Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Avrupa’da Politika Yapım Süreçlerine Çok Boyutlu Angajmanı: Türkiye’deki Belediyeler ve Kalkınma Ajansları Örneği

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB), bölgesel ve yapısal fonları aracılığıyla üye ve aday ülkelerde değişen ölçülerde mekansal yeniden yapılanmaya ve yerelleşmeye katkıda bulunmuştur. AB’ye resmi adaylığı bağlamında, bahsi geçen süreçler doğal olarak Türkiye’nin geleneksel siyasasını da etki altına almıştır. Çok boyutlu yönetişim yazarları, Avrupalılaşma sürecinin, üye ve aday ülkelerde, sadece hükümetlerarası ilişkileri değil aynı zamanda ulusaltı hareketliliği ve mekansal temsili de teşvik ettiğini belirtmiştir. Ancak Türkiye örneğinden hareketle, akademisyenler şu ana kadar hükümetlerarası etkileri dikkate almış ulusaltı yönetimlerin AB faaliyetlerini görmezden gelmişlerdir. Türkiye’deki ulusaltı yönetimlerin analiz edildiği bu çalışma ile literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulması hedeflenmiştir. Yarı-yapılandırılmış mülakat yöntemi ve 85 ulusaltı yönetime uygulanan kesitsel anket verilerinden elde edilen bulgulara dayalı olan bu makalede ulusaltı hareketlilik literatüründen faydalanılmıştır. Ayrıca makalede, genel anlamda Türkiye’deki ulusaltı yönetimlerin AB politikalarına, özelde ise bu yönetimlerin ulusaltı hareketlilik konusuna olan farkındalıklarını ve değişen davranışlarını detaylı bir şekilde tahlil edilebilmesi için Avrupalılaşma ve çok boyutlu yönetişim analitik kavramlarına yer verilmiştir. Temel bulgular, bir çok ulusaltı yönetimin AB fırsatlarından istifade etmek için organizasyonel değişikliğe gitmiş olmalarına rağmen, sadece bazılarının AB’deki resmi organlarla iletişime geçtiğini, bölgelerarası örgütlere katılım sağladığını ve Brüksel’de kurulacak bir temsil ofisi açılmasına giriştiğini göstermiştir. Bu gelişmeler çok boyutlu siyasaya doğru bir trendin olduğunu gösterse de, devam eden gelişmeler belirsizliğini korumaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupalılaşma, Çok Boyutlu Yönetişim, Ulusaltı

The Multi-Level Engagement of Subnational Administrations in European Policy-Making Process: The Case of Turkish Municipalities and Regional Development Agencies

Öz

The European Union (EU) via its regional policy and structural funds has contributed to the territorial restructuring and decentralization in member (and candidate) states in varying degrees. Because of its official candidacy to the EU, such process has naturally affected the traditional Turkish polity. The scholars of Multi Level Governance indicate that the Europeanization process not only affects intergovernmental relations, but also promotes subnational mobilization and territorial representation in member (and applicant) states. Scholars have so far analyzed the former account for Turkey, but neglected the EU activities of Turkish subnational administrations (SNAs). In analyzing the situation for Turkish SNAs, this paper targets at filling this gap in the literature. Based on the original findings from semi-structured interviews and on a cross-sectional survey of 85 SNAs in Turkey, the research utilises the subnational mobilization literature. It also incorporates the analytical concepts of Europeanization and multi-level governance to explore the awareness and the attitude of Turkish SNAs towards the EU politics in general and the issue of subnational mobilization in particular. The finding suggests that although many SNAs have gone through the internal arrangements in order to benefit from the EU opportunities, only select subset of them have interacted with the formal EU institutions, joined the interregional organizations, and attempted to establish liaison offices in Brussels. These changes confirm the trend towards multi-level polity, yet the ongoing developments remain to be seen

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Europeanization, multi level governance, subnational mobilization, territorial representation, Turkish subnational administrations

Kaynakça

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41. Interview Participants
42. #1: Senior Planing Expert in General Directorate of Regional Development and Structural Adjustment, Ministry of Development, Ankara, (12.04.2011).
43. #2: Head of Department in General Directorate of Regional Development and Structural Adjustment, Ministry of Development, Ankara, (19.04. 2011).
44. #3: Sector Manager in Regional Development and Cross Border Cooperation, Del- egation of the European Union to Turkey, Ankara, (13.04.2011).
45. #4: Secretary General, The Union of Municipalities of Turkey, Ankara, (26.04.2012).
46. #5: EU Coordinator, Municipality of Sarıyer, İstanbul, (15.12.2011).
47. #6: Expert in EU Info Centre, Association of Aegean Industrialists and Business- men, İzmir, (09.12.2011).
48. #7: Gaziantep Chamber of Commerce, (Deputy Secretary General) and (Senior Ex- pert in EU Info Centre), Gaziantep, (02.12. 2011).
49. #8: EU Expert, İzmir Metropolitan Municipality, Izmir, (08.12.2011).
50. #9: Head of Department, Ministry of Interior, General Directorate of Local Authori- ties, Ankara, (13.04.2011).
51. #10: Head of Department, Ministry of European Union, Directorate for Social, Re- gional and Innovative Policies Director, Ankara, (14.04.2011).
52. #11: Head of Department in the Implementation of Projects, Ministry of European Union, Ankara, (15.04.2011).
53. #12: Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), Interviews in Gov- ernance Studies, Coordinator and policy analysts, Ankara, (14.04.2011).
54. #13: (Former) Director of International Cooperation, Union of Municipalities of Marmara, İstanbul, (15.12.2011).
55. #14: Deputy Head of Unit, IPA/ISPA, Accession Negotiations Team, DG Regio, Brussels (21.06.2012).
56. #15: Programme Assistant-EU Policies Turkey, DG Enlargement, Brussels, (19.06.2012).
57. #16: Representative to the EU, Member of Socialist International, Republician Peo- ple’s Party (CHP, Turkish Acronym), Brussels, (19.06.2012).
58. #17: Desk Officer, the CoR, Brussels, (18.06.2012).
59. #18: Policy Advisor in PES Group Secretariat, the Committee of Regions, Brussels, (18.06.2012).
60. #19: Free Lancer Lobbysist, Glocal, Brussels, (21.06.2012).
61. #20: Honorary Representative EU-Belgium for the Metropolitan Municipality of Gaziantep, Brussels, (21.06.2012).
62. #21: Head of Unit, Enlargement and European Economic Area, European Parlia- ment, Brussels (21.06.2012).
63. #22: Secretary General, the European Association of Development Agencies, Brus- sels, (Email Interview, 17.07.2012).
64. #23: Expert, the Union of Municipalities of Turkey, the Department of International Relations Ankara, (11.04. 2011).
65. #24: Expert for Local Administrations, the Municipality of Yalova, the director of Local Agenda 21, Yalova (phone interview on 02.04. 2010).
66. APPENDIX 1: SURVEY PARTICIPANTS (The Name of Organizations)
67. City Municipals (CMs) Metropolitian
68. Municipalities (MMs) 1) Adana MM 2) Ankara MM 3) Antalya MM
69. ) Diyarbakır MM 5) Erzurum MM 6) Eskisehir MM
70. ) Gaziantep MM 8) İstanbul MM 9) Kayseri MM 10) Kocaeli MM 11) Konya MM 12) Mersin MM 13) Sakarya MM 14) Samsun MM
71. Regional Development
72. Agencies (RDAs) 1) Adıyaman CM
73. ) Afyonkarahisar CM 3) Ağrı CM 4) Aksaray CM 5) Amasya CM 6) Ardahan CM 7) Artvin CM 8) Aydın CM
74. ) Balıkesir CM 10) Bartın CM 11) Bayburt CM 12) Bilecik CM 13) Bitlis CM
75. ) Çanakkale CM 15) Çankırı CM 16) Corum CM 17) Denizli CM 18) Düzce CM 19) Edirne CM 20) Elazığ CM 21) Giresun CM
76. ) Gümüşhane CM 23) Hakkari CM 24) Hatay CM 25) Iğdır CM 26) Isparta CM 27) Karabuk CM 28) Karaman CM 29) Kars CM
77. ) Kastamonu CM 31) Kilis CM 32) Kırıkkale CM
78. ) Kahramanmaraş CM 34) Kütahya CM 35) Malatya CM 36) Muğla CM 37) Muş CM
79. ) Nevşehir CM 39) Niğde CM 40) Ordu CM 41) Siirt CM 42) Sinop CM 43) Sirnak CM 44) Sivas CM 45) Tokat CM 46) Trabzon CM 47) Tunceli CM
80. ) Şanlı Urfa CM 49) Uşak CM 50) Van CM 51) Yalova CM 1) Ahiler 2) Çukurova
81. ) Doğu Anadolu 4) Dicle 5) Doğu Akdeniz
82. ) Doğu Marmara 7) Fırat 8) Güney Ege
83. ) Güney Marmara 10) İpek Yolu 11) İstanbul 12) İzmir
84. ) Batı Akdeniz 14) Karacadağ
85. ) Kuzey Doğu Anadolu
86. ) Kuzey Anadolu 17) Mevlana
87. ) Orta Karadeniz 19) Trakya 20) Zafer