Kişilik, Sosyal Baskınlık ve Önyargı: Eski Hükümlülere Yönelik Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu çalışmada Ankara ilinde belediyelerde eski hükümlülerin istihdam edildiği birimlerde çalışanların, beş büyük kişilik özellikleri ile sosyal baskınlık düzeyleri, eski hükümlülere yönelik önyargı ve eski hükümlülerin topluma yeniden katılımlarına dair tutumları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda kişiliğin beş büyük boyutundan uyumluluğun sosyal baskınlık yönelimini negatif yönde yordadığı, uyumluluğun ve dışadönüklüğün eski hükümlülere yönelik önyargıları olumsuz yönde yordadığı, uyumluluğun eski hükümlülere mesleki eğitim sağlanmasına yönelik tutumları ve eski hükümlüler ile sosyal temasa yönelik tutumları olumlu yönde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal baskınlık yöneliminin eski hükümlülere yönelik önyargılarla olumlu yönde bir ilişkisi bulunurken, eski hükümlülere mesleki eğitim sağlanması ve eski hükümlülerle sosyal temasa dair tutumlarla olumsuz yönde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Uyumluluk boyutu ile önyargı arasında sosyal baskınlık yöneliminin kısmi aracılık rolü yapılan analizler sonucunda ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kişiliğin beş büyük boyutu, Sosyal baskınlık Yönelimi, Eski hükümlü, Önyargı,

Personality, social Dominance and Prejudice: An analysis for Ex-offenders

Öz

In this paper, relation between big five personalities, social dominance orientation, prejudice against ex-offenders and attitudes toward reentry of ex-offenders, coworkers of ex-offenders who are employed in Ankara municipalities is analyzed. The result of regression analyze show that only agreeableness negatively predicts social dominance orientation, agreeableness and extraversion negatively predict prejudice against ex-offenders. Also agreeableness positively predicts attitudes toward occupational rehabilitation and social contact with ex-offenders. Besides it’s found that social dominance orientation is positively related to prejudice against exoffenders but negatively related to attitudes toward occupational rehabilitation and social contact with ex-offenders. Finally, it’s found that social dominance orientation has partial mediated on the agreeableness and prejudice against ex-offenders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Big Five personalities, Social Dominance Orientation, Prejudice against Ex-offenders

Kaynakça

1. Aboud, F. E. (1988). Children and prejudice, New York: Blackwell.
2. Akrami, N., ve Ekehammar, B. (2006). “Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Their roots in big five personality factors and facets”, Journal of Individual Differences, 27(3), 117-126.
3. Allport, G. W. (1979). The nature of prejudice (25 ed.), Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4. Altemeyer, B. (1998). “The other “authoritarian personality”. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 47 - 92.
5. Atkin, C. A., ve Armstrong, G. S. (2011). “Does the concentration of parolees in a community impact employer attitudes toward the hiring of ex-offenders?”, Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(1), 71-93.
6. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., ve Kurshid, A. (2000). “Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A 10‐country comparison”, Applied Psychology, 49(1), 192-221.
7. Aygün, Z., ve İmamoğlu, O. E. (2002). “Value domains of Turkish adults and university students.” The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(3), 333-351.
8. Bobo, L., Kluegel, J. R., ve Smith, R. A. (1997). “Laissez-faire racism: The crystallization of a kinder, gentler, antiblack ideology”, Racial attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change, 15, 23-53.

9. Bolak-Boratav, H. (2009). “Values and attitudes of young people in urban Turkey: Further test of Schwartz’theory of values and Kagıtçıbası’s model of family change”, Cultural perspectives on human development: Essays in honor of Cigdem Kagıtçıbası (s. 263-283).
10. Brown, R. (2007). Prejudice: It's social psychology (2 ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell.
11. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
12. Cohrs, C., Moschner, B., Maes, J., ve Kielmann, S. (2005). “The motivational bases of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Relations to values and attitudes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1425-1434.
13. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
14. Çukur, C. Ş., Guzman, M. R. T. D., ve Carlo, G. (2004). “Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism—Collectivism: A Study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(6), 613-634.
15. Dirilen-Gümüş, Ö., ve Büyükşahin-Sunal, A. (2012). “Gender differences in Turkish undergraduate students’ values”, Sex roles, 67(9-10), 559-570.
16. Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J. C., Johnson, B. T., ve Gaertner, S. L. (1996). “Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look”, N. Macrae, C. Stangor, ve M. Hewstone (der.), Stereotypes and stereotyping, 276-319
17. Dovidio, J. F., ve Gaertner, S. L. (1998). “On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The causes, consequences, and challenges of aversive racism”, J. L. Eberhardt ve S. T. Fiske (der.), Confronting Racism: The Problem and the Response, 3-3. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
18. Duckitt, J. (2001a). “A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41-113.
19. Duckitt, J. (2001b). “Reducing prejudice: An historical and multi-level approach”, Katherine J. Reynolds ve M. Augoustinos (der.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social conflict, 253-27. London: Sage Publications.
20. Duncan, L. E., Peterson, B., ve Winter, D. G. (1997). “Authoritarianism and gender roles: Toward a psychological analysis of hegemonic relationships”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(1), 41-49.
21. Duriez, B., ve Hiel, A. V. (2002). “The march of modern fascism: A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism”, Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7), 1199-1213.
22. Eagly, A. H., ve Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes, Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
23. Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., ve Zakrisson, I. (2004). “What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, Social Dominance Orientation, or Right-Wing Authoritarianism?”, European Journal of Personality, 18(6), 463-482.
24. Esses, V., Haddock, G., ve Zanna, M. (1993). “Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes”, D. Mackie ve D. Hamilton (der.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception 137-166. San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
25. Fishbein, H. D. (1996). Peer prejudice and discrimination: Evolutionary, cultural, and developmental Dynamics, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
26. Gaertner, S. L., ve Dovidio, J. F. (1986). “The aversive form of racism”, S. L. Gaertner ve J. F. Dovidio (der.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism, 61-89. New York: Academic Press.
27. Gallerdo, A., ve Prado, P. (2014). “The big five personality traits and attitudes towards immigrants”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1), 79-99.
28. Gençöz, T., ve Öncül, Ö. (2012). “Examination of personality characteristics in a Turkish sample: development of Basic Personality Traits Inventory”, The Journal of General Psychology, 139(3), 194-216.
29. Giguere, R., ve Dundes, L. (2002). “Help wanted: A survey of employer concerns about hiring ex-convicts”, Criminal Justice Policy Review, 13(4), 396-408.
30. Gilliam, F. D., Valentino, N. A., ve Beckmann, M. N. (2002). “Where you live and what you watch: The impact of racial proximity and local television news on attitudes about race and crime”, Political Research Quarterly, 55(4), 755- 780.
31. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (1996).” The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 70(3), 491 - 512.
32. Göçoğlu, V. (2015). “Dezavantajlı gruplar üzerinde yapılan bir kamu politikası sonlandırmasının analizi: Eski hükümlülerin özel sektörde istihdam zorunluluklarının kaldırılması”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(36), 846-863.
33. Göregenli, M. (2012). “Temel kavramlar: Önyargı, kalıpyargı ve ayrımcılık” ,K. Çayır ve M. A. Ceyhan (der.), Ayrımcılık Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
34. Göregenli, M. (2013). “Ayrımcılığın meşrulaştırılması”, M. Çınar (der.), Medya ve Nefret Söylemi 39-54. İstanbul: Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları.
35. Graffam, J., Shinkfield, A. J., ve Hardcastle, L. (2008). “The perceived employability of ex-prisoners and offenders”, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52(6), 673-685.
36. Heaven, P. C., ve Quintin, D. S. (2003). “Personality factors predict racial prejudice”, Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 625-634.
37. Heilman, M. E. (2001). “Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder”, Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657 - 674.
38. Henry, P. J., ve Sears, D. O. (2002). “The symbolic racism 2000 scale”, Political Psychology, 23(2), 253-283.
39. Hiel, A. V., Cornelis, I., ve Roets, A. (2007). “The intervening role of social worldviews in the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and social attitudes”, European Journal of Personality, 21(2), 131-148.
40. Hirschfield, P. J., ve Piquero, A. R. (2010). “Normalization and legitimation: Modeling stigmatizing attitudes toward ex-offenders”, Criminology, 48(1), 27-55.
41. Jackson, J. W., ve Poulsen, J. R. (2005). “Contact experiences mediate the relationship between five‐factor model personality traits and ethnic prejudice”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(4), 667-685.
42. Jackson, L. M., Esses, V. M., ve Burris, C. T. (2001). “Contemporary sexism and discrimination: The importance of respect for men and women”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(1), 48 - 61.
43. Jones, M. (2004). Social psychology of prejudice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
44. Jost, J. T., ve Banaji, M. R. (1994). “The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1 - 27.
45. Kabasakal, H., ve Bodur, M. (1998). Leadership, values and institutions: The case of Turkey İstanbul: Research papers Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
46. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2012). Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
47. Karaçanta, H. (2002). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal baskınlık yönelimi ve başka bazı değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılması. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi.
48. Katz, I., Hass, G., ve Wackenhut, J. (1986). “Racial ambivalence, value duality, and behavior”, J. F. Dovidio ve S. L. Gaertner (der.), Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism (s. 35–59). New York: Academic Press.
49. Katz, I., ve Hass, G. (1988). “Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(6), 893-905.
50. Kjelsberg, E., Skoglund, T. H., ve Rustad, A. B. (2007). “Attitudes towards prisoners, as reported by prison inmates, prison employees and college students”, BMC Public Health, 7(71).
51. Kuşdil, M. E., ve Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). “Türk öğretmenlerin değer yönelimleri ve Schwartz Değer Kuramı”, Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(45), 59-76.
52. Links, W. (2010). Prejudged: Tagged for Life A research report into employer attitudes towards ex-offenders.
53. Lukies, J., Graffam, J., ve Shinkfield, A. J. (2011). “The effect of organisational context variables on employer attitudes toward employability of ex- offenders”, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(3), 460-475.
54. Mackie, D., ve Smith, E. (1998). “Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach”. Psychological Review, 105(3), 499-529.
55. McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., ve Batts, V. (1981). “Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked”. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563-579.
56. McConahay, J. B., ve Hough, J. C. (1976). “Symbolic racism”, Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 23-45.
57. Melvin, K. B., Gramling, L. K., ve Gardner, W. M. (1985). “A scale to measure attitudes toward prisoners”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12(2), 241- 253.
58. Milner, D. (1983). Children and race, South Beverly Drive: Sage Publications.
59. Myrdal, G. (1944). An American Dilemma, New York: Harper Row.
60. Pager, D., ve Quillian, L. (2005). “Walking the talk? What employers say versus what they do”, American Sociological Review, 70(3), 355-380.
61. Pager, D., Western, B., ve Sugie, N. (2009). “Sequencing disadvantage: Barriers to employment facing young black and white men with criminal records”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623(1), 195-213.
62. Paker, M. (2012). Psikolojik açıdan önyargı ve ayrımcılık, K. Çayır ve M. A. Ceyhan (der), Ayrımcılık Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
63. Park, S. (2009). College students’ attitudes toward prisoners and prisoner reentry. (yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Indiana University
64. Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., ve Gaertner, S. L. (2009). “The nature of contemporary prejudice: Insights from aversive racism”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(3), 314-338
65. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., ve Malle, B. F. (1994). “Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 67(4), 741-763.
66. Schneider, D. J. (2005). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: The Guilford Press.
67. Sears, D. O., Henry, P. J., ve Kosterman, R. (2000). “Egalitarian values and contemporary racial politics”, D. O. Sears, J. Sidanius, ve L. Bobo (der.), Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Sears, D. O., Laar, C. V., Carrillo, M., ve Kosterman, R. (1997). “Is it really racism? The origins of white Americans' opposition to race-targeted policies”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1).
69. Sears, D. O., ve Henry, P. J. (2003). “The origins of symbolic racism”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 259-275.
70. Sears, D. O., ve Henry, P. J. (2005). “Over Thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 95-150.
71. Sibley, C. G., & Wilson, M. S. (2007). “Political attitudes and the ideology of equality: Differentiating support for liberal and conservative political parties in New Zealand”, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 72.
72. Sibley, C. G., ve Duckitt, J. (2008). “Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248-279.
73. Sidanius, J., ve Pratto, F. (1993). “The dynamics of social dominanceand the inevitability of oppression”, P. Sniderman & P. E. Tetlock (der.), Prejudice, politics, and race in America today 173-211.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
74. Silvestri, T. J., ve Richardson, T. Q. (2001). “White racial identity statuses and NEO personality constructs: An exploratory analysis”, Journal of Counseling ve Development, 79(1), 68-76.
75. Simpson, G. E., ve Yinger, M. J. (1985). Racial and cultural minorities: An analysis of prejudice and discrimination (5 ed.), New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
76. Stangor, C., ve Schaller, M. (1996). “Sterestgpes as individual and collective representations”, C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, ve M. Hewstone (der.), Stereotypes and Stereotyping 3 - 40. The Guilford Press: New York.
77. Stroebe, W., ve Insko, C. A. (1989). “Stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination: Changing conceptions in theory and research”, D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, ve W. Stroebe (der.), Stereotyping and Prejudice Changing Conceptions. New York: Springer Science Business Media.
78. Welch, K. (2007). “Black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(3), 276-288.