Looking at the Russian-Ukrainian War from Lithuanian point of view: Ideology, media and the ‘Russian world’

Yıl 2023, , 135 - 151, 30.12.2023

Tomas Kačerauskas

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1400782

Öz

This short note deals with the clash of ideologies and communication in the media under conditions of war, with reference to global and local phenomena. It covers the Russian-Ukrainian War and its reactions in Lithuania. The concept of the Russian world as a kind of ‘hard’ ideology is analysed. Thesis are as follows: 1 There is no society without any ideology that forms the identity of a community different from other communities. 2 The clash of ideologies leads to political conflict and war. 3 There are ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ ideologies; during war the ‘soft’ ideology turns into ‘hard’ and as a result the conflict increases. The commentary uses media reports as well as historical and philosophical analyses of the RussianUkrainian War. In conclusion, when analysing the Russian-Ukrainian War, it is possible to say that in the post-truth era European values are in direct conflict with a Russia-centred ideology. This juxtaposition of opposing value systems becomes a focal point for understanding the complexity of contemporary geopolitical conflicts. The research contributes to understanding of the complex dynamics between war, ideology, media, rhetoric, and the elusive nature of truth, and offers insights into the challenges of the coexistence of different ideologies in the modern era.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Communication, war, ideology, media, post-truth

Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşına Litvanya’nın bakış açısından bakmak: İdeoloji, medya ve ‘Rus dünyası’

Öz

Bu kısa not, küresel ve yerel fenomenlere atıfta bulunarak savaş koşulları altında medyada ideolojilerin ve iletişimin çatışmasını ele almaktadır. Çalışma, RusyaUkrayna Savaşını ve Litvanya’daki tepkilerini kapsamaktadır. Bir tür ‘sert’ ideoloji olarak Rus dünyası kavramı analiz edilmektedir. Bu yazının ana tezlerini ise şöyle sıralamak mümkündür: 1. Diğer topluluklardan farklı bir topluluğun kimliğini oluşturan herhangi bir ideolojisi olmayan toplum yoktur. 2. İdeolojilerin çatışması siyasi çatışma ve savaşa yol açar. 3. ‘Yumuşak’ ve ‘sert’ ideolojiler vardır; savaş sırasında ‘yumuşak’ ideoloji ‘sert’e dönüşür ve sonuç olarak çatışma daha da artar. Bu yorum yazısında, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı ile ilgili olarak medya raporları ile beraber tarihsel ve felsefi değerlendirmeler de kullanılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nı incelerken, post-truth çağında Avrupa değerlerinin Rusya merkezli bir ideolojiyle doğrudan olarak çatışma içinde olduğunu söylemek oldukça mümkündür. Öte yandan zıt değer sistemlerinin bu yan yana gelişi, çağdaş jeopolitik çatışmaların karmaşıklığını anlamada bir odak noktası haline gelmektedir. Araştırma böylece savaş, ideoloji, medya, retorik ve hakikatin anlaşılması zor doğası arasındaki karmaşık dinamiklerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmakta ve modern çağda farklı ideolojilerin bir arada var olmasının yarattığı zorluklara dair de çeşitli örnek ve bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İletişim, savaş, ideoloji, medya, posttruth

Kaynakça

• Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Herbert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq War. Harvard International Journal of Press-Politics, 10 (1): 3-21. https://doi. org/10.1177/1081180X05275727 google scholar
• Al-Ghazzi, O. (2019). An archetypical digital witness: The child figure and the media conflict over Syria. International Journal of Communication 13: pp. 3225-3243. google scholar
• Barabash, V. V., Kotelenets, E. A., Karabulatova, I. S., Lavrentyeva, M. Y., & Mitina, Y. S. (2019). The confrontation between the Eastern and Western worldviews in the conceptual space of the information war against Russia: the genesis and evolution of the terminological apparatus. Amazonia Investiga 8 (19): 246-254. google scholar
• Bilton, C. (2007). Management and creativity: From creative industries to creative management. Blackwell. google scholar
• Dostoyevsky, F. (2003). The brothers Karamazov. (D. McDuff, Trans.) Penguin Books. google scholar
• Ford, C.M., & Gioia, D.A. (2000). Factors influencing creativity in the domain of managerial decision making. Journal of Management 26 (4): 705-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600406 google scholar
• Gadamer, H. G. (1975). Wahrheit und Methode. Mohr Siebeck. google scholar
• Gramsci, A. (1973). Letters from prison. (L. Lawner, Trans.) Harper & Row. google scholar
• Hariman, R., & Lucaites, J. L. (2003). Public identity and collective memory in US iconic photography: The image of «accidental napalm.» Critical Studies in Media Communication, 20 (1): 35-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/0739 318032000067074 google scholar
• Hromadzic, H., & Popovic, H. (2022). Coronavirus: The headquarters, media, and discourse of militarization in Croatian society. Sociologija, 64 (2): 171-186. https://doi.org/10.2298/SOC2202171H google scholar
• Kant, I. (2015). Critique of practical reason. (M. Gregor, Trans.) Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Kennedy, E. (1979). «Ideology» from Destutt De Tracy to Marx. Journal of the History of Ideas, 40 (3): 353-368. google scholar
• Kierkegaard, S. (1992). Either/Or. (A. Hannay, Trans.) Penguin Books. google scholar
• Kosiuk, O. (2022). Specialized military journalism in the system of mass communication during the Russian-Ukrainian War (2014-2022): Comparative analysis of world and Ukrainian mass media. European Journal of Transformation Studies, 10 (2): 136-152. google scholar
• Lazarsfeld, Paul F. (1972). Qualitative Analysis: Historical and Critical Essays. Allyn and Bacon. google scholar
• Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U.K.H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the «post-truth» era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6 (4): 353-369. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008 google scholar
• Lipkan, V., & Artymyshyn, P. (2022). The concept of «denazification» in the context of the information component of the modern Russian-Ukrainian War. Skhidnoievropeiskyi Istorychnyi Visnyk - East European Historical Bulletin, 25: 227-236. https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058X.25.269561 google scholar
• Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The postmodern condition. (G.Bennington & B. Massumi, Trans.) University Press. google scholar
• Marcuse, H. (1991). One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society. (D. Kellner, Trans.) Beacon Press. google scholar
• Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2017). Deutsche İdeologie. Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), (5th ed.). google scholar
• Do przyjaciöl moskali. (2023, November 23). In Wikipedia. https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Dziady/Do_przyjaci %C3%B3%C5%82_Moskali. google scholar
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2015). Propaganda and freedom of the media. The representative on freedom of the media. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/b/3/203926.pdf google scholar
• Perry, S. L., Whitehead, A. L., & Grubbs, J. B. (2020). Culture wars and COVID-19 conduct: Christian nationalism, religiosity, and Americans> behavior during the coronavirus pandemic. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 59 (3): 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12677 google scholar
• Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuanian Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Spinter. (2018). The sociological study of the population>s media preferences, assessment of the geopolitical situation, and attitudes toward threats ahttps://spinter.lt/site/lt/vidinis/menutop/9/home/publish/MTEwMz s5Ozsw Retrieved 23-11-2023. google scholar
• Spinter. (2020). The sociological study of media preferences of the population, assessment of the geopolitical situation, and attitudes toward threats. http://kam.lt/lt/naujienos_874/aktualijos_875/lietuvos_zmones_ pasitiki_lietuvos_kariuomene_ypac_teigiamai_vertina_nato_sajungininku_buvima_lietuvoje_32037.html Retrieved 23-11-2023. google scholar
• Ugarizza, J. E. (2009). Ideologies and conflict in the post-Cold War. International Journal of Conflict Management, 20 (1): 82-104. google scholar
• Saldziûnasi, V. (2017, November 15). A new study revealed who would defend Lithuania and how: The numbers will pleasantly surprise. Delfi. https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/medijos-karas-propaganda/naujas-tyrimas-atskleide-kas-ir-kaip-gintu-lietuva-skaiciai-maloniai-nustebins.d?id=76381533. google scholar