemez, B.H., Baytekin, H., 2011b. Forage yield and quality of kermes oak and herbaceous species throughout a year in Mediterranean zone of western Turkey. J. Food Agric. Environ. 9 (1): 510–515.
  • Özaslan Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., Demiray, H.C., 2011a. Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in grazing lands of southern Marmara, Turkey. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobo. 39 (1): 96–106.
  • Parlak, M., Gökkuş, A., Özaslan Parlak, A., 2012. Çanakkale meralarında bazı çalıların toprak özelliklerine etkileri. Toprak Su Dergisi. 1 (2): 88–98.
  • Pessarakli, M., Szabolcs, I., 1999. Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factors. In: Pessarakli, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress: 1–16. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
  • Post, W.M., 2002. Organic matter, global distribution in world ecosystems. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science: 899–903. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, USA.
  • Şen, Ç., Hatipoğlu, R., Çınar, S., 2011. Kilis ilinin bazı köylerindeki meralarda vejetasyon yapısı üzerine bir araştırma. Türkiye 9. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, 12–15 Eylül, s. 1737–1742, Bursa.
  • Quideau, S.A., 2002. Organic matter accumulation. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science: 891–894. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, USA.
  • Raunkiaer, C., 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils, Handbook No 60. U.S.D.A.
  • Taşova, H., Akın, A., 2013. Marmara bölgesi topraklarının bitki besin maddesi kapsamlarının belirlenmesi, veri tabanının oluşturulması ve haritalanması. Toprak Su Dergisi. 2 (2): 83–95.
  • Türkeş,M., Savaş, T., Baytekin, H., Uğur, K., 2011. Çanakkale’ de olası iklim değişmeleri ve tarımsal üretime etkileri. Çanakkale Tarım Sempozyumu (Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği). 10–11 Ocak, s. 257–270, Çanakkale.
  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, non– starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 3583–3597.
  • Wilman, D., Derrick, R.W., 1994. Concentration and availability to sheep of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in chickweed, dandelion, dock, ribwort and spurrey, compared with perennial ryegrass.The J. Agric. Sci. 122 (2): 217–223.
  • Zhao, Y., Peth, S., Krummelbein, J., Horn, R., Wang, Z., Steffen, M., Hoffmann, C., Peng, X., 2007. Spatial variability of soil properties affected by grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia grassland. Ecol. Model. 205: 241–254.
  • Zoi, M.P., Athanassios, P., Eleni, M.A., Apostolos, P.K., Paraskevi, S., Constantinos, N.T., 2014. Influence of combined grazing by wild boar and small ruminant on soil and plant nutrient contents in a coppice oak forest. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177: 783–791.

Forage Yield and Quality, Botanical Composition and Some Soil Characteristics of Mediterranean (Canakkale) Rangelands

Year 2015, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 99 - 108, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Mediterranean climate is dominant and there are several types of rangelands in Canakkale. These rangelands are significant natural sources of the province. In this study, botanical composition, hay yield, forage quality and mineral content of coastal rangeland, reseeded rangeland, overgrazed shrubland, lowland shrubland and ungrazed rangeland were determined. Besides, soil physical and chemical characteristics were also put forth. A total of 90 species were identified in entire rangelands. The least number of species were identified in ungrazed rangelands. Fabacea was at the highest ratio in coastal rangeland, poacea in ungrazed rangeland and broad–leafed species in overgrazed shrubland. Significant increases were observed in yields with the preservation practices. Crude protein ratios varied between 9.10–13.18%; NDF between 43.18–51.57%; ADF between 29.40–31.73%; ADL between 9.40–10.80%; ash ratio between 11.81–13.90%. While the differences in S, Se, and Co contents were not found to be significant, the differences in other element contents were significant. While the differences in soil pH, lime content, available Ca, Mn, Cu contents were not significant, significant differences were observed in available P, K, Na, Fe, Zn contents and bulk density. Salinity problem was not observed in any of the rangelands. The highest organic matter content (3.77%) was observed in ungrazed rangeland and the lowest value (1.9%) was seen in coastal rangeland. Coastal rangeland had sandy–loam texture, lowland shrubland had clay–loam texture, reseeded rangeland had clay texture and ungrazed–overgrazed shrubland rangelands had sandy–loam texture

References

  • Akalan, İ., 1988. Toprak Bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları: 1058, Ders Kitabı: 309, 346 s. Ankara.
  • Alhamad, M.N., 2006. Ecological and species diversity of arid Mediterranean grazing land vegetation. J. Arid Environ. 66: 698–715.
  • Amonallahi, J., Ahmad, M.A., Ghasem, A.D.T., 2011. Relationship between plants evening and soil properties in the rangeland, Lar National Park, Iran. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6 (24): 5551–5557.
  • AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 125 p. Arlington, VA, USA.
  • Arzani, H., Basiri, M., Khatibi, F., Ghorbani, G., 2006. Nutritive value of some Zagros mountain rangeland species. Smal Ruminant Res. 65: 128–135.
  • Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H., 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 363–375. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Canbolat,M., Avağ, A., 2004. Soil physical and chemical properties and the range quality degree of Erzurum– Pasinler rangelands. International Soil Congress on Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development, 7–10 June, Erzurum–Turkey.
  • Çetiner, M., Gökkuş, A., Parlak, M., 2012. Yapay bir merada otlatmanın bitki örtüsü ve toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 27 (2): 80–88.
  • Elçi, Ş.. 2005. Baklagil ve Buğdaygil Yem Bitkileri. T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. 486 s. Ankara.
  • El–Shatnawi, M.K., Mohawesh, Y.M., 2000. Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush in semiarid grasslands of Jordan. J. Range Manage. 53: 211–214.
  • Eyüpoğlu, F., 1999. Türkiye Topraklarının Verimlilik Durumu. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları Genel Yayın No: 220, Teknik Yayın No: T–67, 122 s. Ankara.
  • Ganskopp, D., Bohnert, D., 2001. Nutritional dynamics of seven northern Great basin grasses. J. Range Manage. 54: 640–647.
  • Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W., 1986. Particle–size analysis. In: Klute, A. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 383–409. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Gökkuş, A., Alatürk, F., Özaslan Parlak, A., 2011. Çanakkale’ de otlatma alanlarının hayvancılıktaki önemi. Çanakkale Tarımı Sempozyumu (Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği). 10–11 Ocak, s. 71–79, Çanakkale.
  • Hakyemez, B.H., Özaslan Parlak, A., Çelik, S., Gökkuş, A., 2008. Soil chemical differences between pasture types in Southern Marmara, Turkey. Asian J. Chem. 20 (8): 6483–6493.
  • Hartwell, T.G., Facelli, J.M., 2003. Different effects of shade induced facilitation on growth and survival during the establishment of a chenopod shrub. J. Ecol. 91: 941–950.
  • Jafarian, Z., Kargar, M., Ghorbani, J., 2013. Comparison of soil physical and chemical properties in grassland and shrub land communities, Iran. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 44: 331–338.
  • Kacar, B., İnal, A., 2010. Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Yayın. 912 s. Ankara.
  • Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1999. Çanakkale İli Arazi Varlığı. İl Rapor No: 17. Ankara.
  • Le Houerou,H.N., 1981. Impact of man and his animals on Mediterranean vegetation. In: Castri, F., Goodall, D.W., Specht, R.L. (Eds). Mediterranean–type Shrublands, Ecosystems of the World 11: 479–521. Elsevier Science Publishers Co.: New York, NY.
  • Lindsay, W.L., Norwell, W.A., 1978. Development of a DTPA micronutrient soil test. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42 (3): 421–428.
  • McDonald,P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinchair, L.A., Wilkinson, R.G., 2011. Animal Nutrition. 7 th Edition. Longman, Wiley, New York.
  • Mikhailova, E.A., Bryant, R.B., Cherney, D.J.R., Post, C.J., Vassenev, I.I., 2000. Botanical composition, soil and forage quality under different management regimes in Russian grasslands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 80: 213–226.
  • Nelson,R.E., 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 181–197. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Nelson, R.E., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 539–580. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Noy–Meir, I., 1990. Responses of two semiarid rangeland communities to protection from grazing. Israel J. Bot. 39: 431–442.
  • Olsen, S.R., Sommers, L.E., 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 403–430. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  • Ozgul, M., Oztas, T., 2002. Overgrazing effect on rangeland soil properties. International Conference on Sustainable Land Use and Management. 10–13 June, pp. 290–295. Canakkale–Turkey.
  • Özaslan Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., Hakyemez, B.H., Baytekin, H., 2011b. Forage yield and quality of kermes oak and herbaceous species throughout a year in Mediterranean zone of western Turkey. J. Food Agric. Environ. 9 (1): 510–515.
  • Özaslan Parlak, A., Gökkuş, A., Demiray, H.C., 2011a. Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in grazing lands of southern Marmara, Turkey. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobo. 39 (1): 96–106.
  • Parlak, M., Gökkuş, A., Özaslan Parlak, A., 2012. Çanakkale meralarında bazı çalıların toprak özelliklerine etkileri. Toprak Su Dergisi. 1 (2): 88–98.
  • Pessarakli, M., Szabolcs, I., 1999. Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factors. In: Pessarakli, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress: 1–16. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
  • Post, W.M., 2002. Organic matter, global distribution in world ecosystems. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science: 899–903. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, USA.
  • Şen, Ç., Hatipoğlu, R., Çınar, S., 2011. Kilis ilinin bazı köylerindeki meralarda vejetasyon yapısı üzerine bir araştırma. Türkiye 9. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, 12–15 Eylül, s. 1737–1742, Bursa.
  • Quideau, S.A., 2002. Organic matter accumulation. In: Lal, R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Soil Science: 891–894. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, USA.
  • Raunkiaer, C., 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils, Handbook No 60. U.S.D.A.
  • Taşova, H., Akın, A., 2013. Marmara bölgesi topraklarının bitki besin maddesi kapsamlarının belirlenmesi, veri tabanının oluşturulması ve haritalanması. Toprak Su Dergisi. 2 (2): 83–95.
  • Türkeş,M., Savaş, T., Baytekin, H., Uğur, K., 2011. Çanakkale’ de olası iklim değişmeleri ve tarımsal üretime etkileri. Çanakkale Tarım Sempozyumu (Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği). 10–11 Ocak, s. 257–270, Çanakkale.
  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A., 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, non– starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 3583–3597.
  • Wilman, D., Derrick, R.W., 1994. Concentration and availability to sheep of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in chickweed, dandelion, dock, ribwort and spurrey, compared with perennial ryegrass.The J. Agric. Sci. 122 (2): 217–223.
  • Zhao, Y., Peth, S., Krummelbein, J., Horn, R., Wang, Z., Steffen, M., Hoffmann, C., Peng, X., 2007. Spatial variability of soil properties affected by grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia grassland. Ecol. Model. 205: 241–254.
  • Zoi, M.P., Athanassios, P., Eleni, M.A., Apostolos, P.K., Paraskevi, S., Constantinos, N.T., 2014. Influence of combined grazing by wild boar and small ruminant on soil and plant nutrient contents in a coppice oak forest. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177: 783–791.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA28MD83HM
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Altıngül Özaslan Parlak This is me

Mehmet Parlak This is me

Ahmet Gökkuş This is me

Hasan Can Demiray This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özaslan Parlak, A., Parlak, M., Gökkuş, A., Demiray, H. C. (2015). Forage Yield and Quality, Botanical Composition and Some Soil Characteristics of Mediterranean (Canakkale) Rangelands. COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 3(1), 99-108.