Araştırma Makalesi
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The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 65, 61 - 87, 30.12.2023

Gabriela Oana Olaru

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666

Öz

After the 2016 election campaign of the former United States President Donald Trump in 2016, the concepts of post-truth, disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation gain popularity. This study examines fact-checking efforts by International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) member organizations across ten countries between January to November 2023 focusing on disinformation disseminated on social media platforms. The study was designed as a case study and the content was analyzed with the content analysis approach. The research questions were determined as follows: ‘Which media platforms are more commonly used to disseminate refugee-focused fake news or content?’, ‘Which content types are commonly used to spread fake news/content?’, ‘What are the common topics employed in fake content in these countries between January to November 2023?’ The findings revealed that social media platforms Facebook and X were frequently used to disseminate disinformation and various types of fake news and content. Titles and text-supported video content were the most employed typology in these posts. Across the researched countries, four recurring issues were identified: disinformation about protests in France, fake news related to conflicts, and information about financial aid, opportunities, and accommodation facilities for refugees. Notably, false information on mass protests rapidly spreads alongside fake news in multiple countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fake news fact checking platform social media migration refugee

Kaynakça

  • Akıncı, N. (2008). Çocuk ve medya. Türkiye Klinikleri Pediatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 4(6), 72-75. google scholar
  • Alışık, S. T., & Aslam, W. (2022). Misinformation on refugees: Surveying the consequences, perpetuators and workable solutions. Reflektif Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 287-303. google scholar
  • Alıcı, Ş., & Gökbulut, Ö. Ö. (2017). Süreçsel drama oturumlarının okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının medya okuryazarlığı seviyelerine etkisi. Yaratıcı Drama Dergisi, 12(1), 47-68. google scholar
  • Aımeur, E., Amri, S., & Brassard, G. (2023,). Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 13(1), 30. google scholar
  • Apuke, O. D., Omar, B., & Asude Tunca, E. (2023). Literacy concepts as an intervention strategy for improving fake news knowledge, detection skills, and curtailing the tendency to share fake news in Nigeria. Child & Youth Services, 44(1), 88-103 google scholar
  • Aral, S. (2022). Furya makinesi sosyal medya seçimlerimizi, ekonomimizi ve sağlığımızı nasıl bozuyor? (S. H. Özçelik, Trans.) İstanbul, Türkiye: Tellekt. google scholar
  • Beaman, J. (2023). George Floyd across Europe, or Europe’s George Floyds. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 10(4), 678-685. google scholar
  • Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions . European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. google scholar
  • Cerase, A., & Santoro, C. (2018). 15. From racial hoaxes to media hypes Fake news’ real consequences. In P. Vasterman, From Media Hype to Twitter Storm (pp. 333-3554). Amsterdam University Press. google scholar
  • Chen., X., Sun, M., Wu, D., & Song, X. Y. (2019). Information-sharing behavior on WeChat moments: the role of anonymity, familiarity, and intrinsic motivation. Frontiers in Psychology(10), 1-15. google scholar
  • Cheng, L., Guo, R., Shu, K., & Liu, H. (2021). Causal understanding of fake news dissemination on social media. Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, (pp. 148-157). google scholar
  • International Fact Checking Network. (2023). IFCN. Retrived 05.2023 from: https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org google scholar
  • Çaycı, B. (2021). Sosyal medyada sahte haber paylaşımları üzerine bir İnceleme. EJSER 7th International Symposium on Social Sciences Proceedıngs Book. google scholar
  • Dedeoğlu, G. (2016). Teknoloji İletişim Yeni Medya ve Etik. Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Demagog. (2023). Demagog. Retrived 11 2023 from www.demagog.org.pl. google scholar
  • Demuyakor, J., & Opata, E. M. (2022). Fake news on social media: predicting which media format influences fake news most on facebook. Journal of Intelligent Communication, 2(1), 19-29. google scholar
  • Edgerly, S., Mourâo, R. R., Thorson, E., & Tham, S. (2020). When do audiences verify? How perceptions about message and source influence audience verification of news headlines. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(1), 52-71. google scholar
  • Edson C.T. Jr., Zheng, W.L. & Richard, L. (2018). Defining ‘fake news.’ Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. google scholar
  • Erdoğan, İ. (2013). Yeni medya gazeteciliğinde etik bir paradigma belirlemenin kapsamı ve sınırları. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi(36), 254-271. google scholar
  • Euronews. (2023, 08 08). Fransa’da Nahel isyanı: Beş polis Marsilya’da bir kişinin ölümü nedeniyle gözaltında. TR Euronews. Retrived https://tr.euronews.com/2023/08/08/fransada-nahel-isyani-bes-polis-marsilyada-bir-kisinin-olumu-nedeniyle-gozaltinda. google scholar
  • Fallis, D. (2014). A functional analysis of disinformation. iConference 2014 Proceedings, (s. 621-627). google scholar
  • Fraga-Lamas, P., & Fernandez-Carames, T. M. (2020). Fake news, disinformation, and deepfakes: Leveraging distributed ledger technologies and blockchain to combat digital deception and counterfeit reality. IT professional, 22(2), 53-59. google scholar
  • Gülmen, A. C. (2020, Mart 31). Post truth çağında salgın. Inmagazine. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader. com/turkey/inmagazine/20200331/281509343290614. google scholar
  • Graves, L., & Cherebini, F. (2016). The rise of fact-checkıng sıtes in Europe. Reuters Institute Digital News Report. google scholar
  • Göncü, S. ve Sim, Ş. (2019). Post-truth zeminde Suriyeli mülteciler hakkında çıkan haberlere dair bir inceleme, Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı:1, 1-28. google scholar
  • Hammouchi, H., & Ghogho, M. (2022). Evidence-aware multilingual fake news detection,. IEEE Access(10), 116808-116818. google scholar
  • Hasan, H. R., & Salah, K. (2019). Combating deepfake videos using blockchain and smart contracts. Ieee Access, 7, (pp. 41596-41606). google scholar
  • İris, Y., & Kesgin, Y., (2023). Nefret söylemi ve yanlış bilgi: Suriyeli sığınmacılar hakkında yapılan paylaşımların betimsel içerik analizi. AJIT-e: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 14(54), 223-248. google scholar İrvan, S. (2022, 11 7). Yanlış bilgiyle doğru mücadele: Doğrulama platformları nasıl işlemeli? Retrived 11. 30. 2023 from NewsLabTurkey: https://www.newslabturkey.org/2022/11/07/yanlis-bilgiyle-dogru-mucadele-dogrulama-platformlari-nasil-islemeli/ google scholar
  • Jost, P. J., Pünder, J., & Schulze-Lohoff, I. (2020). Fake news-does perception matter more than the truth? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics(85, 101513.). google scholar
  • Kılıç, D., & İspir, N. B. (2020). Sosyal medya haber içeriklerine güven ve kullanıcı motivasyonları. E-Kurgu Anadolu Üniversitesi İletişim Bilimleri Fakültesi Uluslararası Hakemli Dergisi, 28(1), 266-285. google scholar Kırık, A. M., & Yılmaz, B. T. (2018). Türkiye’de sosyal medya okuryazarliği’nin gerekliliği üzerine bir araştirma. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 79(79), 118-142. google scholar
  • Kermer, J. E., & Nijmeijer, R. A. (2020). Identity and European public spheres in the context of social media and information disorder. Media and communication, 8(4), 28-39. google scholar
  • Lee, C. S., & Ma, L. (2012). News sharing in social media: the effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 331-339. google scholar
  • Machete, P., & Turpin, M. (2020). The use of critical thinking to identify fake news: A systematic literature review. google scholar
  • In Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology: 19th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-, e-Services, and e-Society, I3E 2020 (pp. 235-246). Skukuza: Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data and Society Research Institute. google scholar
  • Masciari E, E., Moscato , V., Picariello , A., & Sperlf, G. (2020). Detecting fake news by image analysis. Proceedings of the 24th symposium on international database engineering and applications, (pp. 1-5). google scholar
  • McLuhan, M., & Power, B. R. (2020). Global köy: 21. yüzyılda yeryüzü yaşamında ve medyada meydana gelecek dönüşümler. (B. Ö. Düzgören, Trans by.) İstanbul: Scala Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • McIntyre, L. (2022). Hakikat sonrası. (M. F. Biçici, Trans by.) Tellekt Can Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  • Parikh , S. B., & Atrey , P. K. (2018). Media-rich fake news detection: a survey. 2018 IEEE conference on multimedia information processing and retrieval (MIPR), IEEE, (pp. 436-441). google scholar
  • Report Dezinformation. Tverzo. Retrived 12.12.2022 from http://tverezo.info/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/ PREMS-162317-GBR-2018-Report- desinformation-A4- BAT.pdf, google scholar
  • Ruokolainen, H., & Widen , G. (2020). Conceptualising misinformation in the context of asylum seekers. Information Processing & Management, 57(3). google scholar
  • Bakdash, J., Sample, C., J., Rankin, M., Kantarcioglu, M., Holmes, J., Kase, S., . . . Szymanski, B. (2018). The future of deception: machine-generated and manipulated images, video, and audio? 2018 international workshop on social sensing (SocialSens), IEEE, (s. 2-2). google scholar
  • Segado-Boj, F., Diaz-Campo, J., & Redondo, R. Q. (2019). Influence of the “news finds me” perception on news sharing and news consumption on social media. . Communication Today, 10(2), 90-104. google scholar
  • Shen , C., Kasra M, M., Pan W, W., Bassett , G. A., & Malloch , Y. O. (2019). Fake images: the effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online. New Media Soc, 21(2), 438-463 https://doi.org/10.1177/ 14614. google scholar
  • Shu, K., Bhattacharjee, A., Alatawi, F., & Nazer, T. (2020). Combating disinformation in a social media age. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(6), 1-23. google scholar
  • Shu, K., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2020). Mining disinformation and fake news: Concepts, methods, and recent advancements. K. Shu, S. Wang, D. Lee , & H. Liu (Eds.), Disinformation, misinformation, and fake news in social media. Lecture notes in social networks. Springer, Cham. google scholar
  • Teknolojioku. (2023). Tekmolojioku. Retrived 11 2023 from https://www.teknolojioku.com/sosyal-medya/elon-musktan-x-rakibi-uygulamalara-tas-bu-sozler-kavgada-soylenmez-656c3f3f0faf5c840309880b google scholar
  • Taş, O., & Taş, T. (2018). Post-hakikat çağında sosyal medyada yalan haber ve Suriyeli mülteciler sorunu. Ileti-s-im(29), 183-207. google scholar
  • Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: New era in the age of disinformation & end of reliable journalism. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 13(2), 1009-1024. google scholar
  • Teyit.org. (2023). Retrived11 2023 from Teyit.org: www.teyit.org google scholar
  • Tudjman, M., & Mikelic, N. (2003). Information science: Science about information, misinformation and disinformation. Proceedings of Informing Science+ Information Technology, Education, 3, pp. 513-1527. google scholar
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder : Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe . google scholar
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press. google scholar

Sahte haberin hızlı yayılımı: Uluslararası teyit platformlarında göç, mülteci ve çatışma eksenli paylaşımların içerik analizi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 65, 61 - 87, 30.12.2023

Gabriela Oana Olaru

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666

Öz

2016 yılında eski Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Donald Trump’ın seçim kampanyasının ardından, hakikat ötesi, dezenformasyon, yanlış bilgi ve kötü bilgi kavramları popülerlik kazanmıştır. Bu çalışma, Uluslararası Teyit Ağı (UTA) üye kuruluşları tarafından Ocak - Kasım 2023 tarihleri arasında on ülkede gerçekleştirilen teyit çalışmalarını inceleyerek, özellikle sosyal medya platformlarında iletilen dezenformasyona odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma bir durum tespit çalışması olarak tasarlanmış olup içerik analizi yaklaşımı kullanılarak bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma soruları şu şekilde belirlenmiştir: ‘Mültecileri konu alan sahte haber veya içerikleri yaymak için hangi medya platformları daha yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır?’, ‘Sahte haber/içerik yaymak için hangi içerik türleri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır?’, ‘Bu ülkelerde incelenen dönemde yaygın olarak kullanılan ortak başlıklar neler olmuştur?’ Bulgular, Facebook ve X gibi sosyal medya platformlarının dezenformasyon ve çeşitli sahte haber ve içerik türlerini yaymak için sıkça kullanıldığını ortaya koymuştur. Başlık ve metin destekli video içerikler en çok kullanılan tipoloji olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırılan ülkelerde dört tekrarlayan konu tespit edilmiştir: Fransa’daki protestolara dair dezenformasyon, çatışmalarla ilgili sahte haberler ve mültecilere yönelik finansal yardım, olanak ve konaklama imkanları hakkındaki yalan içerikler. Özellikle kitlesel protestolara ilişkin yanlış bilgilerin birçok ülkede sahte haberlerle birlikte hızla yayılması öne çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sahte haber teyit platformları sosyal medya göç göçmen

Kaynakça

  • Akıncı, N. (2008). Çocuk ve medya. Türkiye Klinikleri Pediatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 4(6), 72-75. google scholar
  • Alışık, S. T., & Aslam, W. (2022). Misinformation on refugees: Surveying the consequences, perpetuators and workable solutions. Reflektif Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 287-303. google scholar
  • Alıcı, Ş., & Gökbulut, Ö. Ö. (2017). Süreçsel drama oturumlarının okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının medya okuryazarlığı seviyelerine etkisi. Yaratıcı Drama Dergisi, 12(1), 47-68. google scholar
  • Aımeur, E., Amri, S., & Brassard, G. (2023,). Fake news, disinformation and misinformation in social media: a review. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 13(1), 30. google scholar
  • Apuke, O. D., Omar, B., & Asude Tunca, E. (2023). Literacy concepts as an intervention strategy for improving fake news knowledge, detection skills, and curtailing the tendency to share fake news in Nigeria. Child & Youth Services, 44(1), 88-103 google scholar
  • Aral, S. (2022). Furya makinesi sosyal medya seçimlerimizi, ekonomimizi ve sağlığımızı nasıl bozuyor? (S. H. Özçelik, Trans.) İstanbul, Türkiye: Tellekt. google scholar
  • Beaman, J. (2023). George Floyd across Europe, or Europe’s George Floyds. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 10(4), 678-685. google scholar
  • Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions . European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. google scholar
  • Cerase, A., & Santoro, C. (2018). 15. From racial hoaxes to media hypes Fake news’ real consequences. In P. Vasterman, From Media Hype to Twitter Storm (pp. 333-3554). Amsterdam University Press. google scholar
  • Chen., X., Sun, M., Wu, D., & Song, X. Y. (2019). Information-sharing behavior on WeChat moments: the role of anonymity, familiarity, and intrinsic motivation. Frontiers in Psychology(10), 1-15. google scholar
  • Cheng, L., Guo, R., Shu, K., & Liu, H. (2021). Causal understanding of fake news dissemination on social media. Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, (pp. 148-157). google scholar
  • International Fact Checking Network. (2023). IFCN. Retrived 05.2023 from: https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org google scholar
  • Çaycı, B. (2021). Sosyal medyada sahte haber paylaşımları üzerine bir İnceleme. EJSER 7th International Symposium on Social Sciences Proceedıngs Book. google scholar
  • Dedeoğlu, G. (2016). Teknoloji İletişim Yeni Medya ve Etik. Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Demagog. (2023). Demagog. Retrived 11 2023 from www.demagog.org.pl. google scholar
  • Demuyakor, J., & Opata, E. M. (2022). Fake news on social media: predicting which media format influences fake news most on facebook. Journal of Intelligent Communication, 2(1), 19-29. google scholar
  • Edgerly, S., Mourâo, R. R., Thorson, E., & Tham, S. (2020). When do audiences verify? How perceptions about message and source influence audience verification of news headlines. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(1), 52-71. google scholar
  • Edson C.T. Jr., Zheng, W.L. & Richard, L. (2018). Defining ‘fake news.’ Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. google scholar
  • Erdoğan, İ. (2013). Yeni medya gazeteciliğinde etik bir paradigma belirlemenin kapsamı ve sınırları. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi(36), 254-271. google scholar
  • Euronews. (2023, 08 08). Fransa’da Nahel isyanı: Beş polis Marsilya’da bir kişinin ölümü nedeniyle gözaltında. TR Euronews. Retrived https://tr.euronews.com/2023/08/08/fransada-nahel-isyani-bes-polis-marsilyada-bir-kisinin-olumu-nedeniyle-gozaltinda. google scholar
  • Fallis, D. (2014). A functional analysis of disinformation. iConference 2014 Proceedings, (s. 621-627). google scholar
  • Fraga-Lamas, P., & Fernandez-Carames, T. M. (2020). Fake news, disinformation, and deepfakes: Leveraging distributed ledger technologies and blockchain to combat digital deception and counterfeit reality. IT professional, 22(2), 53-59. google scholar
  • Gülmen, A. C. (2020, Mart 31). Post truth çağında salgın. Inmagazine. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader. com/turkey/inmagazine/20200331/281509343290614. google scholar
  • Graves, L., & Cherebini, F. (2016). The rise of fact-checkıng sıtes in Europe. Reuters Institute Digital News Report. google scholar
  • Göncü, S. ve Sim, Ş. (2019). Post-truth zeminde Suriyeli mülteciler hakkında çıkan haberlere dair bir inceleme, Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı:1, 1-28. google scholar
  • Hammouchi, H., & Ghogho, M. (2022). Evidence-aware multilingual fake news detection,. IEEE Access(10), 116808-116818. google scholar
  • Hasan, H. R., & Salah, K. (2019). Combating deepfake videos using blockchain and smart contracts. Ieee Access, 7, (pp. 41596-41606). google scholar
  • İris, Y., & Kesgin, Y., (2023). Nefret söylemi ve yanlış bilgi: Suriyeli sığınmacılar hakkında yapılan paylaşımların betimsel içerik analizi. AJIT-e: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 14(54), 223-248. google scholar İrvan, S. (2022, 11 7). Yanlış bilgiyle doğru mücadele: Doğrulama platformları nasıl işlemeli? Retrived 11. 30. 2023 from NewsLabTurkey: https://www.newslabturkey.org/2022/11/07/yanlis-bilgiyle-dogru-mucadele-dogrulama-platformlari-nasil-islemeli/ google scholar
  • Jost, P. J., Pünder, J., & Schulze-Lohoff, I. (2020). Fake news-does perception matter more than the truth? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics(85, 101513.). google scholar
  • Kılıç, D., & İspir, N. B. (2020). Sosyal medya haber içeriklerine güven ve kullanıcı motivasyonları. E-Kurgu Anadolu Üniversitesi İletişim Bilimleri Fakültesi Uluslararası Hakemli Dergisi, 28(1), 266-285. google scholar Kırık, A. M., & Yılmaz, B. T. (2018). Türkiye’de sosyal medya okuryazarliği’nin gerekliliği üzerine bir araştirma. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 79(79), 118-142. google scholar
  • Kermer, J. E., & Nijmeijer, R. A. (2020). Identity and European public spheres in the context of social media and information disorder. Media and communication, 8(4), 28-39. google scholar
  • Lee, C. S., & Ma, L. (2012). News sharing in social media: the effect of gratifications and prior experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 331-339. google scholar
  • Machete, P., & Turpin, M. (2020). The use of critical thinking to identify fake news: A systematic literature review. google scholar
  • In Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology: 19th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-, e-Services, and e-Society, I3E 2020 (pp. 235-246). Skukuza: Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data and Society Research Institute. google scholar
  • Masciari E, E., Moscato , V., Picariello , A., & Sperlf, G. (2020). Detecting fake news by image analysis. Proceedings of the 24th symposium on international database engineering and applications, (pp. 1-5). google scholar
  • McLuhan, M., & Power, B. R. (2020). Global köy: 21. yüzyılda yeryüzü yaşamında ve medyada meydana gelecek dönüşümler. (B. Ö. Düzgören, Trans by.) İstanbul: Scala Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • McIntyre, L. (2022). Hakikat sonrası. (M. F. Biçici, Trans by.) Tellekt Can Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  • Parikh , S. B., & Atrey , P. K. (2018). Media-rich fake news detection: a survey. 2018 IEEE conference on multimedia information processing and retrieval (MIPR), IEEE, (pp. 436-441). google scholar
  • Report Dezinformation. Tverzo. Retrived 12.12.2022 from http://tverezo.info/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/ PREMS-162317-GBR-2018-Report- desinformation-A4- BAT.pdf, google scholar
  • Ruokolainen, H., & Widen , G. (2020). Conceptualising misinformation in the context of asylum seekers. Information Processing & Management, 57(3). google scholar
  • Bakdash, J., Sample, C., J., Rankin, M., Kantarcioglu, M., Holmes, J., Kase, S., . . . Szymanski, B. (2018). The future of deception: machine-generated and manipulated images, video, and audio? 2018 international workshop on social sensing (SocialSens), IEEE, (s. 2-2). google scholar
  • Segado-Boj, F., Diaz-Campo, J., & Redondo, R. Q. (2019). Influence of the “news finds me” perception on news sharing and news consumption on social media. . Communication Today, 10(2), 90-104. google scholar
  • Shen , C., Kasra M, M., Pan W, W., Bassett , G. A., & Malloch , Y. O. (2019). Fake images: the effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online. New Media Soc, 21(2), 438-463 https://doi.org/10.1177/ 14614. google scholar
  • Shu, K., Bhattacharjee, A., Alatawi, F., & Nazer, T. (2020). Combating disinformation in a social media age. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(6), 1-23. google scholar
  • Shu, K., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2020). Mining disinformation and fake news: Concepts, methods, and recent advancements. K. Shu, S. Wang, D. Lee , & H. Liu (Eds.), Disinformation, misinformation, and fake news in social media. Lecture notes in social networks. Springer, Cham. google scholar
  • Teknolojioku. (2023). Tekmolojioku. Retrived 11 2023 from https://www.teknolojioku.com/sosyal-medya/elon-musktan-x-rakibi-uygulamalara-tas-bu-sozler-kavgada-soylenmez-656c3f3f0faf5c840309880b google scholar
  • Taş, O., & Taş, T. (2018). Post-hakikat çağında sosyal medyada yalan haber ve Suriyeli mülteciler sorunu. Ileti-s-im(29), 183-207. google scholar
  • Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: New era in the age of disinformation & end of reliable journalism. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 13(2), 1009-1024. google scholar
  • Teyit.org. (2023). Retrived11 2023 from Teyit.org: www.teyit.org google scholar
  • Tudjman, M., & Mikelic, N. (2003). Information science: Science about information, misinformation and disinformation. Proceedings of Informing Science+ Information Technology, Education, 3, pp. 513-1527. google scholar
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder : Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe . google scholar
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press. google scholar
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Medya ve İletişim Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gabriela Oana Olaru 0000-0001-9486-3349

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Olaru, G. O. (2023). The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(65), 61-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666
AMA Olaru GO. The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. Aralık 2023;(65):61-87. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666
Chicago Olaru, Gabriela Oana. “The Rapid Diffusion of Fake News: An Analysis of Content on Migration, Refugees, and Conflict on International Fact-Checking Platforms”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65 (Aralık 2023): 61-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666.
EndNote Olaru GO (01 Aralık 2023) The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 65 61–87.
IEEE G. O. Olaru, “The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65, ss. 61–87, Aralık 2023, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666.
ISNAD Olaru, Gabriela Oana. “The Rapid Diffusion of Fake News: An Analysis of Content on Migration, Refugees, and Conflict on International Fact-Checking Platforms”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 65 (Aralık 2023), 61-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666.
JAMA Olaru GO. The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023;:61–87.
MLA Olaru, Gabriela Oana. “The Rapid Diffusion of Fake News: An Analysis of Content on Migration, Refugees, and Conflict on International Fact-Checking Platforms”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65, 2023, ss. 61-87, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1404666.
Vancouver Olaru GO. The rapid diffusion of fake news: An analysis of content on migration, refugees, and conflict on international fact-checking platforms. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023(65):61-87.
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