THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS, POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH, EMOTION REGULATION AND CORE BELIEFS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 15 - 34, 30.06.2024

Agit Akyel , Margörit Rita Krespi Ülgen

Öz

The characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic such as increased cases and deaths, quarantine and curfews that lasted for days, restrictions in personal and social lives had been potentially traumatic for many individuals. This study examined the relationship between the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (ICP; Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTS symptoms), post-traumatic growth (PTG), distruption in core beliefs (DCB), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS). The sample of the study consisted of 655 individuals living in Türkiye, of which 384 were female and 271 were male. In addition to Demographic Information Form, data were gathered by using the Impact of Events Scale (IES-R), the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CERS). Data were analysed by using SPSS IBM 23 program and PROCESS Macro v.4.1 plug-in. The findings showed that PTG growth was positively and significantly associated with ICP, DCB and CERS. The findings also showed that DCB and some CERS mediated the relationship between the ICP and PTG. Findings indicated that during the COVID-19 pandemic, PTS symptoms and PTG could occur together. Moreover, findings indicated that during this process DCB and CERS played an important role. The present findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature, and various recommendations were made for clinical practice and future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 pandemic, post-traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic growth, disruption in core beliefs, cognitive emotion regulation strategies

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval was sought.

Destekleyen Kurum

The research was not funded.

COVID-19 Pandemisinde Travma Sonrası Stres, Travma Sonrası Büyüme, Duygu Düzenleme ve Temel İnançlar Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

COVID-19 pandemi sürecinin artan vaka ve ölümler, günlerce süren karantina ve sokağa çıkma yasakları, bireysel ve sosyal yaşam alanlarının kısıtlanması gibi özellikleri birçok birey için travmatik bir deneyim niteliğinde olmuştur. Bu araştırmada, COVID-19 pandemisinin etkisi (TSS belirtileri), travma sonrası büyüme, temel inançlarda sarsılma ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir.
Örneklem, Türkiye’de yaşayan 384’ü kadın, 271’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 655 yetişkin bireyden oluşmuştur. Demografik bilgi formuna ek olarak veriler Olayların etkisi ölçeği (IES-R), travma sonrası büyüme ölçeği (TSBÖ), temel inançlar envanteri (TİE) ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme ölçeği (BDDÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi, SPSS IBM 23 programı ve PROCESS Macro v.4.1 eklentisi aracılığıyla yapılmıştır. Bulgular travma sonrası büyümenin; COVID-19 pandemi etkisi (TSS belirtileri), temel inançlarda sarsılma ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri ile anlamlı düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki içinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca bulgular, bazı bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin ve temel inançlarda sarsılmanın COVID-19 pandemi etkisi (TSS belirtileri) ile travma sonrası büyüme arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiğini göstermiştir. Bulgular COVID-19 pandemi döneminde travma sonrası stres belirtilerinin ve travma sonrası büyümenin birlikte ortaya çıkabileceğine işaret etmiştir. Ayrıca, bulgular bu süreçte temel inançlarda sarsılmanın ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin önemli bir rol oynadığına işaret etmiştir. Bulgular ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmış, klinik uygulamalar ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

covid-19 pandemisi, travma sonrası stres belirtileri, travma sonrası büyüme, temel inançlarda sarsılma, bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri

Etik Beyan

Etik onay alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma için bir fon alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
• Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Kilmer, R. P., Gil-Rivas, V., Vishnevsky, T., & Danhauer, S. C. (2010). The Core Beliefs Inventory: A brief measure of disruption in the assumptive world. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 23(1), 19-34.
• Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Beyond recovery from trauma: Implications for clinical practice and research. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 357-371.
• Çorapçıoğlu, A., Yargıç, İ., Geyran, P., & Kocabaşoğlu, N. (2006). Olayların etkisi ölçeği. In IES-R) Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Yeni Symposium (Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 14-22).
• Dekel, S., Mandl, C., & Solomon, Z. (2011). Shared and unique predictors of post‐traumatic growth and distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 241-252.
• Dominick, W. (2022). Changes in posttraumatic growth, core belief disruption, and social support over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 6389.
• Dominick, W., Elam, T., Fraus, K., & Taku, K. (2022). Nontraditional social support, core belief disruption, and posttraumatic growth during COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(3), 244-256.
• Dürü, C. (2006). Travma sonrası stres belirtileri ve travma sonrası büyümenin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi ve bir model önerisi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Schroevers, M. J., & Somsen, G. A. (2008). Post-traumatic growth after a myocardial infarction: a matter of personality, psychological health, or cognitive coping?. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15(4), 270-277.
• Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311-1327.
• Ginzburg, K. (2004). PTSD and world assumptions following myocardial infarction: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 286-292.
• Haselden, M. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde travma sonrası büyümeyi yordayan çeşitli değişkenlerin Türk ve Amerikan kültürlerinde incelenmesi: Bir model önerisi. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Hussain, D., & Bhushan, B. (2011). Posttraumatic stress and growth among Tibetan refugees: The mediating role of cognitive‐emotional regulation strategies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(7), 720-735.
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113-136.
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Our fundamental assumptions: Shattered assumptions. NewYork: The free Pres.
• Jin, Y., Xu, J., Liu, H., & Liu, D. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adult survivors of Wenchuan earthquake after 1 year: Prevalence and correlates. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(1), 67-73.
• Joseph, S., Murphy, D., & Regel, S. (2012). An affective–cognitive processing model of post‐traumatic growth. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19(4), 316-325.
• Karaman, Ö., & Tarım, B. (2018). Travma sonrası büyüme, sosyal problem çözme ve iyimserlik arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (20), 190-198.
• Kim, S. T., & Jang, H. Y. (2019). The Effects of Focusing Attitudes and Cognitive Emotion Regulation on Post-traumatic Growth of Trauma-Exposed Adolescent Athletes. Journal of Digital Convergence, 17(10), 479-487.
• Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttrauma depression and PTSD in assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(1), 45-52.
• Koliouli, F., and Canellopoulos, L. (2021). Dispositional optimism, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth in Greek general population facing the COVID-19 crisis, European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(2).
• Levine, P.A., & Frederick, A. (2021). Waking the tiger: healing trauma. US: Tantor and Blackstone Publishing.
• Levine, S. Z., Laufer, A., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Stein, E., & Solomon, Z. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in adolescence: Examining its components and relationship with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(5), 492-496.
• Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(1), 11-21.
• Masiero, M., Mazzocco, K., Harnois, C., Cropley, M., & Pravettoni, G. (2020). From individual to social trauma: Sources of everyday trauma in Italy, the US and UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(5), 513-519.
• Matsudaira, I., Takano, Y., Yamaguchi, R., and Taki, Y. (2021). Core belief disruption amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Japanese adults. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1-7.
• Megreya, A. M., Latzman, R. D., Al-Attiyah, A. A., & Alrashidi, M. (2016). The robustness of the nine-factor structure of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire across four arabic-speaking middle eastern countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(6), 875-890.
• Orejuela-Dávila, A. I., Levens, S. M., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Tedeschi, R. G., & Sheppes, G. (2019). The relation between emotion regulation choice and posttraumatic growth. Cognition and Emotion, 33(8),1709-1717
• Oya, O. N. A. T., & Otrar, M. (2010). Bilişsel duygu düzenleme ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(31), 123-143.
• Özyanık, T., & Tarlacı, S. (2023). Toplumsal travma döneminde travma sonrası gelişim ve temel inançlardaki sarsılmalar. Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(6), 121-142.
• Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71-105.
• Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Voitsidis, P., Blekas, A., Gliatas, I., Porfyri, G. N., ... & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Psychological and behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 821.
• Puechlong, C., Weiss, K., Le Vigouroux, S., & Charbonnier, E. (2020). Role of personality traits and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among flood victims. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101688.
• Seligowski, A. V., Lee, D. J., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(2), 87-102.
• Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 223-229.
• Shand, L. K., Cowlishaw, S., Brooker, J. E., Burney, S., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2015). Correlates of post‐traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(6), 624-634.
• Sheykhan, R., Ghazanfari, F., Jadidi, F., Adineh, M., & Sadrmohamadi, R. (2016). Attachment styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies as predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(137), 95-104.
• Spiegel D. (1988). Dissociation and hypnosis in post‐traumatic stress disorders. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1(1), 17-33.
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326931
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471.
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence". Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
• Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (Eds.). (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Routledge.
• Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. New York, Routledge.
• Thomas, E. A., Hamrick, L. A., Owens, G. P., & Tekie, Y. T. (2020). Posttraumatic growth among undergraduates: Contributions from adaptive cognitive emotion regulation and emotional intelligence. Traumatology, 26(1), 68-73.
• Vazquez, C., Valiente, C., García, F. E., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., Trucharte, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2021). Post-traumatic growth and stress-related responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in a national representative sample: The role of positive core beliefs about the world and others. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(7), 2915-2935.
• Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale—Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399–411). The Guilford Press.
• Whealin, J. M., Pitts, B., Tsai, J., Rivera, C., Fogle, B. M., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2020). Dynamic interplay between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth in older military veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 269, 185-191.
• Wild, N. D., Paivio, S. C. (2004). Psychological adjustment, coping, and emotion regulation as predictors of posttraumatic growth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 8(4), 97-122.
• Yang, K. H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Li, L. X., & Jiang, X. L. (2021). Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on the mental health of university students in Sichuan Province, China: An online cross‐sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(4), 875-884.
• Zara A. (2011). Krizler ve travmalar. A. Zara (Ed.). Yaşadıkça Psikolojik Sorunlar ve Başa Çıkma Yolları İçinde (s.91-121), İstanbul, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.