Araştırma Makalesi

Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2026 13 Temmuz 2026
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Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the levels of self-handicapping and self-esteem among swimming referees registered within the Turkish Swimming Federation, to determine whether these levels differ according to selected demographic and refereeing-related variables, and to reveal the relationship between the two scale scores.

Method: The population of the study consisted of 3931 referees registered with and actively working in the Turkish Swimming Federation, and the sample consisted of 164 swimming referees randomly selected from the population. The Self-Handicapping Scale developed by Rhodewalt (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Akın (2012), and the Self-Esteem Scale developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted into Turkish by Tukuş (2010) were used to collect data. A personal information form was used for demographic data. Due to the non-normal distribution of the data, the Mann–Whitney U test was used for pairwise group comparisons, the Kruskal–Wallis H test for comparisons of more than two groups, and Spearman’s rho correlation analysis for examining the relationship between variables. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple pairwise comparisons that were found to be significant.

Results: The findings showed no significant difference in self-handicapping and self-esteem scores according to gender and marital status. Self-handicapping scores showed a significant difference according to referee category and experience duration; in post hoc analyses, it was determined that only candidate referees had higher self-handicapping scores than regional referees. Self-esteem scores, on the other hand, differed significantly according to education level, referee category, experience duration, number of competitions officiated, and place of residence. Furthermore, a weak, negative, and significant correlation was found between self-handicapping and self-esteem.

Conclusion: The study findings indicate that self-handicapping and self-esteem in swimming referees are more related to occupational characteristics such as refereeing level, experience, and competition exposure than to basic demographic variables. Particularly in lower refereeing categories and among referees with more limited experience, a higher tendency towards self-handicapping and lower self-esteem was observed. These results suggest that professional development processes should be considered in understanding the psychological characteristics of swimming referees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Etik Beyan

The author declares that the research was conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Teşekkür

The author thanks his students and colleagues, Sevcan TÜZÜN and Semra DOĞAN, for their invaluable contributions in data collection.

Kaynakça

  1. Akın, A., Abacı, R., & Akın, Ü. (2011). Self-handicapping: A conceptual analysis. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(3), 1155–1168.
  2. Akın, A. (2012). Kendini sabotaj ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Education and Science, 37(164), 176-187.
  3. Avugos, S., MacMahon, C., Bar-Eli, M., & Raab, M. (2021). Inter-individual differences in sport refereeing: A review of theory and practice. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101926.
  4. Bloß, N., Schorer, J., Loffing, F., & Büsch, D. (2020). Physical load and referees’ decision-making in sports games: A scoping review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(1), 149–157.
  5. Castagna, C., Abt, G., & D’Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Medicine, 37(7), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00006
  6. Castillo-Rodriguez, A., Rodríguez-Caparros, J. L., Figueiredo, A., Gonzalez-Fernandez, F. T., & Onetti-Onetti, W. (2023). Cause-effect: The relationship between role and experience with psychological and physical responses in the competition context in soccer referees. Journal of Human Kinetics, 89, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/169174
  7. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. Routledge.
  8. Coudevylle, G. R., Gernigon, C., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2011). Self-esteem, self-confidence, anxiety and claimed self-handicapping: A mediational analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(6), 670–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.05.008

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

13 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Mart 2026

Kabul Tarihi

27 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2026

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kamuk, Y. U. (2026). Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees. 9(2026), 459-480. https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB
AMA
1.Kamuk YU. Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees. ÇOMÜSBD. 2026;9(2026):459-480. https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB
Chicago
Kamuk, Yetkin Utku. 2026. Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees. 9 (2026): 459-80. https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB.
EndNote
Kamuk YU (01 Temmuz 2026) Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees. 9 2026 459–480.
IEEE
[1]Y. U. Kamuk, “Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees”, ÇOMÜSBD, c. 9, sy 2026, ss. 459–480, Tem. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB
ISNAD
Kamuk, Yetkin Utku. “Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees” 9/2026 (01 Temmuz 2026): 459-480. https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB.
JAMA
1.Kamuk YU. Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees. ÇOMÜSBD. 2026;9:459–480.
MLA
Kamuk, Yetkin Utku. Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees. sy 2026, Temmuz 2026, ss. 459-80, https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB.
Vancouver
1.Yetkin Utku Kamuk. Self-Handicapping and Self-Esteem Levels of Swimming Referees [Internet]. C. 9. 01 Temmuz 2026;9(2026):459-80. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA35BT76XB

Sayın Araştırmacılar,

Spor Bilimleri alanındaki çalışmaları içeren uluslararası nitelikte ve hakemli dergi olarak yayımlanan ÇOMÜ Spor Bilimleri Dergisi'nin 2026 yılında yayınlanacak makaleleri için dergimizin kapsamı dahilinde olan konularla ilgili özgün araştırma ve derleme türünde İngilizce makaleler kabul edilecektir. Bu anlamda 2026 yayın dönemi için 2026 yılı Kasım ayı sonuna kadar makale gönderilebilir. Bilgilerinize sunulur.

Editör Prof. Dr. Hürmüz KOÇ