THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL IDENTITY AND POLICAL ISLAM AND IN EGYPT

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 59, 194 - 218, 24.01.2026

Ahmet Emin Dağ

https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1621527

Öz

This study aims to analyze the complex relationship between Political Islam and national identity in Egypt from a historical perspective, focusing on their effects on the country's political, social, and cultural structures. Political Islam, as a movement advocating for a social order based on religious values in Egypt, emerged in the second half of the 19th century as a response to reactions against Western modernization. Following Egypt's colonial occupation, Political Islam evolved into an organized movement starting in the early 20th century. In this context, it is emphasized that Political Islam, beyond being a religious ideology, has played a decisive role in shaping social and political structures. National identity, on the other hand, is the sense of belonging that is formed around a society's shared history, culture, language, and values. It has been observed that Political Islam is one of the key elements shaping the concept of national identity in modern Egypt, although this relationship has sometimes led to conflicts and divisions. This study also examines the impact of Political Islam on different social classes that contribute to the formation of national identity in Egypt. Particularly, in rural areas and communities closely tied to traditional values, the influence of Political Islam is stronger, while urban and educated classes exhibit different social tendencies and a search for modernization. This differentiation has determined the nature of the relationships between Political Islam and other dynamics constituting national identity over time. Additionally, since the British occupation years, the Western perception of Islamist movements in Egypt, often associated with political instability, has further complicated their impact on national identity. The future of Political Islam in Egypt will be shaped by a range of factors, including social change, demands from the younger population, global political developments, and Egypt's economic situation. Therefore, understanding the fundamental dynamics of past relations will also facilitate a better understanding of contemporary Egyptian politics. Given that Political Islam is expected to continue playing a significant role in Egypt's political landscape, ideological diversity on one hand and societal transformations on the other will influence this relationship.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egypt , Political Islam , National Identity , Middle East

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval is not required.

Destekleyen Kurum

There is no supporting institution.

Mısır'da Ulusal Kimlik ve Siyasal İslam Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu çalışma, Mısır’da Siyasal İslam ile ulusal kimlik arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alarak, bu iki kavramın Mısır’ın siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel yapıları üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Siyasal İslam, Mısır’da dini değerlere dayalı bir toplumsal düzen kurmayı savunan bir hareket olarak, kökenleri Batılı modernleşmeye karşı tepkilerin bir sonucu olarak XIX. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ortaya çıkmıştır. Mısır’ın Batılı işgal altına girmesi ardından XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren örgütlü bir yapıya dönüşen Siyasal İslam, bu bağlamda, sadece dini bir ideoloji olmanın ötesinde, toplumsal ve siyasal yapının şekillenmesinde belirleyici rol oynayan güçlü bir aktör olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Ulusal kimlik ise, bir toplumun ortak tarih, kültür, dil ve değerler etrafında şekillenen aidiyet duygusudur. Siyasal İslam’ın, modern dönem Mısır’da ulusal kimlik anlayışını biçimlendiren temel unsurlardan biri olduğu ancak bazen bu ilişkinin çatışmalara ve ayrışmalara yol açtığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Siyasal İslam’ın Mısır’daki ulusal kimliği oluşturan farklı sosyal sınıflar üzerindeki etkilerini de incelemektedir. Özellikle kırsal bölgelerde ve geleneksel değerlere sıkı sıkıya bağlı toplum kesimlerinde Siyasal İslam’ın etkisi daha güçlü iken, kentli ve eğitimli sınıflarda daha farklı toplumsal eğilimler ve modernleşme arayışları görülmüştür. Bu farklılaşma dönemsel olarak ulusal kimliği oluşturan diğer dinamikler ile Siyasal İslam arasındaki ilişkilerin doğasını belirlemiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, İngiliz işgal yıllarından itibaren Batı’nın Mısır’daki İslamcı hareketlere bakışı, siyasi istikrarsızlıkla ilişkilendirilerek, bu hareketlerin ulusal kimlik üzerindeki etkilerini daha da karmaşıklaştırmıştır. Mısır’da Siyasal İslam’ın geleceği, toplumsal değişim, genç nüfusun talepleri, küresel siyasi gelişmeler ve Mısır’ın ekonomik durumu gibi bir dizi faktöre bağlı olarak şekilleneceği için, geçmişteki ilişkinin temel dinamiklerini çözümlemek güncel Mısır siyasetini anlamayı da kolaylaştıracaktır. Siyasal İslam’ın gelecekte de Mısır siyasetinde etkili bir rol oynamaya devam edeceği göz önüne alındığında, bir yanda ideolojik çeşitlilik ve öbür yanda toplumdaki dönüşümler bu ilişkiyi etkileyecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mısır , Siyasal İslam , Ulusal kimlik , Ortadoğu

Etik Beyan

Etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum yoktur.

Kaynakça

• Abdelrahman, M. (2014). Egypt’s Long Revolution: Politics, Economics, and Society. London: Routledge.
• Aknur, M. (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood in Politics in Egypt:From Moderation to Authoritarianism? Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, (33), 1-25.
• Akram, A. R. (1994). The Political Economy of Modern Egypt, New Yorkk: Cambridge University Press.
• al-Anani, K. (2015). Upended Path: The Rise and Fall of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood. Middle East Journal, 69(4), 527–543.
• al-Anani, K. (2021). Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood: Old Problems and New Divisions. Arab Center Washington DC, https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-old-problems-and-new-divisions/
• al-Arian, A. (2018). Islamist Movements and the Arab Spring, Islam and Civilization Renewal (ICR) Journal, 9 (4):47-73. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i4.94.
• al-Aswad, S. (2016). State, Nation, And Islamism In Contemporary Egypt: An Anthropological Perspective, Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 45 (1-2), 63-92.
• al-Awadi, H. (2013). Islamists in Power: the Case of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Contemporary Arab Affairs, 6 (4): 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2013.856079.
• Ali, T. (2003). The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity, London: Verso Publish.
• Amara, M. (2013)."الحركات الإسلامية في العالم العربي", Kahire: Dar al-Shorouk.
• Ansari, Z. I. (1959). Islam and Nationalism In Contemporary Egypt—Earlier Developments, Pakistan Horizon, 12(3), 230-247.
• Ansarī, Z. I. (1961). Contemporary Islam and Nationalism a Case Study of Egypt, Die Welt des Islams, (7)1, 3-38.
• Awad, M. & Hashem, M. (2015). Egypt’s Escalating Islamist Insurgency, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Publications Department.
• Ayubi, N. N. M. (1980). The Political Revival of Islam: The Case of Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12(4), 481–499.
• Badran, M. (2009). Feminism in Islam: Secular and Religious Convergences. London: Oneworld Book.
• Bayat, A. (2022). Islamic Movements. Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, in D. A. Snow, D. Porta, B. Klandermans and D. McAdam (eds). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm318.pub2.
• Blaydes, L. (2011). Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Burgat, F. (2003). Face to Face with Political Islam. London: I.B. Tauris.
• Cleveland, W. L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Denver: Westview Press.
• Durac, V. (2018). Opposition Party Political Dynamics in Egypt from the 2011 Revolution to Sisi, in D. Conduit, S. Akbarzadeh (eds), New Opposition in the Middle East, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Erdoğan, A. (2020). Egypt’s Arab Fall: Understanding the Organization and Policies of the Muslim Brotherhood, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 9(3), 2154-1278.
• Esposito, J. & Voll, J. (2001). Islam and Democracy. Oxford University Press.
• Feldman, H. (2016). Secularism, Islamism and the Challenge of Democracy in MENA, Journal of Middle Eastern Politics, 18(3), 102-115.
• Gerges, F. A. (1999). Islamic Movements and Political Change in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gershoni, I. (1992). The Evolution of National Culture in Modern Egypt: Intellectual Formation and Social Diffusion, 1892-1945, Poetics Today, 13(2), 325-350.
• Ghadban, F. (2011). "الإخوان المسلمون: من الحركة إلى الجماعة", Kahire: Dar Al-Tanwir.
• Gümüşkaya, H. (2022). Mısır’da İslami Hareketler: İhvan-ı Müslimin ve Selefi Gruplar, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Dergisi, 5(1), 20-37. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1077173.
• Hourani, A. (1983). Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kaya, M. (2018). Mısır’da Sosyal Adalet ve İslamcı Hareketler. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
• Kenney, J. T. (2012). Millennial Politics in Modern Egypt: Islamism and Secular Nationalism in Context and Contest. Numen, 59(5-6), 427-455.
• Kepel, G. (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press.
• Kepel, G. (2006). The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. Belknap Press.
• Korany, B. & Mahdi, R. (2012,). The Protesting Middle East, in Bahgat Korany, Rabab El-Mahdi (eds.), Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond, Kahire: The American University in Cairo Press.
• Kutluer, İ. (200). İslamcılık, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, cilt 23, İstanbul: TDV.
• Lacouture, J. (1970). Nasser: A Biography. London: Penguin Books.
• Lapidus, I. M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Lee, R. D. (2014). Religion and Politics in the Middle East: Identity, Ideology, Institutions, and Attitudes, Denver: Westview Press.
• Lia, B. (1998). The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of Islamic Mass Movement. London: Ithaca Press.
• Lynch, M. (2012). The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. Washington: PublicAffairs.
• Mamdani, M. (2013). The Arab Spring and the Politics of National Identity, Global Politics Review, 11(2), 34-46.
• Matesan, I. E. (2012). The Impact of the Arab Spring on Islamist Strategies. Journal of Strategic Security, 5(2), 27–46.
• Mitchell, R. (1991). The Society of the Muslim Brothers. London: Oxford University Press.
• Moaddel, M. (2005). Islamic Modernism, Nationalism and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Muhammad, F., & Bahri, A. H. (2022). Characteristic and Attributes of the Modernization of Islam in Egypt . Pappaseng: International Journal of Islamic Literacy and Society, 1(2), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.56440/pijilis.v1i2.42.
• Murat, T. (2013). Kuruluşundan İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonuna Kadar Mısır Siyasetinde Vafd Partisi, Fırat Üniversitesi Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 159-173.
• Nasr, V. (2005). Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Özdemir, A. (2023). Efgânî-Abduh-Reşid Rıza Arasındaki Etkileşim Üzerine Bir Okuma, Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi, 11(1), s. 37-68.
• Rezaei, M. (2015). Egypt and Democracy Dilemma, The African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 9(6), s. 217-224.
• Rıza, R. (1993). الإصلاح في الفكر الإسلامي, Kahire: Dar al-Fikr el-Arabi.
• Salama, M. (2018). Islam and the Culture of Modern Egypt From the Monarchy to the Republic, Cambridge: Campridge University Press.
• Setiyono, M. A. (2023). From Pan-Arabism to Pharaonism: Egypt’s Gradual Change of National Identity during the Sisi Era, Global Strategis, 17(2), s. 307-320.
• Shain, M. (2009). Minorities in the Middle East: Christians and Jews. London: Routledge.
• Shukrallah, H. (1994). The Impact of the Islamic Movement in Egypt. Feminist Review, 47(1), 15–32.
• Smith, A. D. (1991). National Identity. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
• Stein, E. (2015). Jihad Discourse in Egypt under Muhammad Mursi, E. Kendall E. - Stein, (eds.), Twenty-First Century Jihad Law, Society and Military Action, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Tahhan, M. M. (2005). "الإخوان المسلمون في مصر", Kuveyt: Souforum.
• Tignor, R. L. (2004). Egypt: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, New York: Yale University Press.
• Zeidan, M. (2013). Islamism, Nationalism and the Identity Crisis in Egypt, Arab Studies Quarterly, 35(1), 12-29.
• Zubaida, S. (1993). Islam, the State and Political Theory: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. London: I.B. Tauris.