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An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 65, 109 - 133, 30.12.2023

Şükrü Şimdi

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115

Öz

This study aims to examine the individual actions taken against Syrian immigrant through online signature campaigns launched on the Change.org website and their role in inciting hate speech and related crimes in Türkiye. These campaigns represent one of the largest anti-immigrant petitions globally. To collect the data, a basic search was conducted on the Change.org website using the keyword ‘Syrian(s),’ which yielded 154 signature campaigns. Campaign texts were analyzed thematically through the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The main themes identified were the stigmatization of Syrian identity in virtual spaces, the reproduction of stereotypes within migrants, guest discourse, and cultural racism. The findings indicate that the campaigns frequently employ discriminatory stereotypical categories, portraying Syrians as an economic burden, potential/imaginary enemies, not willing to integrate, betrayers of their homeland, fleers from the war, and even terrorists. The expression of Syrian(s) is framed as a stigmatized and ethnicized group identity rather than a social identification, mainly reflecting on Syrian men as being immoral and fleeing from war. The results also show that this identity is equipped with a hegemonic masculinity construct over a gendered perception.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Syrian identity stigmatization stereotypes cultural racism Change. org

Kaynakça

  • Akçam, T. (2008). Türk ulusal kimliği üzerine tezler. Tanıl Bora & Murat Gültekin (Eds.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce. (3th ed.). İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Akçura, Y. (2015). Üç tarz-siyaset, (E. Kılınç, Trans.). Ötüken Neşriyat. google scholar
  • Anderson, B. (1991). İmagined Community. Verso. google scholar
  • Balibar, E. (1991). Racism and nationalism, (C. Turner, Trans.). Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (Eds.,) Race, nation, class ambigious Identities (p. 243- 291). Verso. google scholar
  • Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism. Sage. google scholar
  • Bozdağ, Ç. (2019). Bottom-up natinalism and discrimination on social media: An analysis of the citizenship debate about refugees in Turkey, European Journal of Cultural Studies, (pp. 1- 19). https://doi. org/10.1177%2F1367549419869354. google scholar
  • Burns, P., Gimpel, G., J. (2000). Economic insecurity, prejudical stereotypes, and public opinion on immigration policy, Political Science Quarterly, 115(2), 201-225. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657900. google scholar
  • Castells, M. (2015). Network of Outrage and Hope: Social Movement in the Internet Age. Polity. google scholar
  • Change.org (2020). Change.org impact report 2018. Retrieved from https://static.change.org/brand-pages/ impact/reports/2019/change.org_Impact_Report_english_FINAL.pdf. google scholar
  • Çomu, T. & Halaiqa, İ. (2015). Web içeriklerinin metin temelli çözümlemesi. M. Binark (Ed.). Yeni medya çalışmalarında araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri (pp. 15- 26). Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • De Blasio, E, Marianne, K., Wolf J. S., & Michele S. (2020). The ongoing transformation of the digital public sphere: Basic considerations on a moving target. Media and Communication, 8(4), 1-5. google scholar
  • Datts, M. (2020). Social media, populism, and migration. Media and Communication, 8(4), 73-83. google scholar
  • Deniz, Ç., A., Ekinci, Y & Hülür, B., A. (2016). “Bizim Müstakbel Hep Harap Oldu” Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Gündelik Hayatı Antap-Kilis Çevresi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Danış, D. & Parla, A. (2009) Nafile soydaşlık: Irak ve Bulgaristan Türkleri örneğinde göçmen, dernek ve devlet. Toplum ve Bilim, (114). 131-158. google scholar
  • Dal, A. & Tokdemir, E. (2021). Siyasi haber alma pratiklerinin Suriyeli göçmenlerle ilgili tehdit algıları üzerindeki etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 417-439. DOI: 10.14782/marmarasbd.943974. google scholar
  • Erdoğan, M., M. (2020, June 11). Syrians Barometer 2019. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/09/SB2019-ENG-04092020.pdf. google scholar
  • Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis. Routledge. google scholar
  • Filibeli, E., T., Ertuna, C. (2021). Sarcasm beyond hate speech: Facebook comments on Syrian refugees in Turkey. International Journal of Communication, 15(2021), 2236- 2259. google scholar Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma Notes on The Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall, Inc. google scholar
  • Güney, Ü. (2022) Syrian refugees between Turkish nationalism and citizenship, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(4). 519-532. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2021.1950256. google scholar
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society, (T. Burger ve F. Lawrence, Trans.). The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Hagendoom, L. (2010). Ethnic categrization and outgroup exclusion: Cultural values and social stereotypes in the construction of ethnic hierarchies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(1), 26-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014 19870.1993.9993771. google scholar
  • Hart, C. (2015). Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science. New perspectives on immigration discourse. Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Halpin, D., Vromen, A., Vaughan, M., Raissi, M. (2018). Online petitioning and politics: the development of change. org in Australia, Australian Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1499010. google scholar
  • Huizinga, R., P. & Van Hoven, B. (2020). Hegemonic masculinities after forced migration: Exploring relational performances of Syrian refugee men in The Netherlands, Gender, Place & Culture, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2020.1784102. google scholar
  • İnal, K., & Nohl, A., M. (2018) The asylum issue and political mass education in Turkey: How the government imposed the acceptance of Syrian refugees on Turkish citizens?. Euras J Anthropol. 9(1): 1-17. google scholar
  • Karlıdağ, S. & Bulut, S. (2020). Political economy of anti-refugee in Turkey and cyber-racism: thematic analysis of #suriyelilerdefolsun hashtag, in Karlıdağ, Sibel., Bulut, Selda, (Eds), Handbook of Research on the political economy of communications and media. Retrieved from https://www.igi-global.com/book/handbook-research-political-economy-communications/240825. google scholar
  • Koca, B., T. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: from “guests” to “enemies?”, New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 55- 75. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2016.4. google scholar
  • KhosraviNik M & Zia M. (2014) Persian nationalism, identity and anti-Arab sentiments in Iranian Facebook discourses: Critical discourse analysis and social media communication. Journal of Language and Politics 13(4). 755-780. google scholar
  • Kreis, R. (2017). #refugeesnotwelcome: Anti-refugee discourse on Twitter. Discourse & Communication, 11(5), 498-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317714121 google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M. (2017). Discursive shifts in ethno-nationalist politics: on politicization and mediatization of the “Refugee Crisis” in Poland. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1-2), 76-96. google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M. (2018) “We are a small country that has done enormously lot”: The ‘refugee crisis’ and the hybrid discourse of politicizing immigration in Sweden, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16:1-2, 97-117. google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M., Wodak, R. (2009). Theorising and analysing social change in central and eastern Europe: The Contribution of Critical Discourse Analysis. DOI:10.1057/9780230594296_2. google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M., Ledin, Per. (2017). Uncivility on the web: Populism in/and the borderline discourses of exclusion. Journal of Language and Politics. google scholar Leeuven, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice. Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Masalha, O. & Baş, Ö. (2023). An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 64, 155-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875. google scholar
  • Moscovici, S. (1988), Notes towards a description of social representations. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., (18). 211-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180303. google scholar
  • Nagel, J. (2015). Masculanity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2), 242-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014198798330007. google scholar
  • Onay-Coker, D. (2019). The representation of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a critical discourse analysis of three newspapers. Continum, 1-17. Doi:10.1080/10304312.2019.1587740. google scholar
  • Özduzen, O., Korkut, U., & Özdüzen, C. (2020). “Refugees are not welcome”: Digital racism, online place-making and the evolving categorization of Syrians in Turkey. New Media & Society. 11(23). https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444820956341 google scholar
  • Özkırımlı, U. (2015). Türkiye’de gayriresmi milliyetçilik ve popüler milliyetçilik. Tanıl Bora & Murat Gültekin (Eds). Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce. İletişim Yayınları google scholar Öztürk, N., & Ayvaz, S. (2018). Sentiment analysis on Twitter: A text mining approach to the Syrian refugee crisis. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 136-147. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.006. google scholar
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media&Society, 6(2), 259-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804041444. google scholar
  • Polat, R. K. (2018). Religious solidarity, historical mission and moral superiority: construction of external and internal “others” in AKP’s discourses on Syrian refugees in Turkey, Critical Discourse Studies, 1-17. Doi:10.1080 /17405904.2018.1500925. google scholar
  • Rheindorf, M., & Wodak, R. (2017). Borders, fences and limits—protecting Austria from refugees: Metadiscursive negotiation of meaning in the current refugee crisis. International Journal of Immigration & Refugee Studies. google scholar
  • Reisigl & Wodak (2008). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds). Methods of critical discourse analysis. (87-121). SAGE Publications. google scholar Sancar, S. (2016). Erkeklik: İmkânsız İktidar Ailede, Piyasada ve Sokakta Erkekler. Metis Yayınları. google scholar
  • Saraçoğlu, C., Belangar D. (2019). Loss and xenophobia in the city: contextualizing anti- Syrian sentiments in İzmir, Turkey, Patterns of Prejudice, 363- 383. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1615779. google scholar
  • Schlesinger, P. (2020). After the post-public sphere. Media, Culture & Society. Doi: 016344372094800. doi:10.1177/0163443720948003. google scholar
  • Suerbaum, M. (2018). Defining the other to masculinize oneself: Syrian men’s negotiations of masculinity during displacement in Egypt, signs: Journal of Women in Culture andSociety, 43(3), 665-686. Doi: 10.1086/695303. google scholar
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Intergroup relations: Essential readings, 94-109. Psychology Press. google scholar
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. J. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.), Key readings in social psychology. Political psychology: Key readings (p. 276-293). Psychology Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16. google scholar
  • Tsuda, T. (1998). The stigma of ethnic difference: The structure of prejudice and “discrimination” toward Japan’s new immigrant minority, Journal of Japanese Studies, 24(2), 317. Doi:10.2307/133237. google scholar
  • Ülkü, G. (2022) Syrian refugees between Turkish nationalism and citizenship, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(4). 519-532. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2021.1950256 google scholar
  • Van Dijk, T. (2018). Discourse and migration. In Z. Barrero and E. Y. Yalaz, (Ed.). Qualitative Research in European Migration Studies, 227-247. Retrieved from http://www.springer.com/series/13502. google scholar
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  • Valenta, F. (2009). Immigrants’ identity negotiations and coping with stigma in different relational frames, Symbolic Interaction. 32(4), 351-371. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/si.2009.32.4.351. google scholar
  • Wodak, R. (2017) “Strangers in Europe” A discourse-historical approach to the legitimation of immigration control 2015/16. Advancing multimodal and critical discourse studies. 31-49. Taylor & Francis. google scholar
  • Wodak, R. (2001) The discourse historical approach. In Wodak R. and Meyer M. (Eds.) Methods of critical discourse studies, 63-95. Sage. google scholar
  • Yeğen, M. (2004). Citizenship and ethnicity in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(6), 51-66. Doi:10.1080/ 0026320042000282874. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, F., Elmas, T., Eröz, B. (2023). Twitter-based analysis of anti-refugee discourses in Türkiye. Discourse & Communication, 17(3), 298-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813231169135. google scholar

Türkiye’de Suriyeli karşıtı imza kampanyasının analizi: Change.org örneği

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 65, 109 - 133, 30.12.2023

Şükrü Şimdi

https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115

Öz

Bu çalışma, Change.org internet sitesi üzerinden başlatılan çevrimiçi imza kampanyaları aracılığıyla Suriyeli göçmenlere yönelik bireysel eylemleri ve bunların Türkiye’de nefret söylemini ve buna bağlı nefreti teşvik etmekteki rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu imza metinleri dünya çapındaki en büyük göçmen karşıtı sanal imza kampanyalarını temsil ediyor. Çalışmada verileri toplamak için Change.org web sitesinde Suriyeli(ler) anahtar kelimesi kullanılarak basit bir web araması yapıldı. Bunun sonucunda 154 imza kampanyasına ulaşıldı. Kampanya metinleri, Eleştirel Söylem Analizinin Söylem Tarihsel Yaklaşımı kullanılarak tematik olarak analiz edildi. Belirlenen ana temalar, Suriyeli kimliğinin sanal ortamda damgalanması, göçmenler arasında stereotiplerin yeniden üretilmesi, misafir söylemi ve kültürel ırkçılık olarak saptandı. Bulgular, kampanyalarda Suriyelilerin ekonomik bir yük, potansiyel/hayali düşmanlar, entegre olmaya istekli olmayanlar, vatanlarına ihanet edenler, savaştan kaçanlar ve hatta teröristler olarak tasvir edildiği ayrımcı basmakalıp kategorilerin sıklıkla kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Suriyeli(ler) ifadesi, sosyal bir kimlikten ziyade damgalanmış ve etnikleştirilmiş bir grup kimliği olarak çerçeveleniyor ve esas olarak Suriyeli erkeklerin ahlaksız ve savaştan kaçan kişiler olduğu yansıtılıyor. Etnik kategorizasyon sonucu Suriyeliler damgalanmış bir kimlik algısına tabi tutuluyor. Sonuçlar aynı zamanda bu kimliğin toplumsal cinsiyet algısı üzerinde hegemonik erkeklik kurgusuyla donatıldığını da göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Suriyeli kimliği damgalama stereotipler kültürel ırkçılık Change.org

Kaynakça

  • Akçam, T. (2008). Türk ulusal kimliği üzerine tezler. Tanıl Bora & Murat Gültekin (Eds.), Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce. (3th ed.). İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
  • Akçura, Y. (2015). Üç tarz-siyaset, (E. Kılınç, Trans.). Ötüken Neşriyat. google scholar
  • Anderson, B. (1991). İmagined Community. Verso. google scholar
  • Balibar, E. (1991). Racism and nationalism, (C. Turner, Trans.). Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (Eds.,) Race, nation, class ambigious Identities (p. 243- 291). Verso. google scholar
  • Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism. Sage. google scholar
  • Bozdağ, Ç. (2019). Bottom-up natinalism and discrimination on social media: An analysis of the citizenship debate about refugees in Turkey, European Journal of Cultural Studies, (pp. 1- 19). https://doi. org/10.1177%2F1367549419869354. google scholar
  • Burns, P., Gimpel, G., J. (2000). Economic insecurity, prejudical stereotypes, and public opinion on immigration policy, Political Science Quarterly, 115(2), 201-225. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657900. google scholar
  • Castells, M. (2015). Network of Outrage and Hope: Social Movement in the Internet Age. Polity. google scholar
  • Change.org (2020). Change.org impact report 2018. Retrieved from https://static.change.org/brand-pages/ impact/reports/2019/change.org_Impact_Report_english_FINAL.pdf. google scholar
  • Çomu, T. & Halaiqa, İ. (2015). Web içeriklerinin metin temelli çözümlemesi. M. Binark (Ed.). Yeni medya çalışmalarında araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri (pp. 15- 26). Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • De Blasio, E, Marianne, K., Wolf J. S., & Michele S. (2020). The ongoing transformation of the digital public sphere: Basic considerations on a moving target. Media and Communication, 8(4), 1-5. google scholar
  • Datts, M. (2020). Social media, populism, and migration. Media and Communication, 8(4), 73-83. google scholar
  • Deniz, Ç., A., Ekinci, Y & Hülür, B., A. (2016). “Bizim Müstakbel Hep Harap Oldu” Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Gündelik Hayatı Antap-Kilis Çevresi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Danış, D. & Parla, A. (2009) Nafile soydaşlık: Irak ve Bulgaristan Türkleri örneğinde göçmen, dernek ve devlet. Toplum ve Bilim, (114). 131-158. google scholar
  • Dal, A. & Tokdemir, E. (2021). Siyasi haber alma pratiklerinin Suriyeli göçmenlerle ilgili tehdit algıları üzerindeki etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 417-439. DOI: 10.14782/marmarasbd.943974. google scholar
  • Erdoğan, M., M. (2020, June 11). Syrians Barometer 2019. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/09/SB2019-ENG-04092020.pdf. google scholar
  • Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis. Routledge. google scholar
  • Filibeli, E., T., Ertuna, C. (2021). Sarcasm beyond hate speech: Facebook comments on Syrian refugees in Turkey. International Journal of Communication, 15(2021), 2236- 2259. google scholar Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma Notes on The Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall, Inc. google scholar
  • Güney, Ü. (2022) Syrian refugees between Turkish nationalism and citizenship, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(4). 519-532. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2021.1950256. google scholar
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society, (T. Burger ve F. Lawrence, Trans.). The MIT Press. google scholar
  • Hagendoom, L. (2010). Ethnic categrization and outgroup exclusion: Cultural values and social stereotypes in the construction of ethnic hierarchies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(1), 26-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014 19870.1993.9993771. google scholar
  • Hart, C. (2015). Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science. New perspectives on immigration discourse. Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Halpin, D., Vromen, A., Vaughan, M., Raissi, M. (2018). Online petitioning and politics: the development of change. org in Australia, Australian Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2018.1499010. google scholar
  • Huizinga, R., P. & Van Hoven, B. (2020). Hegemonic masculinities after forced migration: Exploring relational performances of Syrian refugee men in The Netherlands, Gender, Place & Culture, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2020.1784102. google scholar
  • İnal, K., & Nohl, A., M. (2018) The asylum issue and political mass education in Turkey: How the government imposed the acceptance of Syrian refugees on Turkish citizens?. Euras J Anthropol. 9(1): 1-17. google scholar
  • Karlıdağ, S. & Bulut, S. (2020). Political economy of anti-refugee in Turkey and cyber-racism: thematic analysis of #suriyelilerdefolsun hashtag, in Karlıdağ, Sibel., Bulut, Selda, (Eds), Handbook of Research on the political economy of communications and media. Retrieved from https://www.igi-global.com/book/handbook-research-political-economy-communications/240825. google scholar
  • Koca, B., T. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: from “guests” to “enemies?”, New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 55- 75. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2016.4. google scholar
  • KhosraviNik M & Zia M. (2014) Persian nationalism, identity and anti-Arab sentiments in Iranian Facebook discourses: Critical discourse analysis and social media communication. Journal of Language and Politics 13(4). 755-780. google scholar
  • Kreis, R. (2017). #refugeesnotwelcome: Anti-refugee discourse on Twitter. Discourse & Communication, 11(5), 498-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317714121 google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M. (2017). Discursive shifts in ethno-nationalist politics: on politicization and mediatization of the “Refugee Crisis” in Poland. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1-2), 76-96. google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M. (2018) “We are a small country that has done enormously lot”: The ‘refugee crisis’ and the hybrid discourse of politicizing immigration in Sweden, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16:1-2, 97-117. google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M., Wodak, R. (2009). Theorising and analysing social change in central and eastern Europe: The Contribution of Critical Discourse Analysis. DOI:10.1057/9780230594296_2. google scholar
  • Krzyzanowski, M., Ledin, Per. (2017). Uncivility on the web: Populism in/and the borderline discourses of exclusion. Journal of Language and Politics. google scholar Leeuven, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice. Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Masalha, O. & Baş, Ö. (2023). An analysis of social media content shared by right-wing extremist groups in the United States, the Great Britain and Australia. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 64, 155-182. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1055875. google scholar
  • Moscovici, S. (1988), Notes towards a description of social representations. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., (18). 211-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180303. google scholar
  • Nagel, J. (2015). Masculanity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21(2), 242-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014198798330007. google scholar
  • Onay-Coker, D. (2019). The representation of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a critical discourse analysis of three newspapers. Continum, 1-17. Doi:10.1080/10304312.2019.1587740. google scholar
  • Özduzen, O., Korkut, U., & Özdüzen, C. (2020). “Refugees are not welcome”: Digital racism, online place-making and the evolving categorization of Syrians in Turkey. New Media & Society. 11(23). https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444820956341 google scholar
  • Özkırımlı, U. (2015). Türkiye’de gayriresmi milliyetçilik ve popüler milliyetçilik. Tanıl Bora & Murat Gültekin (Eds). Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce. İletişim Yayınları google scholar Öztürk, N., & Ayvaz, S. (2018). Sentiment analysis on Twitter: A text mining approach to the Syrian refugee crisis. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 136-147. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.10.006. google scholar
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media&Society, 6(2), 259-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804041444. google scholar
  • Polat, R. K. (2018). Religious solidarity, historical mission and moral superiority: construction of external and internal “others” in AKP’s discourses on Syrian refugees in Turkey, Critical Discourse Studies, 1-17. Doi:10.1080 /17405904.2018.1500925. google scholar
  • Rheindorf, M., & Wodak, R. (2017). Borders, fences and limits—protecting Austria from refugees: Metadiscursive negotiation of meaning in the current refugee crisis. International Journal of Immigration & Refugee Studies. google scholar
  • Reisigl & Wodak (2008). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds). Methods of critical discourse analysis. (87-121). SAGE Publications. google scholar Sancar, S. (2016). Erkeklik: İmkânsız İktidar Ailede, Piyasada ve Sokakta Erkekler. Metis Yayınları. google scholar
  • Saraçoğlu, C., Belangar D. (2019). Loss and xenophobia in the city: contextualizing anti- Syrian sentiments in İzmir, Turkey, Patterns of Prejudice, 363- 383. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2019.1615779. google scholar
  • Schlesinger, P. (2020). After the post-public sphere. Media, Culture & Society. Doi: 016344372094800. doi:10.1177/0163443720948003. google scholar
  • Suerbaum, M. (2018). Defining the other to masculinize oneself: Syrian men’s negotiations of masculinity during displacement in Egypt, signs: Journal of Women in Culture andSociety, 43(3), 665-686. Doi: 10.1086/695303. google scholar
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Intergroup relations: Essential readings, 94-109. Psychology Press. google scholar
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. J. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.), Key readings in social psychology. Political psychology: Key readings (p. 276-293). Psychology Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16. google scholar
  • Tsuda, T. (1998). The stigma of ethnic difference: The structure of prejudice and “discrimination” toward Japan’s new immigrant minority, Journal of Japanese Studies, 24(2), 317. Doi:10.2307/133237. google scholar
  • Ülkü, G. (2022) Syrian refugees between Turkish nationalism and citizenship, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(4). 519-532. DOI: 10.1080/15562948.2021.1950256 google scholar
  • Van Dijk, T. (2018). Discourse and migration. In Z. Barrero and E. Y. Yalaz, (Ed.). Qualitative Research in European Migration Studies, 227-247. Retrieved from http://www.springer.com/series/13502. google scholar
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  • Yılmaz, F., Elmas, T., Eröz, B. (2023). Twitter-based analysis of anti-refugee discourses in Türkiye. Discourse & Communication, 17(3), 298-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813231169135. google scholar
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Şükrü Şimdi 0000-0001-7094-1146

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Şimdi, Ş. (2023). An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(65), 109-133. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115
AMA Şimdi Ş. An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. Aralık 2023;(65):109-133. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115
Chicago Şimdi, Şükrü. “An Analysis of Anti-Syrian’s Signature Campaign in Türkiye: The Cases from Change.Org”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65 (Aralık 2023): 109-33. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115.
EndNote Şimdi Ş (01 Aralık 2023) An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 65 109–133.
IEEE Ş. Şimdi, “An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65, ss. 109–133, Aralık 2023, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115.
ISNAD Şimdi, Şükrü. “An Analysis of Anti-Syrian’s Signature Campaign in Türkiye: The Cases from Change.Org”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 65 (Aralık 2023), 109-133. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115.
JAMA Şimdi Ş. An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023;:109–133.
MLA Şimdi, Şükrü. “An Analysis of Anti-Syrian’s Signature Campaign in Türkiye: The Cases from Change.Org”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 65, 2023, ss. 109-33, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2023-1274115.
Vancouver Şimdi Ş. An analysis of anti-Syrian’s signature campaign in Türkiye: The cases from Change.org. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2023(65):109-33.
 Kapak Resmi İndir