Yaşlı Bireylerde Öz Yeterlik ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık Arasındaki İlişkide Minnettarlığın Aracı Rolü: Malatya İli Örneği

Yıl 2022, , 123 - 142, 26.07.2022

Murat Sinan Özkan , Figen Akça

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2022-880148

Öz

Yaşlılık dönemi, psikolojik sağlamlık sürecinde önemli bir tecrübe noktası olarak görülebilmektedir. Bu anlamda yaşlı bireylerin minnettarlık ve öz yetkinlik düzeylerinin yüksek olması sağlamlıklarını da artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yaşlı bireylerin minnettarlık, öz yetkinlik ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca değişkenlerin cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Araştırmaya 78 kadın (%39) 122 erkek (%61) yaşlı birey katılmıştır. Yaşlı Bakım Merkezi’nde bulunan 200 katılımcıya Kısa Psikolojik sağlamlık Ölçeği, Genel Öz yeterlik Ölçeği, Minnettarlık Ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı bu analizde, t-testi ile birlikte yaşam doyumunun aracı etkisini belirlemek için Baron ve Kenny’nin aracı rol analizi yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada bulgulara bakıldığında öz yeterlik ile minnettarlık ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasında pozitif yönde ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Katılımcıların öz yeterlik ile psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide minnettarlığın aracı role sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre yaşlı bakım merkezlerinde bulunan yaşlı bireylerin minnettarlık ve öz yeterlik becerilerinin geliştirilmesi veya buna yönelik etkinliklerin yapılması faydalı olabilir. Sonuç olarak, yaşlıların psikolojik sağlamlıklarını koruyabilmenin iki önemli koşulu olarak öz yeterlilik ve minnettarlık üzerinde daha fazla yoğunlaşan programların yapılmasının uygun olacağı söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Minnettarlık, pozitif psikoloji, öz yeterlilik, psikolojik sağlamlık, yaşlılık

The Mediating Role of Gratitude in the Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Psychological Resilience in Elderly Individuals: The Case of Malatya

Öz

The old-age period can be seen as an important experience point in the psychological resilience process. In this sense, the high levels of gratitude and self-efficacy of elderly individuals increase their psychological resilience. This study aimed to examine the gratitude, self-efficacy, and psychological resilience levels of elderly individuals. In addition, the study investigated whether the variables differ according to gender. 78 female (39%) and 122 male (61%) elderly individuals participated in the study. Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BPRS), General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Gratitude Scales were applied to 200 participants in the Elderly Care Center. In this analysis using a relational screening model, the mediator role analysis of Baron and Kenny was performed to determine the mediator effect of life satisfaction together with a t-test. The findings of the study showed that there is a positive relationship between self-efficacy, gratitude, and psychological resilience. The gratitude was determined to have a mediating role in the relationship between the participants’ self-efficacy and psychological resilience. Accordingly, developing the gratitude and self-efficacy skills of the elderly people in elderly care centers or carrying out activities related to this may be beneficial. Thus, it would be appropriate to conduct programs that focus more on self-efficacy and gratitude as two important conditions for preserving the psychological resilience of the elderly.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gratitude, positive psychology, self-efficacy, psychological resilience, old age

Kaynakça

• Akgül, M. (2004). Maturity and Piety: A Case Study of Konya Nursing House. The Journal Of Religious Studies, 7(19),19-56.
• Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217-233.
• Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind, and bind: The functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(6), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00439.
• Arnout, B. A., & Almoied, A. A. (2020). A structural model relating gratitude, resilience, psychological well‐being and creativity among psychological counsellors. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research. 1(20). https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12316
• Aypay, A. (2010). The adaptation study of general self-efficacy (gse) scale to Turkish. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 11(2), 113-131.
• Baldwin, K. M., Baldwin, J. R., & Ewald, T. (2006). The Relationship Among Shame, Guilt and Self-Efficacy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60(1), 1-23.
• Bandura, A. (1994). Self-Efficacy. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 4, 71-81.
• Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda, (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 185-241). New York: Guilford Press.
• Bowling, A. (2007). Aspirations for older age in the 21st century: What is successful aging?. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64(3), 263-297.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006). Sosyal bilimleri için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik araştırma deseni-SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem A Press.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (17. Edition). Ankara: Pegem Press.
• Canatan, A. (2008), Sosyal yönleriyle yaşlilik, PalmeYayıncılık, Ankara.
• Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181.
• Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the intersection of emotionand cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14,117–12.
• Choi, J. N. (2004). Individual and Contextual Predictors of Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Processes, Creativity Research Journal, 16:2-3, 187-199, doi: 10.1080/10400419.2004.9651452
• Compas, B. E., Campbell, L. K., Robinson, K. E., & Rodriguez, E. M. (2009). Coping and memory automatic and controlled processes in responses to stress. In J. Quas & R. Fivush (eds.), Emotion in memory and development: Biological, cognitive, and social considerations. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Deniz, E. M., (2017). Eğitim psikolojisi, Ankara : Pegem Academy.
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlik ölçeği'nin türkçe uyarlamasi. The Journal of Happiness and Well- Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Emiroğlu, V. (1995). Yaşlılık ve yaşlının sosyal uyumu, Ankara: Safak Press.
• Emmons, R., & Crumpler, C. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56–69.
• Frazier, P.A., Tix, A.P., & Barron, K.E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
• Fung, H. H., Carstensen, L. L., & Lutz, A. M. (1999). Influence of time on social preferences: Implications for life-span development. Psychology and Aging, 14(4), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.4.595
• Hayes, A. (2016), “No Title The PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS.”
• Gooding, PA, Hurst A., Johnson, J.& Tarrier, N. (2012) Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 262-270
• Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies. Emotion, 6(3), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.511
• Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439-457.
• McCullough, M., Kilpatrick, S., Emmons, R., & Larson, D. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266. https://doi. org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249
• Jerusalem, M., & Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (p. 195–213). Hemisphere Publishing Corp.
• Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Press.
• Kumpfer, K.L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. Glantz, M. D. & Johnson, J. L. (Ed.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations içinde (pp. 179-224). Newyork: Kluwer Acedemic/Plenum Press.
• Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy theory: An introduction. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology. Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (p. 3–33). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_1
• Masten, A.S. & Coatsworth, J.D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-22.
• Meredith, L. S., Sherbourne, C. D. & Gaillot, S. J. (2011). Promoting psychological resilience in the US military. Rand Corporation. Masten, A.S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143–169.
• Masten A.S. (2001) Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–238.
• Masten, Ann S. & Gewirtz, Abigail H. (2006). Resilience in development: The importance of early childhood. Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/53904.
• McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86(2), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
• Montoya, A.K. & Hayes, A.F. (2017). Two-condition within-participant statistical mediation analysis: A path-analytic framework. Psychological Methods, 22(1), 6.
• Mather M., & Carstensen L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 496–502 Doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.010
• Nelson, C. (2009). Appreciating gratitude: Can gratitude be used as a psychological intervention to improve individual well-being? Counselling Psychology Review, 24(34), 38–50.
• Onur, B. (2000). Gelişim psikolojisi:(yetişkinlik-yaşlılık-ölüm). Sefat Yayıncılık.
• Park, N., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psycholog, 23, 603–619.
• Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
• Radke-Yarrow, M., & Brown, E. (1993). Resilience and vulnerability in children of multiple-risk families. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 581–592.
• Reed, A. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-relatedpositivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3,1–9.
• Saygun, M. & Çakmak, A. (2004), Kırıkkale İli dört ve sekiz nolu sağlik ocaği bölgelerinde yaşayan 65 yaş ve üzeri kişilerin bazi sağlik ve sosyal durumlarinin saptanmasi ve yaşam kalitelerinin değerlendirilmesi, 9. Ulusal Halk Sağlığı Günleri Bildiri Özet Kitabı Ankara.
• Sebuktekin, D. (2018). Examining the relationship between post-traumatic growth, shaking in basic beliefs and psychological (Master's thesis). Psychology, Gaziantep, Turkey.
• Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (Eds.) (1994). Gesellschaftlicher Umbruch als kritisches Lebensereignis [Macrosocial change as critical life event]. Weinheim, Germany: Juventa.
• Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, and M. Johnston, Measures in Health Psychology: A User's Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor, UK.
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Jennifer Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200
• Wang, C., & Liu, Y. (2000). The relational study on general self-efficacy, trait anxiety, state anxiety, and test anxiety. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(4), 229-230.
• Watkins, P. C. (2014). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation. Springer Science Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7253-3
• Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281–290.
• Yüksel, A., & Oğuz Duran, N. (2012). Turkish adaptation of the gratitude questionnaire. Egitim Arastirmaları-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46, 199-216