Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 32, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571

Öz

There has been an increase in ideological and political polarisation in Türkiye. Society is divided into dichotomies such as modern-traditional, religious-secular, right-left, Turkish-Kurdish, and Sunni-Alawi; the distinction is not limited to these. The polarisation in Türkiye is similarly increasing on Ekşi Sözlük1 , one of the largest internet communities according to visit and interaction rates in Türkiye. This study aims to reveal the reasons and forms of polarisation caused by the Russia-Ukraine War among Ekşi Sözlük writers who were not party to the war, and it is significant in revealing the severity of polarisation in Türkiye. For this purpose, 8.144 entries on the thread were analysed using qualitative content analysis under nine headings. It was found that the parties were shaped on the axis of Russia and Ukraine/ the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)/the United States of America (USA) dualism. The majority of these entries increase polarisation by affirming the actions of the side they consider close to themselves. The conflict between the defenders of the two sides ranges from insulting opposing views to insulting other authors. The proportion of polarising entries in the headline was close to that found in other similar studies on polarisation in recent years.

Kaynakça

  • Akkılıç S. (2018). Social media as an otherisation space: Ekşi Sözlük and Armenians [Unpublished Master Dissertation]. Hacettepe University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Akyüz, S. S. (2017). With in the scope hostile media effect political tendency and objectivity sensation of mass media users in Türkiye [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Selçuk University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr /UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Akyüz, S. S., & Özkan, M. (2022). Information Processes in Times of Crisis: Analysis of Fake News Circulating in the Ukrainian-Russian War. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 66-82. https://doi. org/10.46442/intjcss.1213993 google scholar
  • Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020). The welfare effects of social media. American Economic Review, 110(3), 629-676. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658 google scholar
  • Alp, H. (2016). Çingenelere yönelik nefret söyleminin Ekşi Sözlük’te yeniden üretilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, 3(2), 143-172. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.305520 google scholar
  • Aristoteles. (1997). Nikomakhos’a etik (S. Babür, Trans.). Ayraç Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Aristoteles. (2001). Fizik (S. Babür, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Aydın Düzgit, S. (2023). Dünyadaki örnekler ışığında Türkiye’de kutuplaşma. Erdoğan, E., Carkoğlu, A. & Moral, M. (Eds.), Türkiye siyasetinin sınırları: Siyasal davranış, kurumlar ve kültür (pp. 236-250). Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Babacan, K., & Tam, M. S. (2022). The information warfare role of social media: fake news in the Russia - Ukraine War. Journal of Erciyes Communication(Special Issue 3), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyes iletisim.1137903 google scholar
  • Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Hunzaker, M. B. F., ... Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 115(37), 9216-9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115 google scholar
  • Barrett, P. M., Hendrix, J., & Sims, J. G. (2021). Fueling the fire: How social media intensifies U.S. political polarization and what can be done about it. New York University Center for Business and Human Rights. google scholar
  • Battır, S. (2023). International public policies and digital diplomacy; The role of new media instruments in the Russia-Ukraine war [Unpublished Master Dissertation]. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University. https:// earsiv.kmu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11492/7748?show=full google scholar
  • Bauman, Z. (2012). Küreselleşme: Toplumsal sonuçları (A. Yılmaz, Trans.; 4th ed.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bayhan, V. (2014). Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve Gezi Parkı direnişi. Birey ve Toplum, 4(7), 23-57. https://doi. org/10.20493/bt.15516 google scholar
  • Bertoa, F. C., & Rama, J. (2021). Polarization: What do we know and what can we do about it? Frontiers in Political Science, 3(June). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.687695 google scholar
  • Bilgiç, M. S., Koydemir, F. S., & Akyürek, S. (2014). Measuring polarization among identity groups in Türkiye through social distance and its effect on societal security. Bilge Strateji, 6(11), 163-205. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs/issue/3799/50960 google scholar
  • BilgiMag. (2022). Kutuplaşma bir arada yaşamamızı engelleyen küresel bir sorun. Retrieved June 12, 2023, from https://mag.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/haber/kutuplasma-bir-arada-yasamamizi-engelleyen-kuresel/ google scholar
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2021). Cross-country trends in affective polarization. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w26669 google scholar
  • Carothers, T., & O’Donohue, A. (2019, October). How to understand the global spread of political polarization? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/01/ how-to-understand-global-spread-of-political-polarization-pub-79893 google scholar
  • Coscia, M., & Rossi, L. (2022). How minimizing conflicts could lead to polarization on social media: An agent-based model investigation. PloS ONE, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263184 google scholar
  • Çakın, B. (2020). Farklılaşan ötekiler: Kürtlere ve Suriyeli sığınmacılara yönelik Ekşi Sözlük’te yer alan temsillerin karşılaştırılması. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(98), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.645944 google scholar
  • Çiçekdağı, M. (2022, May 21-23). Reflections of the Russia-Ukraine War on Tourism: Analysis of Twitter Comments [Symposium]. 15th International Congress of Social Sciences with Current Research, İstanbul, Türkiye . Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361136855_Rusya_Ukrayna_Savasinin_Turizme_ Yansimalari_Twitter_Yorumlari_Analizi google scholar
  • Dalton, R. J. (2006). Social modernization and the end of ideology debate: Patterns of ideological polarization. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 7(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109905002045 google scholar
  • Dalton, R. J. (2008). The quantity and the quality of party systems. Comparative Political Studies, 41(7), 899-920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008315860 google scholar
  • Donsbach, W., & Mothes, C. (2016). The dissonant self: Contributions from dissonance theory to a new agenda for studying political communication. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 3-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2013.11679124 google scholar
  • Durmuş, A. (2023). Sosyal Medyada Propaganda: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Örneği. AJIT-E: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 14(52), 41-69. https://doi.org/10.5824/ajite.2023.01.003.x google scholar
  • Epstein, D., & Graham, J. D. (2007). Polarized politics and policy consequences. Retrieved July 5, 2023, from https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP197.html google scholar
  • Erdoğan, E. (2016). Türkiye: Divided we stand (Vol. 118). The German Marshall fund of the Uniden States. Retrieved from https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/Erdogan_DividedWeStand_Apr16.pdf google scholar
  • Erdoğan, E., & Uyan Semerci, P. (2018). Fanusta diyaloglar: Türkiye’de kutuplaşmanın boyutları. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Erdoğan, E., & Uyan Semerci, P. (2022). Kutuplaşmayı nasıl aşarız? İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Göç Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi. google scholar
  • Ertugay, F. (2022). Historical origins of political polarization in Turkey/collective memory. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 55(2), 27-62. Retrieved from https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/Dergiler google scholar
  • Esteban, J.-M., & Mayoral, L. (2011). Ethnic and religious polarization and social conflict. Barcelona Economics Working Paper Series, 528, 1-45. Retrieved from http://www.iae.csic.es/investigatorsMaterial/a11310154128archivoPdf74270.pdf google scholar
  • Esteban, J.-M., & Schneider, G. (2008). Polarization and conflict: Theoretical and empirical issues. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307087168 google scholar
  • Fischer, S., & Hawkins, E. (2023). Polarization eats the developed world. Axios. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://www.axios.com/2023/01/16/political-polarization-developed-world google scholar
  • Gerbner, G. (1992). Persian Gulf war, the movie. H. Mowlana, G. Gerbner, & H. Schiller (Eds.), Triumph of the image: The media’s war in the Persian Gulf, a global perspective (pp. 243-265). Routledge. google scholar
  • Göksun, Y. (2022). Dijital çağda siyasetin değişen dili. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://www.setav. org/dijital-cagda-siyasetin-degisen-dili/ google scholar
  • Gözcü. (2023, May 5). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sayısı açıklandı. Sözcü https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem /turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi-aciklandi-7694160/ google scholar
  • Graneheim, U. H., Lindgren, B.-M., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56, 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002 google scholar
  • Gülener, S. (2007). Türk siyasetinde merkez-çevre ilişkilerinin seyri ve 27 mayıs 1960 darbesi. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (1), 36-67. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bilgisosyal/issue/29122/311543 google scholar
  • Hanley, H. W. A., Kumar, D., & Durumeric, Z. (2023a, June 5-8). Happenstance: Utilizing semantic search to track russian state media narratives about the Russo-Ukrainian war on reddit [Symposium]. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM2023), Limassol, Cyprus. google scholar
  • Hanley, H. W. A., Kumar, D., & Durumeric, Z. (2023b, June 5-8). A special operation: A quantitative approach to dissecting and comparing different media ecosystems’ coverage of the Russo-Ukrainian war [Symposium]. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM2023), Limassol, Cyprus. google scholar
  • Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass. The Bodley Head. google scholar
  • Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • Ipsos. (2018). BBC global survey: A world divided?. Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute. google scholar
  • Iwaniuk, J., Hivert, A.-F., Gauquelin, B., Gautheret, J., Stroobants, J.-P., Piquer, ... Chastand, J.-B. (2018). Avrupa'da sağ kutuplaşma yaratarak güçlenmek istiyor. Evrensel. https://www.evrensel.net/haber/360877/avrupada-sag-kutuplasma-yaratarak-guclenmek-istiyor google scholar
  • Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3, Fall), 405-431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038 google scholar
  • Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2002). Teaching children to be peacemakers. Interaction Book Company. google scholar
  • Kasalak, K., & Uçar, F. (2014). Türk siyasetinde cepheleşme/kutuplaşma olgusunun dinamikleri ve milliyetçi cephe hükümetleri. SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences(33), 41-54. Retrieved from https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sufesosbil/issue/75231/1234345 google scholar
  • Kentel, F. (2022). Türkiye’de bir arada yaşarız araştırması - Kutuplaşan toplumda bir arada yaşama kapasitesi. Bir Arada Yaşarız Eğitim ve Toplumsal Araştırmalar Vakfı (BAYETAV). google scholar
  • Kılıçaslan, E. (2022). The use of ideological language in the context of political communication in the internet journalism media: the case of Ukraine crisis news. Afro Eurasian Studies, 8(2),153-165. https://doi.org/ 10.33722/afes.1095890 google scholar
  • Kıraç, Ş. (2023, July 12). Korku nefrete dönüştü: Mülteciler kaygılandırıyor... Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet. com.tr/turkiye/korku-nefrete-donustu-multeciler-kaygilandiriyor-2098488 google scholar
  • Kirby, P. (2022). Has Putin’s war failed and what does Russia want from Ukraine? BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-56720589 google scholar
  • Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020). Demystifying content analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113 google scholar
  • KONDA. (2016). Konda şubat 16 barometresi - Suriyeli sığınmacılara bakış. KONDA Araştırma ve Danışmanlık. Retrieved November 07, 2023, from https://konda.com.tr/rapor/51/suriyeli-siginmacilara-bakis google scholar
  • Kondracki, N. L., Wellman, N. S., & Amundson, D. R. (2002). Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34(4, Jul-Aug), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60097-3 google scholar
  • Köksoy, E., & Kavoğlu, S. (2023). War communications: a review on the Russia-Ukraine War. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(41), 94-116. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1307447 google scholar
  • Kurt, E. V. (2015). Media and polarization: Evaluation of the representation of polarization in the media through the Gezi Park protests. Toplum ve Demokrasi, 9(19-20), 193-223. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/ pub/toplumdd/issue/22712/242414 google scholar
  • LeBas, A. (2018). Can polarization be positive? Conflict and institutional development in Africa. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218756923 google scholar
  • Lelkes, Y., Sood, G., & Iyengar, S. (2017). The hostile audience: The effect of access to broadband internet on partisan affect. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1, January), 5-20. Retrieved from https:// www.jstor.org/stable/26379489 google scholar
  • Levendusky, M. S., & Stecula, D. A. (2021). We need to talk. How cross-party dialogue reduces affective polarization. Elements in Experimental Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009042192 google scholar
  • Levy, R. (2021). Social media, news consumption, and polarization: Evidence from a field experiment. American Economic Review, 111(3), 831-870. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191777 google scholar
  • Mankoff, J. (2014). Russia’s latest land grab: How Putin won Crimea and lost Ukraine. Foreign Affairs, 93(3, May/ June), 60-68. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483406 google scholar
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics. Daedalus, 102(1, Post-Traditional Societies), 169-190. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20024114 google scholar
  • McCoy, J., Press, B., Somer, M., & Tuncel, Ö. (2022). Reducing pernicious polarization: A comparative historical analysis of depolarization. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https:// carnegieendowment.org/files/McCoy_et_al_-_Polarization_final_3.pdf google scholar
  • McCoy, J., Rahman, T., & Somer, M. (2018). Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 16-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218759576 google scholar
  • Menteşe, M., & İli, K. (2016). Social media and perception management. Ş. Ş. Erçetin & H. Bağcı (Eds.), Handbook of research on chaos and complexity theory in the social sciences (pp. 373-381). IGI Global. google scholar
  • Nemlioğlu, N. Ş. (2021). The role of the will to power in creating conflicts in Christopher Marlowe’s plays [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Maltepe University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Özçolak, A. (2022, March 26). Kutuplaşma veya bir arada yaşam - BAYETAV’ın “Türkiye’de bir arada yaşarız” araştırması - Bekir Ağırdır: “Ekonomiden sonra en önemli problem kutuplaşma”. Medyascope. Retrieved June 30, 2023, from https://medyascope.tv/2022/03/26/kutuplasma-veya-bir-arada-yasam-bayetavin-turkiyede-bir-arada-yasariz-arastirmasi-bekir-agirdir-ekonomiden-sonra-en-onemli-problem-kutuplasma/ google scholar
  • Öztemel, İ. Ş. (2022). Digital hegemony and the Russia-Ukraine War. İletişim ve Diplomasi(8), 43-57. https:// doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1124928 google scholar
  • Öztürk, Ş. (2023). An Assessment on the international system over the Russia-Ukraine War. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(32), 449-462. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/diclesosbed/issue/76043/ 1203938 google scholar
  • Pausch, M. (2021). The future of polarisation in Europe: Relative cosmopolitanism and democracy. European Journal of Futures Research, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-021-00183-2 google scholar
  • Perasso, V. (2018, April 23). Farklılıklarla yaşamak: On yıl öncesine kıyasla Avrupa ‘daha kutuplu’. BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43864098 google scholar
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16(1), 101-127. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242 google scholar
  • Putnam, L. L., & Fogler, J. P. (1988). Communication, conflict, and dispute resolution: The study of interaction and the development of conflict theory. Communication Research, 15(4), 349-359. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/009365088015004001 google scholar
  • Rahim, M. A. (2023). Managing conflict in organizations (5th ed.). Routledge. google scholar
  • Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution: The prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts (Revised and expanded 3rd ed.). Polity. google scholar
  • Rao, P. (2023, January 18). Which countries are the most polarized? Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www. visualcapitalist.com/polarization-across-28-countries/ google scholar
  • Reynolds, G. H. (2004). The blogs of war: How the internet is reshaping foreign policy. The National Interest (85, Spring), 59-64. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897526 google scholar
  • Settle, J. E. (2018). Frenemies: How social media polarizes America. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Shils, E. A. (1961). Centre and periphery. Polanyi Festschrift Committee (Ed.), The logic of personal knowledge: Essays presented to Michael Polanyi - essays presented to M. Polanyi on his seventieth birthday, 11th March, 1961, 117-130. Routledge and Kegan Paul. google scholar
  • Sığırcı, T. (2023). Disinformation in news about Russia and Ukraine War on social media: Twitter example. SMART Journal: Social, Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 9(75), 4481-4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/sm ryj.71417 google scholar
  • Similarweb.com. (2023a, October 1). Most visited dictionaries and encyclopedias websites in Turkey. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/turkey/reference-materials/diction aries-and-encyclopedias/ google scholar
  • Similarweb.com. (2023b, November 14). Top websites ranking - Most visited websites in Turkey. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/turkey/ google scholar Smidi, A., & Shahin, S. (2017). Social media and social mobilisation in the middle east: A survey of research on the arab spring. India Quarterly, 73(2), 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928417700798 google scholar
  • Somer, M. (2019). Türkiye: The slippery slope from reformist to revolutionary polarization and democratic breakdown. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1, January). https://doi. org/10.1177/0002716218818056 google scholar
  • Spurgin, K. M., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2017). Content analysis. B. M. Wildemuth (Ed.), Applications of social research methods to applications to question in information and library science. (2nd ed., pp. 307-317). Libraries Unlimited. google scholar
  • Sweeney, B., & Carruthers, W. L. (1996). Conflict resolution: History, philosophy, theory, and educational applications. The School Counselor (Special Issue: Conflict Resolution: Part I), 43(5), 326-344. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23897827 google scholar
  • Şahin, Y. (2013). Çatışma kuramları ve kimlik temelli çatışmalar; teorik bir giriş. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 1(1), 32-55. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/203069 google scholar
  • Şirvanlı, T. (2021). Reflections of political polarization in covid-19 news: A study on Hürriyet and Gazete Pencere. Selçuk İletişim, 14(2), 1005-1038. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.883597 google scholar Tam, M. S., & Kurtuluş, S. S. (2022). Audience reactions to YouTube videos about the Russia-Ukraine war. Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(6), 26-47. https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1106229 google scholar
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (n.d.). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/ google scholar
  • Tillett, G., & French, B. (2006). Resolving conflict: A practical approach (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Tufan Yeniçıktı, N. (2014). İletişimsel eylem ve Facebook: Gezi Parkı olaylarında sosyal medyanın gücü. Selçuk İletişim, 8(2), 263-284. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/178060 google scholar
  • Tunçer, Ç. P. (2020). Sosyal medya ve şiddet: Ekşi Sözlük’te Çinli algısı. İnsan & İnsan, 7(25), 65-84 https://doi. org/10.29224/insanveinsan.745785 google scholar
  • Ünlühisarcıklı, Ö. (2022, May 26). Kutuplaşma bir arada yaşamamızı engelleyen küresel bir sorun. BilgiMag. https://mag.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/haber/kutuplasma-bir-arada-yasamamizi-engelleyen-kuresel/ google scholar
  • Vegetti, F. (2019). The political nature of ideological polarization: The case of Hungary. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162 18813895 google scholar
  • Whitaker, B. (2022, November 6). Social media’s role in America’s polarized political climate. CBS News. https:// www.cbsnews.com/news/social-media-political-polarization-60-minutes-2022-11-06/ google scholar
  • Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., & Sheafer, T. (2013). Social media and the Arab spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212471716 google scholar
  • Wynn, R., Wilburn, S. T., & West-Olatunji, C. (2010). Multiculturalism, conflict transformation, and peacebuilding: Practitioner and client working together. C. C. Carter (Ed.), Conflict resolution and peace education: Transformations across disciplines (pp. 7-32). Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Yalçın, N. (2015). Symbolic violence on social media: Example of Ekşi Sözlük [Unpublished Master Dissertation]. Pamukkale University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Yelkikalan, N. (2006). Conflicts in family businesses and a solution to this: Strategic planning. Kocaeli University Journal of Social Sciences (12), 195-209. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kosbed/ issue/25708/271276 google scholar
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Yu, X., Wojcieszak, M., & Casas, A. (2021). Affective polarization on social media: In-party love among American politicians, greater engagement with out-party hate among ordinary users. OSFPrePrints. https://doi. org/10.31219/osf.io/rhmb9 google scholar
  • Zhang, Y., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2017). Qualitative analysis of content. B. M. Wildemuth (Ed.), Applications of social research methods to applications to question in information and library science (2nd ed., pp. 318-329). Libraries Unlimited. google scholar

Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın sosyal medyada yol açtığı çatışma ve kutuplaşma: Ekşi Sözlük örneği

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 32, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571

Öz

Türkiye’de son yıllarda ideolojik ve siyasal anlamda kutuplaşmanın arttığı görülmektedir. Toplum modern-geleneksel, dindar-laik, sağ-sol, Türk-Kürt, Sünni-Alevi gibi konularda bölünmektedir. Türkiye’de artan kutuplaşma, ziyaret edilme ve etkileşim alma oranlarında Türkiye’nin en büyük internet topluluklarından biri olan Ekşi Sözlük’te de benzer şekilde artmaktadır. Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgali, diğer birçok toplumsal olgu gibi Ekşi Sözlük’te de yer bulmuş ve kutuplaşmanın örneklerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, RusyaUkrayna Savaşı’nın savaşın tarafı olmayan Ekşi Sözlük yazarları arasında yol açtığı kutuplaşmanın nedenlerini ve biçimlerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, Türkiye’deki kutuplaşmanın şiddetini ortaya çıkarması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle başlıkta yer alan 8.144 girdi tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra girdiler nitel içerik analizi kullanılarak araştırılmış ve yazarların hangi bağlamlarda ikiye bölündüğü ortaya konmuştur. Bulgulara göre, başlıktaki taraflar Rusya ve Ukrayna/NATO/Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ikiliği ekseninde şekillenmektedir. Ekşi Sözlük kullanıcıları tarafından yazılan metinlerin bir kısmı Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı hakkında olabildiğince tarafsız bilgi vermeyi amaçlarken, çoğunluğu kendilerine yakın gördükleri tarafın eylemlerini olumlamaya çalışmaktadır. İki tarafın savunucuları arasındaki çatışmanın, karşıt görüşlere hakaretten diğer yazarları aşağılamaya kadar uzandığı ve başlıktaki kutuplaştırıcı girdiler oranının, son yıllarda kutuplaşma üzerine yapılan diğer benzer çalışmalardakine yakın oranlara sahip olduğu saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akkılıç S. (2018). Social media as an otherisation space: Ekşi Sözlük and Armenians [Unpublished Master Dissertation]. Hacettepe University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Akyüz, S. S. (2017). With in the scope hostile media effect political tendency and objectivity sensation of mass media users in Türkiye [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Selçuk University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr /UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Akyüz, S. S., & Özkan, M. (2022). Information Processes in Times of Crisis: Analysis of Fake News Circulating in the Ukrainian-Russian War. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 66-82. https://doi. org/10.46442/intjcss.1213993 google scholar
  • Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020). The welfare effects of social media. American Economic Review, 110(3), 629-676. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658 google scholar
  • Alp, H. (2016). Çingenelere yönelik nefret söyleminin Ekşi Sözlük’te yeniden üretilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi İlef Dergisi, 3(2), 143-172. https://doi.org/10.24955/ilef.305520 google scholar
  • Aristoteles. (1997). Nikomakhos’a etik (S. Babür, Trans.). Ayraç Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Aristoteles. (2001). Fizik (S. Babür, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Aydın Düzgit, S. (2023). Dünyadaki örnekler ışığında Türkiye’de kutuplaşma. Erdoğan, E., Carkoğlu, A. & Moral, M. (Eds.), Türkiye siyasetinin sınırları: Siyasal davranış, kurumlar ve kültür (pp. 236-250). Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Babacan, K., & Tam, M. S. (2022). The information warfare role of social media: fake news in the Russia - Ukraine War. Journal of Erciyes Communication(Special Issue 3), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyes iletisim.1137903 google scholar
  • Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Hunzaker, M. B. F., ... Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 115(37), 9216-9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115 google scholar
  • Barrett, P. M., Hendrix, J., & Sims, J. G. (2021). Fueling the fire: How social media intensifies U.S. political polarization and what can be done about it. New York University Center for Business and Human Rights. google scholar
  • Battır, S. (2023). International public policies and digital diplomacy; The role of new media instruments in the Russia-Ukraine war [Unpublished Master Dissertation]. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University. https:// earsiv.kmu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11492/7748?show=full google scholar
  • Bauman, Z. (2012). Küreselleşme: Toplumsal sonuçları (A. Yılmaz, Trans.; 4th ed.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Bayhan, V. (2014). Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve Gezi Parkı direnişi. Birey ve Toplum, 4(7), 23-57. https://doi. org/10.20493/bt.15516 google scholar
  • Bertoa, F. C., & Rama, J. (2021). Polarization: What do we know and what can we do about it? Frontiers in Political Science, 3(June). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.687695 google scholar
  • Bilgiç, M. S., Koydemir, F. S., & Akyürek, S. (2014). Measuring polarization among identity groups in Türkiye through social distance and its effect on societal security. Bilge Strateji, 6(11), 163-205. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs/issue/3799/50960 google scholar
  • BilgiMag. (2022). Kutuplaşma bir arada yaşamamızı engelleyen küresel bir sorun. Retrieved June 12, 2023, from https://mag.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/haber/kutuplasma-bir-arada-yasamamizi-engelleyen-kuresel/ google scholar
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2021). Cross-country trends in affective polarization. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w26669 google scholar
  • Carothers, T., & O’Donohue, A. (2019, October). How to understand the global spread of political polarization? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/01/ how-to-understand-global-spread-of-political-polarization-pub-79893 google scholar
  • Coscia, M., & Rossi, L. (2022). How minimizing conflicts could lead to polarization on social media: An agent-based model investigation. PloS ONE, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263184 google scholar
  • Çakın, B. (2020). Farklılaşan ötekiler: Kürtlere ve Suriyeli sığınmacılara yönelik Ekşi Sözlük’te yer alan temsillerin karşılaştırılması. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 25(98), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.645944 google scholar
  • Çiçekdağı, M. (2022, May 21-23). Reflections of the Russia-Ukraine War on Tourism: Analysis of Twitter Comments [Symposium]. 15th International Congress of Social Sciences with Current Research, İstanbul, Türkiye . Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361136855_Rusya_Ukrayna_Savasinin_Turizme_ Yansimalari_Twitter_Yorumlari_Analizi google scholar
  • Dalton, R. J. (2006). Social modernization and the end of ideology debate: Patterns of ideological polarization. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 7(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109905002045 google scholar
  • Dalton, R. J. (2008). The quantity and the quality of party systems. Comparative Political Studies, 41(7), 899-920. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008315860 google scholar
  • Donsbach, W., & Mothes, C. (2016). The dissonant self: Contributions from dissonance theory to a new agenda for studying political communication. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 3-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2013.11679124 google scholar
  • Durmuş, A. (2023). Sosyal Medyada Propaganda: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Örneği. AJIT-E: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 14(52), 41-69. https://doi.org/10.5824/ajite.2023.01.003.x google scholar
  • Epstein, D., & Graham, J. D. (2007). Polarized politics and policy consequences. Retrieved July 5, 2023, from https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP197.html google scholar
  • Erdoğan, E. (2016). Türkiye: Divided we stand (Vol. 118). The German Marshall fund of the Uniden States. Retrieved from https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/Erdogan_DividedWeStand_Apr16.pdf google scholar
  • Erdoğan, E., & Uyan Semerci, P. (2018). Fanusta diyaloglar: Türkiye’de kutuplaşmanın boyutları. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Erdoğan, E., & Uyan Semerci, P. (2022). Kutuplaşmayı nasıl aşarız? İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Göç Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi. google scholar
  • Ertugay, F. (2022). Historical origins of political polarization in Turkey/collective memory. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 55(2), 27-62. Retrieved from https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/Dergiler google scholar
  • Esteban, J.-M., & Mayoral, L. (2011). Ethnic and religious polarization and social conflict. Barcelona Economics Working Paper Series, 528, 1-45. Retrieved from http://www.iae.csic.es/investigatorsMaterial/a11310154128archivoPdf74270.pdf google scholar
  • Esteban, J.-M., & Schneider, G. (2008). Polarization and conflict: Theoretical and empirical issues. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307087168 google scholar
  • Fischer, S., & Hawkins, E. (2023). Polarization eats the developed world. Axios. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://www.axios.com/2023/01/16/political-polarization-developed-world google scholar
  • Gerbner, G. (1992). Persian Gulf war, the movie. H. Mowlana, G. Gerbner, & H. Schiller (Eds.), Triumph of the image: The media’s war in the Persian Gulf, a global perspective (pp. 243-265). Routledge. google scholar
  • Göksun, Y. (2022). Dijital çağda siyasetin değişen dili. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://www.setav. org/dijital-cagda-siyasetin-degisen-dili/ google scholar
  • Gözcü. (2023, May 5). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sayısı açıklandı. Sözcü https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2023/gundem /turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi-aciklandi-7694160/ google scholar
  • Graneheim, U. H., Lindgren, B.-M., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56, 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002 google scholar
  • Gülener, S. (2007). Türk siyasetinde merkez-çevre ilişkilerinin seyri ve 27 mayıs 1960 darbesi. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (1), 36-67. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bilgisosyal/issue/29122/311543 google scholar
  • Hanley, H. W. A., Kumar, D., & Durumeric, Z. (2023a, June 5-8). Happenstance: Utilizing semantic search to track russian state media narratives about the Russo-Ukrainian war on reddit [Symposium]. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM2023), Limassol, Cyprus. google scholar
  • Hanley, H. W. A., Kumar, D., & Durumeric, Z. (2023b, June 5-8). A special operation: A quantitative approach to dissecting and comparing different media ecosystems’ coverage of the Russo-Ukrainian war [Symposium]. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM2023), Limassol, Cyprus. google scholar
  • Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass. The Bodley Head. google scholar
  • Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • Ipsos. (2018). BBC global survey: A world divided?. Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute. google scholar
  • Iwaniuk, J., Hivert, A.-F., Gauquelin, B., Gautheret, J., Stroobants, J.-P., Piquer, ... Chastand, J.-B. (2018). Avrupa'da sağ kutuplaşma yaratarak güçlenmek istiyor. Evrensel. https://www.evrensel.net/haber/360877/avrupada-sag-kutuplasma-yaratarak-guclenmek-istiyor google scholar
  • Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3, Fall), 405-431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038 google scholar
  • Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2002). Teaching children to be peacemakers. Interaction Book Company. google scholar
  • Kasalak, K., & Uçar, F. (2014). Türk siyasetinde cepheleşme/kutuplaşma olgusunun dinamikleri ve milliyetçi cephe hükümetleri. SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences(33), 41-54. Retrieved from https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sufesosbil/issue/75231/1234345 google scholar
  • Kentel, F. (2022). Türkiye’de bir arada yaşarız araştırması - Kutuplaşan toplumda bir arada yaşama kapasitesi. Bir Arada Yaşarız Eğitim ve Toplumsal Araştırmalar Vakfı (BAYETAV). google scholar
  • Kılıçaslan, E. (2022). The use of ideological language in the context of political communication in the internet journalism media: the case of Ukraine crisis news. Afro Eurasian Studies, 8(2),153-165. https://doi.org/ 10.33722/afes.1095890 google scholar
  • Kıraç, Ş. (2023, July 12). Korku nefrete dönüştü: Mülteciler kaygılandırıyor... Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet. com.tr/turkiye/korku-nefrete-donustu-multeciler-kaygilandiriyor-2098488 google scholar
  • Kirby, P. (2022). Has Putin’s war failed and what does Russia want from Ukraine? BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-56720589 google scholar
  • Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020). Demystifying content analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113 google scholar
  • KONDA. (2016). Konda şubat 16 barometresi - Suriyeli sığınmacılara bakış. KONDA Araştırma ve Danışmanlık. Retrieved November 07, 2023, from https://konda.com.tr/rapor/51/suriyeli-siginmacilara-bakis google scholar
  • Kondracki, N. L., Wellman, N. S., & Amundson, D. R. (2002). Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34(4, Jul-Aug), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60097-3 google scholar
  • Köksoy, E., & Kavoğlu, S. (2023). War communications: a review on the Russia-Ukraine War. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(41), 94-116. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1307447 google scholar
  • Kurt, E. V. (2015). Media and polarization: Evaluation of the representation of polarization in the media through the Gezi Park protests. Toplum ve Demokrasi, 9(19-20), 193-223. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/ pub/toplumdd/issue/22712/242414 google scholar
  • LeBas, A. (2018). Can polarization be positive? Conflict and institutional development in Africa. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218756923 google scholar
  • Lelkes, Y., Sood, G., & Iyengar, S. (2017). The hostile audience: The effect of access to broadband internet on partisan affect. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1, January), 5-20. Retrieved from https:// www.jstor.org/stable/26379489 google scholar
  • Levendusky, M. S., & Stecula, D. A. (2021). We need to talk. How cross-party dialogue reduces affective polarization. Elements in Experimental Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009042192 google scholar
  • Levy, R. (2021). Social media, news consumption, and polarization: Evidence from a field experiment. American Economic Review, 111(3), 831-870. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191777 google scholar
  • Mankoff, J. (2014). Russia’s latest land grab: How Putin won Crimea and lost Ukraine. Foreign Affairs, 93(3, May/ June), 60-68. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483406 google scholar
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics. Daedalus, 102(1, Post-Traditional Societies), 169-190. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20024114 google scholar
  • McCoy, J., Press, B., Somer, M., & Tuncel, Ö. (2022). Reducing pernicious polarization: A comparative historical analysis of depolarization. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from https:// carnegieendowment.org/files/McCoy_et_al_-_Polarization_final_3.pdf google scholar
  • McCoy, J., Rahman, T., & Somer, M. (2018). Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 16-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218759576 google scholar
  • Menteşe, M., & İli, K. (2016). Social media and perception management. Ş. Ş. Erçetin & H. Bağcı (Eds.), Handbook of research on chaos and complexity theory in the social sciences (pp. 373-381). IGI Global. google scholar
  • Nemlioğlu, N. Ş. (2021). The role of the will to power in creating conflicts in Christopher Marlowe’s plays [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Maltepe University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Özçolak, A. (2022, March 26). Kutuplaşma veya bir arada yaşam - BAYETAV’ın “Türkiye’de bir arada yaşarız” araştırması - Bekir Ağırdır: “Ekonomiden sonra en önemli problem kutuplaşma”. Medyascope. Retrieved June 30, 2023, from https://medyascope.tv/2022/03/26/kutuplasma-veya-bir-arada-yasam-bayetavin-turkiyede-bir-arada-yasariz-arastirmasi-bekir-agirdir-ekonomiden-sonra-en-onemli-problem-kutuplasma/ google scholar
  • Öztemel, İ. Ş. (2022). Digital hegemony and the Russia-Ukraine War. İletişim ve Diplomasi(8), 43-57. https:// doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1124928 google scholar
  • Öztürk, Ş. (2023). An Assessment on the international system over the Russia-Ukraine War. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(32), 449-462. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/diclesosbed/issue/76043/ 1203938 google scholar
  • Pausch, M. (2021). The future of polarisation in Europe: Relative cosmopolitanism and democracy. European Journal of Futures Research, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-021-00183-2 google scholar
  • Perasso, V. (2018, April 23). Farklılıklarla yaşamak: On yıl öncesine kıyasla Avrupa ‘daha kutuplu’. BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43864098 google scholar
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16(1), 101-127. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242 google scholar
  • Putnam, L. L., & Fogler, J. P. (1988). Communication, conflict, and dispute resolution: The study of interaction and the development of conflict theory. Communication Research, 15(4), 349-359. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/009365088015004001 google scholar
  • Rahim, M. A. (2023). Managing conflict in organizations (5th ed.). Routledge. google scholar
  • Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution: The prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts (Revised and expanded 3rd ed.). Polity. google scholar
  • Rao, P. (2023, January 18). Which countries are the most polarized? Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www. visualcapitalist.com/polarization-across-28-countries/ google scholar
  • Reynolds, G. H. (2004). The blogs of war: How the internet is reshaping foreign policy. The National Interest (85, Spring), 59-64. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897526 google scholar
  • Settle, J. E. (2018). Frenemies: How social media polarizes America. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Shils, E. A. (1961). Centre and periphery. Polanyi Festschrift Committee (Ed.), The logic of personal knowledge: Essays presented to Michael Polanyi - essays presented to M. Polanyi on his seventieth birthday, 11th March, 1961, 117-130. Routledge and Kegan Paul. google scholar
  • Sığırcı, T. (2023). Disinformation in news about Russia and Ukraine War on social media: Twitter example. SMART Journal: Social, Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 9(75), 4481-4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/sm ryj.71417 google scholar
  • Similarweb.com. (2023a, October 1). Most visited dictionaries and encyclopedias websites in Turkey. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/turkey/reference-materials/diction aries-and-encyclopedias/ google scholar
  • Similarweb.com. (2023b, November 14). Top websites ranking - Most visited websites in Turkey. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/turkey/ google scholar Smidi, A., & Shahin, S. (2017). Social media and social mobilisation in the middle east: A survey of research on the arab spring. India Quarterly, 73(2), 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928417700798 google scholar
  • Somer, M. (2019). Türkiye: The slippery slope from reformist to revolutionary polarization and democratic breakdown. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1, January). https://doi. org/10.1177/0002716218818056 google scholar
  • Spurgin, K. M., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2017). Content analysis. B. M. Wildemuth (Ed.), Applications of social research methods to applications to question in information and library science. (2nd ed., pp. 307-317). Libraries Unlimited. google scholar
  • Sweeney, B., & Carruthers, W. L. (1996). Conflict resolution: History, philosophy, theory, and educational applications. The School Counselor (Special Issue: Conflict Resolution: Part I), 43(5), 326-344. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23897827 google scholar
  • Şahin, Y. (2013). Çatışma kuramları ve kimlik temelli çatışmalar; teorik bir giriş. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 1(1), 32-55. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/203069 google scholar
  • Şirvanlı, T. (2021). Reflections of political polarization in covid-19 news: A study on Hürriyet and Gazete Pencere. Selçuk İletişim, 14(2), 1005-1038. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.883597 google scholar Tam, M. S., & Kurtuluş, S. S. (2022). Audience reactions to YouTube videos about the Russia-Ukraine war. Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(6), 26-47. https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1106229 google scholar
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (n.d.). Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://sozluk.gov.tr/ google scholar
  • Tillett, G., & French, B. (2006). Resolving conflict: A practical approach (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Tufan Yeniçıktı, N. (2014). İletişimsel eylem ve Facebook: Gezi Parkı olaylarında sosyal medyanın gücü. Selçuk İletişim, 8(2), 263-284. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/178060 google scholar
  • Tunçer, Ç. P. (2020). Sosyal medya ve şiddet: Ekşi Sözlük’te Çinli algısı. İnsan & İnsan, 7(25), 65-84 https://doi. org/10.29224/insanveinsan.745785 google scholar
  • Ünlühisarcıklı, Ö. (2022, May 26). Kutuplaşma bir arada yaşamamızı engelleyen küresel bir sorun. BilgiMag. https://mag.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/haber/kutuplasma-bir-arada-yasamamizi-engelleyen-kuresel/ google scholar
  • Vegetti, F. (2019). The political nature of ideological polarization: The case of Hungary. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162 18813895 google scholar
  • Whitaker, B. (2022, November 6). Social media’s role in America’s polarized political climate. CBS News. https:// www.cbsnews.com/news/social-media-political-polarization-60-minutes-2022-11-06/ google scholar
  • Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., & Sheafer, T. (2013). Social media and the Arab spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212471716 google scholar
  • Wynn, R., Wilburn, S. T., & West-Olatunji, C. (2010). Multiculturalism, conflict transformation, and peacebuilding: Practitioner and client working together. C. C. Carter (Ed.), Conflict resolution and peace education: Transformations across disciplines (pp. 7-32). Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Yalçın, N. (2015). Symbolic violence on social media: Example of Ekşi Sözlük [Unpublished Master Dissertation]. Pamukkale University. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp google scholar
  • Yelkikalan, N. (2006). Conflicts in family businesses and a solution to this: Strategic planning. Kocaeli University Journal of Social Sciences (12), 195-209. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kosbed/ issue/25708/271276 google scholar
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Yu, X., Wojcieszak, M., & Casas, A. (2021). Affective polarization on social media: In-party love among American politicians, greater engagement with out-party hate among ordinary users. OSFPrePrints. https://doi. org/10.31219/osf.io/rhmb9 google scholar
  • Zhang, Y., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2017). Qualitative analysis of content. B. M. Wildemuth (Ed.), Applications of social research methods to applications to question in information and library science (2nd ed., pp. 318-329). Libraries Unlimited. google scholar
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tolga Gürocak 0000-0002-5284-8447

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürocak, T. (2023). Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(65), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571
AMA Gürocak T. Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. Aralık 2023;(65):1-32. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571
Chicago Gürocak, Tolga. “Conflict and Polarisation on Social Media Caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The Case of Ekşi Sözlük”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65 (Aralık 2023): 1-32. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571.
EndNote Gürocak T (01 Aralık 2023) Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 65 1–32.
IEEE T. Gürocak, “Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65, ss. 1–32, Aralık 2023, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571.
ISNAD Gürocak, Tolga. “Conflict and Polarisation on Social Media Caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The Case of Ekşi Sözlük”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 65 (Aralık 2023), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571.
JAMA Gürocak T. Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023;:1–32.
MLA Gürocak, Tolga. “Conflict and Polarisation on Social Media Caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The Case of Ekşi Sözlük”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65, 2023, ss. 1-32, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1360571.
Vancouver Gürocak T. Conflict and polarisation on social media caused by the Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Ekşi Sözlük. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023(65):1-32.