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A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations

Yıl 2023, , 249 - 270, 28.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159

Öz

The concept of activist public relations challenging corporate public relations, which regards activist publics as the obstacles to an organization’s effectiveness, brings up the activist function of public relations for discussion. The conceptualization of activist public relations asserts that public relations is used to oppose the corporate public relations contending that activist publics are obstacles for organizations and must be managed. This study aims to set forth the dimensions of activist public relations by introducing the studies claiming not only organizations (non-governmental organizations and corporations) but also activist publics and public figures, who are not members of any organization, use public relations tactics. The study proposes a categorization for the scope and dimensions of activist public relations. This categorization focuses on whether the activist publics are organized within an organization or not, and asserts that activist public relations has two dimensions: an ‘organizational dimension’ and ‘societal dimension’. According to this categorization, organizational activism and the public relations practices of NGOs should be categorized under the ‘organizational dimension’ while Internet activism and the public relations practices of public figures should be categorized under the ‘social dimension’ of activist public relations.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, E. (2020). Halkla ilişkilere toplumsal yaklaşım: kadına yönelik şiddet karşıtı dijital kampanyalar üzerine bir inceleme. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Ankara University. google scholar
  • Aktaş Yamanoğlu, M., Gençtürk Hızal, G. S., & Özdemir, B. P. (2013). Türkiye'de halkla ilişkiler tarihi: kurumsallaşma yılları 1960-1980. De Ki google scholar
  • Allagui, I. (2017). Towards organisational activism in the UAE: a case study approach. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 258-266. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.12.007 google scholar
  • Bernays, E. L. (1928). Propaganda. Horace Liveright. google scholar
  • Bhagwat, Y., Warren, N. L., Beck, J. T. & Watson IV, G. F. (2020). Corporate sociopolitical activism and firm value. Journal of Marketing, 84(5), 1-21. 10.1177/0022242920937000 google scholar
  • Bisbe, M., Molner, E., & Jiménez, M. (2019). Public intellectuals, political satire and the birth of activist public relations: The case of Attic Comedy. Public Relations Review, 45(5), 1-6. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.05.011 google scholar
  • Brown, R. E. (2003). St. Paul as a public relations practitioner: a metatheoretical speculation on messianic communication and symmetry. Public Relations Review, 229-240. 10.1016/S0363-8111(03)00024-9 google scholar
  • Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. (2011). The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc Publics (Pp. 25-27). Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/46515/1/The_Use_of_Twitter_Hashtags_in_the_Formation_o f_ Ad_Hoc_Publics_(final).pdf google scholar
  • Byerly, C. M. (1993). Toward a comprehensive history of public relations. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, (pp. 2-23). google scholar
  • Ciszek, E. L. (2015). Review Bridging the gap: mapping the relationship between activism and public relations. Public Relations Review, 20(4), 447-455. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.05.016 google scholar
  • Ciszek, E., Mocarski, R., Price, S., & Almeida, E. (2021). Discursive stickiness: Affective institutional texts and activist resistance. Public Relations Inquiry, 10(3), 295-310. 10.1177/2046147X211008388 google scholar
  • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2012). Privileging an activist vs. a corporate view of public relations history in the U.S. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 347-353. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.11.010 google scholar
  • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2014). It's not just PR: public relations in society. Wiley- Blackwell. google scholar
  • Corvellec, H., & Stâl, H. I. (2019). Qualification as corporate activism: How Swedish apparel retailers attach circular fashion qualities to take-back systems. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 35(3), 1-9. 10.1016/j. scaman.2019.03.002 google scholar
  • Demetrious, K. (2022). Deep canvassing: Persuasion, ethics, democracy and activist public relations. Public Relations Inquiry, 11 (3), 361-377. 10.1177/2046147X211033838 google scholar
  • Dozier, D. M., & Lauzen, M. M. (2000). Liberating the intellectual domain from the practice: public relations, activism, and the role of the scholar. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 3-22. 10.1207/ S1532754XJPRR1201_2 google scholar
  • Eilert, M., & Nappier Cherup, A. (2020). The activist company: examining a company's pursuit of societal change through corporate activism using an institutional theoretical lens. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 39(1), 461-76. 10.1177/0743915620947408 google scholar
  • Grunig, J. E. (1989). Sierra Club Study shows who become activists. Public Relations Review, 15(3), 3-24. 10.1016/ S0363-8111(89)80001-3 google scholar
  • Grunig, J. E. (2005). İletişim, halkla ilişkiler ve etkin örgütler: Kitaba genel bir bakış. J. E. Grunig (Ed.) & E. Özsayar (Trans.). Halkla İlişkiler ve İletişim Yönetiminde Mükemmellik (pp. 11-40). Rota Yayınları. google scholar
  • Grunig, L. A. (2005). Eylemcilik: örgütlerin etkinliğini nasıl sınırlıyor ve mükemmel halkla ilişkiler departmanları nasıl karşılık vermeli? J. E. Grunig, (Ed.) & E. Özsayar (Trans.). Halkla İlişkiler ve İletişim Yönetiminde Mükemmellik (pp. 527-556). Rota Yayınları. google scholar
  • Gülal Şahin, E. (2021). Dijitalleşme çağında aktivist halkla ilişkiler: uluslararası literatür üzerine bir analiz. International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Media and Communication Research, 4 (2): 108-138. 10.33464/ mediaj.1004598 google scholar
  • Heath, R. L., & Waymer, D. (2009). Activist public relations and the paradox of the positive: a case study of Frederick Douglass' "Fourth of July Address” R. L. Heath, E. L. Toth & D. Waymer (Eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations II (pp. 195-215). Routledge. google scholar
  • Holtzhausen, D. R. (2000). Postmodern values in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 93114. 10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1201_6 google scholar
  • Holtzhausen, D. R., & Voto, R. (2002). Resistance from the margins: the postmodern public relations practitioner as organizational activist. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14(1), 57-84. 10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1401_3 google scholar
  • Hon, L. (2015). Digital social advocacy in the Justice for Trayvon Campaign. Journal of Public Relations Research, 27(4), 299-321. 10.1080/1062726X.2015.1027771 google scholar
  • Honda, L. P. (2016). Motivations for activists' participation in the 'It Gets Better Project'. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 253-276. 10.1177/2046147X15625710 google scholar
  • Karaaslan Şanlı, H. & Bozkurt, E. (2022). Aktivizm ve halkla ilişkiler üzerine çarpışan paradigmalar: anti-aktivist söylemden aktivist halkla ilişkilere uzanan yolun haritası. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (1), 63-77. 10.33537/sobild.2022.13.1.6 google scholar
  • Klein, N. (2000). No logo. Flamingo. google scholar
  • Ledingham, J. A. (2009). Genel bir halkla ilişkiler teorisi olarak ilişki yönetimini açımlamak. F. Keskin, & B. P. Özdemir (Eds.), Halkla İlişkiler Üzerine: Disiplinlerarası Bir Alanın Yönelimleri (pp. 117-140). Dipnot. google scholar
  • L'Etang, J. (2016). Public relations, activism and social movements: Critical perspectives. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 207-211. 10.1177/2046147X16675665 google scholar
  • McCown, N. (2007). The role of public relations with internal activists. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(1), 47-68. 10.1080/10627260709336595 google scholar
  • McQueen, D. (2015). CSR and new battle lines in online PR war: a case study of the energy sector and its discontents. A. Adi, G. Grigore, & D. Crowther (Eds.), Corporate Social Responsibility in the Digital Age: Developments in Corporate Governance and Responsibility (volume 7) (pp. 99-125). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. google scholar
  • Moloney, K., McQueen, D., Surowiec, P., & Yaxley, H. (2013). Dissent and protest public relations. Dissent and Public Relations Seminar Series. Public Relations Research Group, The Media School, Bournemouth University. google scholar
  • Mummery, J. & Rodan, D. (2019). Becoming activist: the mediation of consumers in Animals Australia's Make It Possible campaign. Media International Australia, 172(1),48-60. 10.1177/1329878X19853077 google scholar
  • Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179. google scholar
  • Özdemir, B. P., & Aktaş Yamanoğlu, M. (2010). Türkiye'deki sivil toplum kuruluşları web sitelerinin diyalojik iletişim kapasiteleri üzerine bir inceleme. Ankyra: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2), 3-36. 10.1501/sbeder_0000000018 google scholar
  • Pasirayi, S., Fennell, P. & Follmer, K. B. (2022). #Activism: Investor reactions to corporate sociopolitical activism. Business & Society, 1-41.10.1177/00076503221110457 google scholar
  • Reyes, C. (2018). Spokesperson is a four-letter word: Public relations and power in Occupy New York. Public Relations Inquiry, 7(3), 243- 259. 10.1177/2046147X18796532 google scholar
  • Sancar, G. A. (2017). Aktivist halkla ilişkiler bağlamında WWF dünya saati kampanya örneği. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi “akademia", 5(1), 2-18. 10.17680/erciyesakademia.291883 google scholar
  • Sanchez, J., Pintado, T. & Löpez-Aza, C. (2022). Companies taking a stand: the effect of corporate activism on Wall Street. Global Business Review, 1-22. 10.1177/09721509221130151 google scholar
  • Sejrup, J. (2014). Awakening the sufferers: Reflections on public relations, activism, and subalternity in postcolonial controversies between Taiwan and Japan. Public Relations Inquiry, 3(1), 51-68. 10.1177/2046147X13519637 google scholar
  • Sen, S. (2022). Organizational activism undertaken and its ramifications faced by public relations practitioners, examined through the lens of postmodernism. Public Relations Inquiry, 1-23. 10.1177/2046147X211071032 google scholar
  • Smith, M. F. (2013). Activism. R. L. Heath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Relations (pp. 6-8). Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Smith, M. F., & Ferguson, D. P. (2001). Activism. R. L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (pp. 291-300). Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Stokes, A. Q., & Rubin, D. (2010). Activism and the limits of symmetry: the public relations battle between Colorado GASP and Philip Morris. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(1), 26-48. 10.1080/10627260903150268 google scholar
  • Thompson, G. (2016). Towards a theory of rent-seeking in activist public relations. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 213-231. 10.1177/2046147X16644005 google scholar
  • Toledano, M. (2016). Advocating for reconciliation: public relations, activism, advocacy and dialogue. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 277-294. 10.1177/2046147X16666595 google scholar
  • Vos, T. P. (2011). Explaining the origins of public relations: logics of historical explanation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 23(2), 119-140. 10.1080/1062726X.2010.504793 google scholar
  • Wakefield, R. I. (2007). Theory of international public relations, the internet, and activism: A personal reflection. Journal of Public Relations Research, 20(1), 138-157. google scholar
  • Williams, D. K., Archer, C. J. & O'Mahony, L. (2022). Calm the farm or incite a riot? Animal activists and the news media: A public relations case study in agenda-setting and framing. Public Relations Inquiry, 11(3), 403-425. 10.1177/2046147X211055192 google scholar
  • Wolf, K. (2019). 'PRi special edition: The intersections between public relations and neoliberalism'- The road to nowhere: Re-examining activists' role in civil societies. Public Relations Inquiry, 8 (2), 167-188. 10.1177/2046147X19846578 google scholar
  • Yıldırım Becerikli, S. (2005). Uluslararası halkla ilişkiler. Nobel. google scholar
  • Yıldırım Becerikli, S. (2008). Ve halkla ilişkiler: Şeytanın avukatlığından arabuluculuğa; bir disiplinin eleştirel analizi. Karınca. google scholar

Aktivist halkla ilişkilerin kapsamı ve boyutları üzerine teorik bir tartışma

Yıl 2023, , 249 - 270, 28.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159

Öz

Aktivist kamuları örgütlerin etkinliği için engel olarak gören kurumsal halkla ilişkiler literatürüne meydan okuyan aktivist halkla ilişkiler kavramsallaştırması, halkla ilişkiler pratiğinin aktivist fonksiyonunu tartışmaya açmaktadır. Aktivist halkla ilişkiler kavramsallaştırması, halkla ilişkiler pratiğinin aktivist kamular tarafından da kullanıldığını ileri sürmekte ve aktivist kamuları yönetilmesi gereken ve kurumlar için engel oluşturan kamular olarak gören kurumsal yaklaşıma karşı çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma ise, aktivist halkla ilişkilerin sadece kurumlar tarafından (sivil toplum kuruluşları ve şirketler) değil, aynı zamanda herhangi bir kuruma üye olmayan aktivist kamular ve kamusal figürler aracılığıyla da yapıldığını iddia eden araştırmaları tartışmaya dahil ederek, aktivist halkla ilişkilerin boyutlarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışma, aktivist halkla ilişkilerin boyutlarına ve kapsamına yönelik bir kategorilendirme önermektedir. Aktivist halkla ilişkiler pratiğinin bir örgüte bağlı olarak yapılıp yapılmadığını temel alan bu kategorilendirme, aktivist halkla ilişkilerin ‘örgütsel’ ve ‘toplumsal’ olmak üzere iki boyutunun olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Önerilen kategorilendirme çerçevesinde, örgütsel aktivizm ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının halkla ilişkiler pratiklerinin aktivist halkla ilişkilerin boyut’una, İnternet aktivizmi ve kamusal figürlerin halkla ilişkiler pratiklerinin ise aktivist halkla ilişkilerin ‘toplumsal boyut’una dahil edilmesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, E. (2020). Halkla ilişkilere toplumsal yaklaşım: kadına yönelik şiddet karşıtı dijital kampanyalar üzerine bir inceleme. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Ankara University. google scholar
  • Aktaş Yamanoğlu, M., Gençtürk Hızal, G. S., & Özdemir, B. P. (2013). Türkiye'de halkla ilişkiler tarihi: kurumsallaşma yılları 1960-1980. De Ki google scholar
  • Allagui, I. (2017). Towards organisational activism in the UAE: a case study approach. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 258-266. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.12.007 google scholar
  • Bernays, E. L. (1928). Propaganda. Horace Liveright. google scholar
  • Bhagwat, Y., Warren, N. L., Beck, J. T. & Watson IV, G. F. (2020). Corporate sociopolitical activism and firm value. Journal of Marketing, 84(5), 1-21. 10.1177/0022242920937000 google scholar
  • Bisbe, M., Molner, E., & Jiménez, M. (2019). Public intellectuals, political satire and the birth of activist public relations: The case of Attic Comedy. Public Relations Review, 45(5), 1-6. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.05.011 google scholar
  • Brown, R. E. (2003). St. Paul as a public relations practitioner: a metatheoretical speculation on messianic communication and symmetry. Public Relations Review, 229-240. 10.1016/S0363-8111(03)00024-9 google scholar
  • Bruns, A., & Burgess, J. (2011). The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc Publics (Pp. 25-27). Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/46515/1/The_Use_of_Twitter_Hashtags_in_the_Formation_o f_ Ad_Hoc_Publics_(final).pdf google scholar
  • Byerly, C. M. (1993). Toward a comprehensive history of public relations. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, (pp. 2-23). google scholar
  • Ciszek, E. L. (2015). Review Bridging the gap: mapping the relationship between activism and public relations. Public Relations Review, 20(4), 447-455. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.05.016 google scholar
  • Ciszek, E., Mocarski, R., Price, S., & Almeida, E. (2021). Discursive stickiness: Affective institutional texts and activist resistance. Public Relations Inquiry, 10(3), 295-310. 10.1177/2046147X211008388 google scholar
  • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2012). Privileging an activist vs. a corporate view of public relations history in the U.S. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 347-353. 10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.11.010 google scholar
  • Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2014). It's not just PR: public relations in society. Wiley- Blackwell. google scholar
  • Corvellec, H., & Stâl, H. I. (2019). Qualification as corporate activism: How Swedish apparel retailers attach circular fashion qualities to take-back systems. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 35(3), 1-9. 10.1016/j. scaman.2019.03.002 google scholar
  • Demetrious, K. (2022). Deep canvassing: Persuasion, ethics, democracy and activist public relations. Public Relations Inquiry, 11 (3), 361-377. 10.1177/2046147X211033838 google scholar
  • Dozier, D. M., & Lauzen, M. M. (2000). Liberating the intellectual domain from the practice: public relations, activism, and the role of the scholar. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 3-22. 10.1207/ S1532754XJPRR1201_2 google scholar
  • Eilert, M., & Nappier Cherup, A. (2020). The activist company: examining a company's pursuit of societal change through corporate activism using an institutional theoretical lens. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 39(1), 461-76. 10.1177/0743915620947408 google scholar
  • Grunig, J. E. (1989). Sierra Club Study shows who become activists. Public Relations Review, 15(3), 3-24. 10.1016/ S0363-8111(89)80001-3 google scholar
  • Grunig, J. E. (2005). İletişim, halkla ilişkiler ve etkin örgütler: Kitaba genel bir bakış. J. E. Grunig (Ed.) & E. Özsayar (Trans.). Halkla İlişkiler ve İletişim Yönetiminde Mükemmellik (pp. 11-40). Rota Yayınları. google scholar
  • Grunig, L. A. (2005). Eylemcilik: örgütlerin etkinliğini nasıl sınırlıyor ve mükemmel halkla ilişkiler departmanları nasıl karşılık vermeli? J. E. Grunig, (Ed.) & E. Özsayar (Trans.). Halkla İlişkiler ve İletişim Yönetiminde Mükemmellik (pp. 527-556). Rota Yayınları. google scholar
  • Gülal Şahin, E. (2021). Dijitalleşme çağında aktivist halkla ilişkiler: uluslararası literatür üzerine bir analiz. International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Media and Communication Research, 4 (2): 108-138. 10.33464/ mediaj.1004598 google scholar
  • Heath, R. L., & Waymer, D. (2009). Activist public relations and the paradox of the positive: a case study of Frederick Douglass' "Fourth of July Address” R. L. Heath, E. L. Toth & D. Waymer (Eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations II (pp. 195-215). Routledge. google scholar
  • Holtzhausen, D. R. (2000). Postmodern values in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 93114. 10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1201_6 google scholar
  • Holtzhausen, D. R., & Voto, R. (2002). Resistance from the margins: the postmodern public relations practitioner as organizational activist. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14(1), 57-84. 10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1401_3 google scholar
  • Hon, L. (2015). Digital social advocacy in the Justice for Trayvon Campaign. Journal of Public Relations Research, 27(4), 299-321. 10.1080/1062726X.2015.1027771 google scholar
  • Honda, L. P. (2016). Motivations for activists' participation in the 'It Gets Better Project'. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 253-276. 10.1177/2046147X15625710 google scholar
  • Karaaslan Şanlı, H. & Bozkurt, E. (2022). Aktivizm ve halkla ilişkiler üzerine çarpışan paradigmalar: anti-aktivist söylemden aktivist halkla ilişkilere uzanan yolun haritası. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (1), 63-77. 10.33537/sobild.2022.13.1.6 google scholar
  • Klein, N. (2000). No logo. Flamingo. google scholar
  • Ledingham, J. A. (2009). Genel bir halkla ilişkiler teorisi olarak ilişki yönetimini açımlamak. F. Keskin, & B. P. Özdemir (Eds.), Halkla İlişkiler Üzerine: Disiplinlerarası Bir Alanın Yönelimleri (pp. 117-140). Dipnot. google scholar
  • L'Etang, J. (2016). Public relations, activism and social movements: Critical perspectives. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 207-211. 10.1177/2046147X16675665 google scholar
  • McCown, N. (2007). The role of public relations with internal activists. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(1), 47-68. 10.1080/10627260709336595 google scholar
  • McQueen, D. (2015). CSR and new battle lines in online PR war: a case study of the energy sector and its discontents. A. Adi, G. Grigore, & D. Crowther (Eds.), Corporate Social Responsibility in the Digital Age: Developments in Corporate Governance and Responsibility (volume 7) (pp. 99-125). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. google scholar
  • Moloney, K., McQueen, D., Surowiec, P., & Yaxley, H. (2013). Dissent and protest public relations. Dissent and Public Relations Seminar Series. Public Relations Research Group, The Media School, Bournemouth University. google scholar
  • Mummery, J. & Rodan, D. (2019). Becoming activist: the mediation of consumers in Animals Australia's Make It Possible campaign. Media International Australia, 172(1),48-60. 10.1177/1329878X19853077 google scholar
  • Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179. google scholar
  • Özdemir, B. P., & Aktaş Yamanoğlu, M. (2010). Türkiye'deki sivil toplum kuruluşları web sitelerinin diyalojik iletişim kapasiteleri üzerine bir inceleme. Ankyra: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2), 3-36. 10.1501/sbeder_0000000018 google scholar
  • Pasirayi, S., Fennell, P. & Follmer, K. B. (2022). #Activism: Investor reactions to corporate sociopolitical activism. Business & Society, 1-41.10.1177/00076503221110457 google scholar
  • Reyes, C. (2018). Spokesperson is a four-letter word: Public relations and power in Occupy New York. Public Relations Inquiry, 7(3), 243- 259. 10.1177/2046147X18796532 google scholar
  • Sancar, G. A. (2017). Aktivist halkla ilişkiler bağlamında WWF dünya saati kampanya örneği. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi “akademia", 5(1), 2-18. 10.17680/erciyesakademia.291883 google scholar
  • Sanchez, J., Pintado, T. & Löpez-Aza, C. (2022). Companies taking a stand: the effect of corporate activism on Wall Street. Global Business Review, 1-22. 10.1177/09721509221130151 google scholar
  • Sejrup, J. (2014). Awakening the sufferers: Reflections on public relations, activism, and subalternity in postcolonial controversies between Taiwan and Japan. Public Relations Inquiry, 3(1), 51-68. 10.1177/2046147X13519637 google scholar
  • Sen, S. (2022). Organizational activism undertaken and its ramifications faced by public relations practitioners, examined through the lens of postmodernism. Public Relations Inquiry, 1-23. 10.1177/2046147X211071032 google scholar
  • Smith, M. F. (2013). Activism. R. L. Heath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Relations (pp. 6-8). Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Smith, M. F., & Ferguson, D. P. (2001). Activism. R. L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (pp. 291-300). Sage Publications. google scholar
  • Stokes, A. Q., & Rubin, D. (2010). Activism and the limits of symmetry: the public relations battle between Colorado GASP and Philip Morris. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(1), 26-48. 10.1080/10627260903150268 google scholar
  • Thompson, G. (2016). Towards a theory of rent-seeking in activist public relations. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 213-231. 10.1177/2046147X16644005 google scholar
  • Toledano, M. (2016). Advocating for reconciliation: public relations, activism, advocacy and dialogue. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 277-294. 10.1177/2046147X16666595 google scholar
  • Vos, T. P. (2011). Explaining the origins of public relations: logics of historical explanation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 23(2), 119-140. 10.1080/1062726X.2010.504793 google scholar
  • Wakefield, R. I. (2007). Theory of international public relations, the internet, and activism: A personal reflection. Journal of Public Relations Research, 20(1), 138-157. google scholar
  • Williams, D. K., Archer, C. J. & O'Mahony, L. (2022). Calm the farm or incite a riot? Animal activists and the news media: A public relations case study in agenda-setting and framing. Public Relations Inquiry, 11(3), 403-425. 10.1177/2046147X211055192 google scholar
  • Wolf, K. (2019). 'PRi special edition: The intersections between public relations and neoliberalism'- The road to nowhere: Re-examining activists' role in civil societies. Public Relations Inquiry, 8 (2), 167-188. 10.1177/2046147X19846578 google scholar
  • Yıldırım Becerikli, S. (2005). Uluslararası halkla ilişkiler. Nobel. google scholar
  • Yıldırım Becerikli, S. (2008). Ve halkla ilişkiler: Şeytanın avukatlığından arabuluculuğa; bir disiplinin eleştirel analizi. Karınca. google scholar
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Derleme Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ebru Akçay 0000-0002-4792-9680

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçay, E. (2023). A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(64), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159
AMA Akçay E. A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. Temmuz 2023;(64):249-270. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159
Chicago Akçay, Ebru. “A Theoretical Discussion on the Scope and the Dimensions of Activist Public Relations”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 64 (Temmuz 2023): 249-70. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159.
EndNote Akçay E (01 Temmuz 2023) A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 64 249–270.
IEEE E. Akçay, “A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 64, ss. 249–270, Temmuz 2023, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159.
ISNAD Akçay, Ebru. “A Theoretical Discussion on the Scope and the Dimensions of Activist Public Relations”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 64 (Temmuz 2023), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159.
JAMA Akçay E. A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023;:249–270.
MLA Akçay, Ebru. “A Theoretical Discussion on the Scope and the Dimensions of Activist Public Relations”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 64, 2023, ss. 249-70, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1103159.
Vancouver Akçay E. A theoretical discussion on the scope and the dimensions of activist public relations. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023(64):249-70.