Cezaevi Popülasyonunda Dünya Örnekleriyle Ruh Sağlığı Uygulamaları ve Yol Haritası

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 46 - 76, 27.12.2021

Burak Amil , Yasin Hasan Balcıoğlu Fatih Öncü

Öz

Cezaevi popülasyonunda ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin ve uygulamalarının önemi her
geçen gün daha fazla artmaktadır. Gerek mahkûmların sağlık sorunlarının tespiti
gerek cezaevlerinin huzur ve güven ortamının sağlanması gerekse suç işlemiş
bireyleri yeniden suçtan uzak tutabilecek rehabilitasyon süreçlerinin devamlılığı
açısından cezaevlerinde nitelikli ruh sağlığı hizmetine ulaşımın kolaylaşması
gerekir. Cezaevlerinin kendine özgü koşul ve dinamiklerinden kaynaklanan
birtakım güçlükler cezaevi popülasyonuna ruh sağlığı hizmetlerini ulaştırma
açısından çeşitli sorunlar yaratabilir. Bununla birlikte dünyanın farklı ülkelerinde
cezaevlerinde ruh sağlığı uygulamalarını başarıyla yürüten örnekler de mevcuttur.
Uygar bir toplum düzeninin gereği olarak cezaevi ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin
iyileştirilmesine yönelik insan hakları temelli ve bilimsel yöntemi esas alan
kapsamlı politikalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu politikaların oluşturulmasında konunun
paydaşlarının görüşlerini içeren ve dünyadaki farklı uygulamaları harmanlayan
bütünlüklü bir anlayış esas alınmalıdır. Ruh sağlığı hizmetlerine yönelik yürütücü
organizasyon şemasıyla başlayan ve mahkûmla gerçekleştirilen ilk görüşmeden
cezaevi sonrası müdahalelere kadar her basamağı ayrıntılı şekilde planlanmış bir
politikanın cezaevlerinde yaşanan ruh sağlığı temelli sorunları en aza indireceği
öngörülebilir. Ayrıca ruhsal bozuklukların türüne göre farklılaşan tanı ve tedavi
süreçlerinin mahkûmlara sağlanabilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bununla
birlikte kadın, çocuk ve yaşlı mahkûmlar, cinsel ya da yineleyici suç işleyenler ve
toplumsal cinsiyete uymayan bireyler gibi özel gereksinimi olan grupların da
kendilerine özgü ruhsal ihtiyaçlarının iyi bilinmesi ve bu ihtiyaçların olabildiğince
karşılanması gerekir. Bütün bu hizmetleri uygulayacak nitelikli personelin eğitimi
de cezaevlerinde ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin niteliğinin artması açısından kilit noktalardan
biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu yazıda da cezaevlerinde ruh sağlığı hizmetlerini
geliştirmeye odaklanan bir yol haritasının sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adli Psikiyatri, Cezaevi Ruh Sağlığı, Cezaevi Hizmetleri, Mahkûm, Rehabilitasyon Psikiyatrisi

Kaynakça

• A Federal-Provincial-Territorial Partnership. (2010). Mental health strategy for corrections in Canada. https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/health/092/MH-strategy-eng.pdf
• Aebi, M. F. ve Tiago, M. M. (2020). Council of Europe annual penal statistics SPACE I-2020. https://wp.unil.ch/space/files/2021/04/210330_FinalReport_SPACE_I_2020.pdf
• Aizer, A. ve Doyle, J. J. (2015). Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: Evidence from randomly assigned judges. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(2), 759-804. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv003
• Baillargeon, J., Binswanger, I. A., Penn, J. V., Williams, B. A. ve Murray, O. J. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: The revolving prison door. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030416
• Baillargeon, J., Contreras, S., Grady, J. J., Black, S. A. ve Murray, O. (2000). Compliance with antidepressant medication among prison inmates with depressive disorder. Psychiatric Services, 51(11), 1444-1446. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.51.11.1444
• Balcioglu, Y. H., Kirlioglu Balcioglu, S. S., Oncu, F. ve Turkcan, A. (2021). Psychopathy, temperament, and character dimensions of personality as risk determinants of criminal recidivism in schizophrenia patients. Journal of Forensic Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14834
• Bartlett, A. ve Hollins, S. (2018). Challenges and mental health needs of women in prison. British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(3), 134-136. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2017.42
• Beck, A. ve Johnson, C. (2012). Sexual victimization reported by former state prisoners, 2008. http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo29057
• Bronson, J. ve Carson, E. A. (2019). Prisoners in 2017. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p17.pdf
• Brown, R. A., Monti, P. M., Myers, M. G., Martin, R. A., Rivinus, T., … Rohsenow, D. J. (1998). Depression among cocaine abusers in treatment: Relation to cocaine and alcohol use and treatment outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(2), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.2.220
• Chowdhury, N. Z., Albalawi, O., Wand, H., Adily, A., Kariminia, A., … Butler, T. (2019). First diagnosis of psychosis in the prison: Results from a data-linkage study. BJPsych Open, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.74
• Clements-Nolle, K., Wolden, M. ve Bargmann-Losche, J. (2009). Childhood trauma and risk for past and future suicide attempts among women in prison. Women’s Health Issues, 19(3), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2009.02.002
• Coolidge, F. L., Marle, P. D., Van Horn, S. A. ve Segal, D. L. (2011). Clinical syndromes, personality disorders, and neurocognitive differences in male and female inmates. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29(5), 741-751. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.997
• Cumming, I. ve Wilson, S. (2010). Psychiatry in prisons: A comprehensive handbook. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Curtice, M., Parker, J., Wismayer, F. S. ve Tomison, A. (2003). The elderly offender: An 11-year survey of referrals to a regional forensic psychiatric service. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 14(2), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478994031000077989
• Davis, L. M. ve Pacchiana, S. (2004). Health profile of the state prison population and returning offenders: Public health challenges. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 10(3), 303-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/107834580301000305
• De Andrade, D., Ritchie, J., Rowlands, M., Mann, E. ve Hides, L. (2018). Substance use and recidivism outcomes for prison-based drug and alcohol interventions. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 121- 133. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxy004
• Dressing, H. ve Salize, H. J. (2009). Pathways to psychiatric care in european prison systems. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27(5), 801-810. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.893
• Edens, J. F., Kelley, S. E., Lilienfeld, S. O., Skeem, J. L. ve Douglas, K. S. (2015). DSM-5 antisocial personality disorder: Predictive validity in a prison sample. Law and Human Behavior, 39(2), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000105
• Ehret, M. J., Shelton, D., Barta, W., Trestman, R., Maruca, A., … Golay, L. (2013). Medication adherence among female inmates with bipolar disorder: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Services, 10(1), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031433
• Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G. ve Udesen, C. (2014). Prisons and health. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
• Eriksson, Å., Romelsjö, A., Stenbacka, M. ve Tengström, A. (2011). Early risk factors for criminal offending in schizophrenia: A 35-year longitudinal cohort study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(9), 925-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0262-7
• Eronen, M., Tiihonen, J. ve Hakola, P. (1996). Schizophrenia and homicidal behavior. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(1), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/22.1.83
• Favril, L., Yu, R., Hawton, K. ve Fazel, S. (2020). Risk factors for self-harm in prison: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(8), 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215- 0366(20)30190-5
• Fazel, S. ve Seewald, K. (2012). Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(5), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096370
• Fazel, S., Bains, P. ve Doll, H. (2006). Substance abuse and dependence in prisoners: A systematic review. Addiction, 101(2), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1360-0443.2006.01316.X
• Fazel, S., Hayes, A. J., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M. ve Trestman, R. (2016). Mental health of prisoners: Prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(9), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30142-0
• Fazel, S., Hope, T., O’Donnell, I. ve Jacoby, R. (2001). Hidden psychiatric morbidity in elderly prisoners. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179(DEC.), 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.6.535
• Fazel, S., Yoon, I. A. ve Hayes, A. J. (2017). Substance use disorders in prisoners: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis in recently incarcerated men and women. Addiction, 112(10), 1725-1739. https://doi.org/10.1111/ADD.13877
• Flórez, G., Ferrer, V., García, L., Crespo, M., Pérez, M. ve Saiz, P. (2019). Personality disorders, addictions and psychopathy as predictors of criminal behaviour in a prison sample. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 21(2), 62-79. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1575- 06202019000200002
• Foley, D. J., Manderscheid, R., Atay, J., Maedke, J., Sussman, J. ve Cribbs, S. (2006). Highlights of organized mental health services in 2002 and major national and state trends. In R. W. Manderscheid ve J. T. Berry (Ed.), Mental health, United States (pp. 200-236). US Government Printing Office.
• Forrester, A., Exworthy, T., Olumoroti, O., Sessay, M., Parrott, J., Spencer, S. J. ve Whyte, S. (2013). Variations in prison mental health services in England and Wales. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(3-4), 326-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.007
• Fovet, T., Geoffroy, P. A., Vaiva, G., Adins, C., Thomas, P. ve Amad, A. (2015). Individuals with bipolar disorder and their relationship with the criminal justice system: A critical review. Psychiatric Services, 66(4), 348-353. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400104
• Friedman, S. H., Tamburello, A. C., Kaempf, A. ve Hall, R. C. W. (2019). Prescribing for women in corrections. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 47(4), 476-485. https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.003885-19
• Georgiou, M. ve Townsend, K. (2019). Quality Network for Prison Mental Health Services: Reviewing the quality of mental health provision in prisons. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 30(5), 794-806. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2019.1637918
• Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A, Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L. ve Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn. The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and the National Center for Transgender Equality. http://transequality.org/PDFs/NTDS_Report.pdf%5Cnhttp://2fwww.thetaskforce.org/downloads /resources_and_tools/ntds_report_on_health.pdf
• Haile, Y. G., Kebede, K. B., Limenhe, A., Habatmu, K. ve Alem, A. (2020). Alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Debre Berhan prison, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse: Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00270-w
• Hales, H., Davison, S., Misch, P. ve Taylor, P. J. (2003). Young male prisoners in a Young Offenders’ Institution: Their contact with suicidal behaviour by others. Journal of Adolescence, 26(6), 667- 685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(03)00063-0
• Hassan, L., Senior, J., Webb, R. T., Frisher, M., Tully, M. P., While, D. ve Shaw, J. J. (2016). Prevalence and appropriateness of psychotropic medication prescribing in a nationally representative crosssectional survey of male and female prisoners in England. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1055-7
• Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E. A. ve O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373-2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
• Henry, O. (2017). Evaluation of the core sex offender treatment programme. Probation Journal, 64(4), 425-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550517740997a
• Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service, & NHS England. (2015). Working with offenders with personality disorder: A practitioners guide. https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/wpcontent/uploads/sites/12/2015/10/work-offndrs-persnlty-disorder-oct15.pdf
• HM Chief Inspector of Prisons. (2021). Report on a scrutiny visit to HMP Grendon. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprisons/wpcontent/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Grendon-SV-web-2021.pdf House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts. (2017). Mental health in prisons: Eighth Report of Session 2017-19. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmpubacc/400/400.pdf
• Huddy, V., Roberts, A., Jarrett, M. ve Valmaggia, L. (2016). Psychological therapy for at risk mental state for psychosis in a prison setting: A case study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 142- 151. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22250
• Jarrett, M., Craig, T., Parrott, J., Forrester, A., Winton-Brown, T., … Valmaggia, L. (2012). Identifying men at ultra high risk of psychosis in a prison population. Schizophrenia Research, 136(1-3), 1- 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.025
• Johnson, J. E. ve Zlotnick, C. (2012). Pilot study of treatment for major depression among women prisoners with substance use disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(9), 1174-1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.05.007
• Kakoullis, A., Mesurier, N. L. ve Kingston, P. (2010). The mental health of older prisoners. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(5), 693-701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210000359
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O. ve Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHPSYC.62.6.617
• Khodayarifard, M., Shokoohi-Yekta, M. ve Hamot, G. E. (2010). Effects of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy for male prisoners in iran. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(5), 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X09344840
• Kinyanjui, D. W. ve Atwoli, L. (2013). Substance use among inmates at the Eldoret prison in Western Kenya. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-53
• Knoll, C. ve Sickmund, M. (2012). Delinquency cases in juvenile court, 2009. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/239081.pdf
• Koenig, H. G., Johnson, S., Bellard, J., Denker, M. ve Fenlon, R. (1995). Depression and anxiety disorder among older male inmates at a federal correctional facility. Psychiatric Services, 46(4), 399-401. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.46.4.399
• Lamb, H. R. ve Weinberger, L. E. (2005). The shift of psychiatric inpatient care from hospitals to jails and prisons. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33(4), 529-534.
• Lamberti, J. S. (2016). Preventing criminal recidivism through mental health and criminal justice collaboration. Psychiatric Services, 67(11), 1206-1212. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500384
• Lamberti, J. S., Russ, A., Cerulli, C., Weisman, R. L., Jacobowitz, D. ve Williams, G. C. (2014). Patient experiences of autonomy and coercion while receiving legal leverage in forensic assertive community treatment. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HRP.0000450448.48563.C1
• Maier, G. J. ve Fulton, L. (1998). Inpatient treatment of offenders with mental disorders. In R. M. Wettstein (Ed.), Tretatment of offenders with mental disorders (pp. 126-167). Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v59n1110c
• Martin, C., Preedy, V. ve Patel, V. B. (2016). Comprehensive guide to post-traumatic stress disorders. Springer.
• McCall-Smith, K. (2016). United nations standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules). International Legal Materials, 55(6), 1180-1205. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900030898
• McLeod, K. E., Martin, R. E., Butler, A., Young, J. T., Southalan, L., … Topp, S. M. (2020). Global prison health care governance and health equity: A critical lack of evidence. American Journal of Public Health, 110(3), 303-308. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305465
• Middleton, D., Mandeville-Norden, R. ve Hayes, E. (2009). Does treatment work with internet sex offenders? Emerging findings from the internet sex offender treatment programme (i-SOTP). Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600802673444
• Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Somjee, L., Markovich, P. J., … Woods, S. W. (2002). Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the structured interview for prodromal syndromes: Preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(5), 863-865. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.863
• Mir, J., Kastner, S., Priebe, S., Konrad, N., Ströhle, A. ve Mundt, A. P. (2015). Treating substance abuse is not enough: Comorbidities in consecutively admitted female prisoners. Addictive Behaviors, 46, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.016
• Møller, L., Stöver, H., Jürgens, R., Gatherer, A. ve Nikogosian, H. (2007). Health in prisons: A WHO guide to the essentials in prison health. WHO Regional Office Europe.
• Nee, C. ve Farman, S. (2005). Female prisoners with borderline personality disorder: Some promising treatment developments. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15(1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/CBM.33
• New Zealand Department of Corrections. (2021). Rehabilitation programmes. https://www.corrections.govt.nz/working_with_offenders/prison_sentences/employment_and_s upport_programmes/rehabilitation_programmes.html
• Nwaopara, U. ve Stanley, P. (2015). Prevalence of depression in Port Harcourt Prison. African Journal of Psychiatry (South Africa), 18(6), 340. https://doi.org/10.4172/2378-5756.1000340
• Oklahoma Department of Corrections. (2021). Overview of ODOC Mental Health Services. https://oklahoma.gov/doc/organization/health-services/mental-health-services/overview-ofodoc-mental-health-services.html
• One Small Thing Initiative. (2020). One small thing. https://onesmallthing.org.uk/
• Opitz-Welke, A., Bennefeldt-Kersten, K., Konrad, N. ve Welke, J. (2016). Prison suicide in female detainees in Germany 2000-2013. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 44, 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.016
• P., A. (2007). Report: Alcohol in Europe. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2, 73-75.
• Paton, J. ve Jenkins, R. (2013). Suicide and suicide attempts in prisons. In K. Hawton (Ed.), Prevention and treatment of suicidal behaviour (pp. 307-334). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198529767.003.0018
• Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(3), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136956
• Prison Reform Trust. (2021). Bromley briefings prison factfile, winter 2021. http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Bromley Briefings/Winter 2021 Factfile final.pdf
• Public Health England. (2020). Alcohol and drug treatment in secure settings 2018 to 2019: Report. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/substance-misuse-treatment-in-secure-settings-2018- to-2019/alcohol-and-drug-treatment-in-secure-settings-2018-to-2019-report
• Radeloff, D., Lempp, T., Herrmann, E., Kettner, M., Bennefeld-Kersten, K. ve Freitag, C. M. (2015). National total survey of German adolescent suicide in prison. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0568-1
• Rasanen, P., Tiihonen, J., Isohanni, M., Rantakallio, P., Lehtonen, J. ve Moring, J. (1998). Schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and violent behavior: A 26-year followup study of an unselected birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 437-441. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033338
• Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2007). Characteristics and predictors of self-mutilation: A study of incarcerated women. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17(5), 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.665
• Romano, C. A., Ravagnani, L., Convertini, A., Dassisti, L., Fanizza, A. R., … Grattagliano, I. (2020). The aging process in prison: Pathologies and health conditions in old inmates. An epidemiological research in Italy. Clinica Terapeutica, 171(4), E340-E345. https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2020.2237
• Rotter, M., Way, B., Steinbacher, M., Sawyer, D. ve Smith, H. (2002). Personality disorders in prison: Aren’t they all antisocial? Psychiatric Quarterly, 73(4), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020468117930
• Routh, D., Abess, G., Makin, D., Stohr, M. K., Hemmens, C. ve Yoo, J. (2017). Transgender inmates in prisons: A review of applicable statutes and policies. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(6), 645-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15603745
• Saavedra, J. ve López, M. (2015). Risk of suicide in male prison inmates. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 8(4), 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsmen.2013.07.002
• Salize, H. J., Dreßing, H. ve Kief, C. (2007). EUROPEAN COMMISSION Mentally Disordered Persons in European Prison Systems - Needs, Programmes and Outcome (EUPRIS). Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Germany.
• Schanda, H., Knecht, G., Schreinze, D., Stompe, T., Ortwein-Swoboda, G. ve Waldhoer, T. (2004). Homicide and major mental disorders: A 25-year study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00305.x
• Schauer, E. J. (2006). Book review: Gender-responsive strategies: Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Criminal Justice Review, 31(1), 78-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016806288335
• Shropshire Community Health NHS Trust. (2018). Policies, procedures, guidelines and protocols, mental health care pathway for HMP&YOI stoke heath. https://www.shropscommunityhealth.nhs.uk/content/doclib/10478.pdf
• T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2021). Personel durumu. https://cte.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/personel-durumu
• T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Menemen R Tipi Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu Müdürlüğü. (2021). Sağlık servisi. https://menemenrcik.adalet.gov.tr/saglik-hizmetleri
• T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Metris 2 Nolu Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu Müdürlüğü. (2021). Metris R Tipi Ceza İnfaz Kurumu (Rehabilitasyon Merkezi).
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı İstanbul Silivri Ceza İnfaz Kurumu Devlet Hastanesi. (2021). Doktor listesi.
• TBMM İnsan Haklarını İnceleme Komisyonu. (2015). Mahpusların islahı için asgari standart kurallar.
• https://www.ombudsman.gov.tr/document/mevzuat/876b6--Mahpuslarin-Islahi-Icin-AsgariStandart-Kurallar.pdf
• Texas’ Harris County moves to protect LGBT inmates. (2013). Albuquerque Journal. https://www.abqjournal.com/300713/texas-harris-county-moves-to-protect-lgbt-inmates.html
• Trestman, R., Appelbaum, K. ve Metzner, J. (2015). Oxford textbook of correctional psychiatry. Oxford University Press.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Adalet Bakanlığı. (2017). Ceza infaz kurumlarının yönetim, dış koruma, hükümlü ve tutukluların sevk ve nakilleri ile sağlık hizmetlerinin yürütülmesi hakkında protokol. www.cte.adalet.gov.tr/menudekiler/mevzuat /protokol/P12.doc
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2019). Ceza infaz kurumu istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ceza-Infaz-Kurumu-Istatistikleri-2019-33625
• U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2015). Mortality in local jails and state prisons, 2000-2013 - statistical tables. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/mljsp0013st.pdf
• UN General Assembly. (1966). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. United Nations, Treaty Series. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
• Underwood, L. A., Barretti, L., Storms, T. L. ve Safonte-Strumolo, N. (2004). A review of clinical characteristics and residential treatments for adolescent delinquents with mental health disorders: A promising residential program. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5(3), 199-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838004264344
• Underwood, L. A., Phillips, A., von Dresner, K. ve Knight, P. D. (2006). Critical factors in mental health programming for juveniles in corrections facilities. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2(1), 107-140. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100771
• Underwood, L. A., Warren, K. M., Talbott, L., Jackson, L. T. ve Dailey, F. L. L. (2014). Mental health treatment in juvenile justice secure care facilities: Practice and policy recommendations. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 14(1), 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2014.865398
• US Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2021). Inmate substance abuse treatment. https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/substance_abuse_treatment.jsp
• Wallace, D. ve Wang, X. (2020). Does in-prison physical and mental health impact recidivism? SSM - Population Health, 11, 100569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100569
• Walmsley, R. (2015). World Female Imprisonment List third edition: Women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners. https://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/world_female_imprisonm ent_list_third_edition_0.pdf
• Walmsley, R. (2018). World prison population list (twelfth edition). Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 12, 1-19.
• Waraich, P., Goldner, E. M., Somers, J. M. ve Hsu, L. (2004). Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(2), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900208
• Way, B. B., Miraglia, R., Sawyer, D. A., Beer, R. ve Eddy, J. (2005). Factors related to suicide in New York state prisons. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28(3), 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.09.003
• WHO Management of Mental and Brain Disorders Team & International Association for Suicide Prevention. (2007). Preventing suicide in jails and prisons. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43678
• World Health Organisation. (2013). Good governance for prison health in the 21st century. WHO Regional Office for Europe. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/231506/Good-governance-for-prisonhealth-in-the-21st-century.pdf
• World Health Organization. (2009). Women’s health in prison: Correcting gender inequity in prison health. WHO Regional Office for Europe. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/76513/E92347.pdf
• World Health Organization. (2012). Alcohol problems in the criminal justice system: An opportunity for intervention. WHO Regional Office for Europe. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/181068/e96751-ver-2.pdf
• World Health Organization. (2020). Organizational models of prison health. Considerations for better governance. WHO Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336214
• Zeola, M. P., Guina, J. ve Nahhas, R. W. (2017). Mental health referrals reduce recidivism in first-time juvenile offenders, but how do we determine who is referred? Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(1), 167- 183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9445-z