Finansal Kapsayıcılık ve Reel Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler, Gelişmiş Ülkeler ve Dünya Örneği

Öz

Bireylerin ve işletmelerin finansal sisteme entegrasyonunu kolaylaştıran finansal kapsayıcılık, ekonomik süreçlere daha geniş bir katılım sağlamakta ve ekonomik kalkınmaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Son birkaç yılda, Türkiye finansal kapsayıcılığı artırma konusunda, büyük ölçüde dijital teknolojideki gelişmelere atfedilen önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmiştir. Ancak, bu ilerlemenin ekonomik büyümeyi ne ölçüde desteklediği hala tartışılmaktadır. Finansal kapsayıcılığı ölçmek için genellikle banka hesabı sahipliği, mobil ödeme platformlarının kullanımı ve krediye erişim gibi göstergeler kullanılmaktadır. Bu göstergeler, ekonomik büyümeyi hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı yollarla etkiler. Finansal hizmetlere artan erişim, işletmelerin finansmana daha kolay ulaşmasını sağlarken, bireylerin tasarruflarını daha etkili bir şekilde yönetmelerine yardımcı olur. Bununla birlikte, yetersiz finansal okuryazarlık, finansal kapsayıcılığın ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etme potansiyelini azaltabilir. IMF'nin Uluslararası Finansal Endeksi'nden 2009-2022 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak ve ARDL modeliyle yapılan Türkiye'nin finansal kapsayıcılık göstergelerinin ayrıntılı bir değerlendirmesi, finansal kapsayıcılığın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin görece sınırlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Düşük gelirli grupların finansal hizmetlere sınırlı erişimi ve bölgesel eşitsizliklerin devam etmesi gibi çeşitli zorluklar, finansal kapsayıcılığın ekonomik kalkınmayı etkili bir şekilde yönlendirme potansiyelini kısıtlamaktadır. Türkiye'nin finansal kapsayıcılık göstergeleri, gelişmiş ülkelerinkinin hala gerisinde kalsa da, dijital finansal hizmetlerin artan kullanım oranı, gelecekteki ilerleme için fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Diğer ülkelerden elde edilen kanıtlar, daha yüksek finansal kapsayıcılık seviyelerinin ekonomik büyümeyi dönüştürücü bir şekilde destekleyebileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, Türkiye'nin finansal kapsayıcılığın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki tam faydalarını henüz gerçekleştiremediğini göstermektedir. Gelecek araştırmalar, finansal kapsayıcılığa yönelik politikaları optimize etmeyi ve bunların etkisini artıracak yaklaşımlar geliştirmeyi hedeflemelidir. Önemli girişimler arasında finansal okuryazarlığın artırılması, dijital finansal platformların erişiminin genişletilmesi ve finansal hizmetlere erişimdeki bölgesel eşitsizliklerin ele alınması yer alabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sanayi devrimleri
• finansal kapsayıcılık
• dijital finans
• finansal kurumlara erişim endeksi
• reel ekonomik büyüme

The Relationship Between Financial Inclusion and Real Economic Growth: Examples from Turkey, Developing Countries, Developed Countries, and the World

Öz

Facilitating the integration of individuals and enterprises into the financial system, financial inclusion promotes wider engagement in economic processes and contributes to economic development. Over the past few years, Turkey has made significant strides in enhancing financial inclusion, largely attributed to advancements in digital technologies. Nevertheless, the precise role of these improvements in driving economic growth remains a topic of ongoing discussion. Key indicators such as bank account ownership, the utilization of mobile payment platforms, and access to credit are commonly used to measure financial inclusion. These indicators influence economic growth through both direct and indirect channels. Increased access to financial services enables businesses to obtain funding more effectively and supports individuals in managing their savings. However, limited financial literacy can act as a barrier, reducing the potential positive effects of financial inclusion on economic growth. An in-depth analysis of Turkey's financial inclusion indicators, utilizing data from the IMF's International Financial Index spanning 2009 to 2022 and assessed through the ARDL methodology, indicates a modest influence of financial inclusion on economic growth. Several challenges, such as inadequate access to financial services for low-income populations and ongoing regional disparities, have limited the capacity of financial inclusion to significantly propel economic advancement. While Turkey's financial inclusion indicators still fall short of those seen in developed countries, the increasing uptake of digital financial services highlights opportunities for future progress. Evidence from other nations underscores that higher levels of financial inclusion can play a transformative role in fostering economic growth. The findings suggest that Turkey has yet to realize the full economic benefits of financial inclusion. Future studies should aim to optimize policies targeting financial inclusion and develop approaches to enhance their effectiveness. Key initiatives may include promoting financial literacy, expanding the reach of digital financial platforms, and addressing regional disparities in access to financial services.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Industrial Revolutions
• Financial Inclusion
• Digital Finance
• Financial Institutions Access Index
• Real Economic Growth

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